报废产品中钴金属回收潜力研究

李杰; 李芳琴; 黄莉; 代涛

PDF(691 KB)

中国环境科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (6) : 2960-2969.

固体废物

报废产品中钴金属回收潜力研究

李杰¹, 李芳琴², 黄莉¹, 代涛²

作者信息 +

Study on the recycling potential of cobalt metal from end-of-life products

LI Jie¹, LI Fang-qin², HUANG Li¹, DAI Tao²

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

钴金属在电池材料､高温/硬质合金､磁性材料等领域的作用日益突出,由于储量的极度稀缺,供应的高度集中,目前是全球主要国家关注的焦点.从报废产品中回收钴金属,被普遍认为是减少环境污染,增加资源供给的一项关键战略.本文通过梳理文献确定了各类报废产品中钴金属的使用强度､回收方法､回收率;运用物质流分析方法和回归分析法对含钴产品需求量和报废量进行评估,估算了2022~2035年中国大陆范围内报废产品中钴金属回收潜力.结果表明:报废电池材料是钴金属主要回收来源,乘用车电池回收将是钴金属回收的重要部分;中国钴金属回收潜力逐年递增,到2035年将达到约2.4~3.8万t.最后,提出了相关建议,以期为高效处置报废产品、保护生态环境、提高资源利用效率提供支撑.

Abstract

Cobalt metal plays an increasingly prominent role in battery materials, superalloys, carbides, magnetic materials and other fields. Due to the extremely scarce of reserves and highly concentrated supply, it was currently the focus of major countries around the world. Recycling cobalt metal from end-of-life (EOL) products was generally considered as a key strategy to mitigate environmental pollution and increase resource supply. Based on existing literature, this study reviewed the content, recovery method and recycling rate of cobalt metal in different EOL products, and estimated the demand and spent quantity of cobalt containing products with material flow analysis method and regression analysis method. The recycling potential of cobalt metal in EOL products was calculated accordingly in Chinese mainland from 2022 to 2035. The results show that EOL battery materials are the main source of cobalt metal recycling, especially for passenger vehicles battery materials. China's cobalt metal recycling potential is increasing year by year, and is expected to reach about 24000~38000 tons by 2035. Finally, we put forward some suggestions to provide support for efficient disposal of EOL products, protection of ecological environment, and improvement of resource utilization efficiency.

导出引用

李杰, 李芳琴, 黄莉, 代涛. 报废产品中钴金属回收潜力研究[J]. 中国环境科学. 2023, 43(6): 2960-2969

LI Jie, LI Fang-qin, HUANG Li, DAI Tao. Study on the recycling potential of cobalt metal from end-of-life products[J]. China Environmental Science. 2023, 43(6): 2960-2969

中图分类号： X705

参考文献

[1] Zeng X, Li J. On the sustainability of cobalt utilization in China[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2015,104:12-18.
[2] Cobalt Institute. 2020a. Cobalt uses[EB/OL]. https://www.cobaltinstitute.org/cobalt-uses.html
[3] 中国有色金属工业协会. https://www.chinania.org.cn/[EB/OL]. China Non-Ferrous Metals Industry Association, https://www.chinania.org.cn/[EB/OL]
[4] Chen Z, Zhang L, Xu Z. Tracking and quantifying the cobalt flows in mainland China during 1994~2016:Insights into use, trade and prospective demand[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 672:752-762.
[5] Wang Y, Ge J. Potential of urban cobalt mines in China:An estimation of dynamic material flow from 2007 to 2016[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2020,161:104955.
[6] Chen W Q, Graedel T E. Anthropogenic cycles of the elements:A critical review[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46(16):8574-8586.
[7] Li F Q, Wang P, Chen W, et al. Exploring recycling potential of rare, scarce, and scattered metals:Present status and future directions[J]. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 2022,30:988-1000.
[8] Wu Y, Yang L, Tian X, et al. Temporal and spatial analysis for end-of-life power batteries from electric vehicles in China[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2020,155:104651.
[9] Mejame P P M, Jung D Y, Lee H, et al. Effect of technological developments for smartphone lithium battery on metal-derived resource depletion and toxicity potentials[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2020,158:104797.
[10] Lai X, Huang Y, Gu H, et al. Turning waste into wealth:A systematic review on echelon utilization and material recycling of retired lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2021,40:96-123.
[11] USGS. Cobalt Statistics and Information[EB/OL]. https://www.usgs.gov/.
[12] 自然资源部. PB:钴列40种关键矿产风险榜首[EB/OL]. http://geoglobal.mnr.gov.cn/zx/kydt/zhyw/202205/t20220513_8275859.htm. Ministry of Natural Resources. PB:Cobalt tops the list of 40key mineral risks[EB/OL]. http://geoglobal.mnr.gov.cn/zx/kydt/zhyw/202205/t20220513_8275859.htm.
[13] Zeng X, Li J, Liu L. Solving spent lithium-ion battery problems in China:Opportunities and challenges[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015,52:1759-1767.
[14] Harper E M, Kavlak G, Graedel T E. Tracking the metal of the goblins:cobalt's cycle of use[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46(2):1079-1086.
[15] Alves Dias P, Blagoeva D, Pavel C, et al. Cobalt:demand-supply balances in the transition to electric mobility[J]. Publications Office of the European Union, 2018,10:97710.
[16] Zeng X, Li J, Singh N. Recycling of spent lithium-ion battery:a critical review[J]. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2014,44(10):1129-1165.
[17] Wei S P, Sun J, Zhou T, et al. Research development of metals recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2017,6(6):1196.
[18] Song J, Yan W, Cao H, et al. Material flow analysis on critical raw materials of lithium-ion batteries in China[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019,215:570-581.
[19] Ciacci L, Reck B K, Nassar N T, et al. Lost by design[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015,49(16):9443-9451.
[20] Chandra M, Yu D, Tian Q, et al. Recovery of cobalt from secondary resources:A comprehensive review[J]. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2022,43(6):679-700.
[21] 任国兴,潘炳,谢美求,等.含锰废旧聚合物锂离子电池还原熔炼回收有价金属试验研究[J]. 矿冶工程, 2015,35(3):75-78. Ren G X, Pan B, Xie M Q, et al. Recovery of valuable metals from spent Mn-containing lithium-ion polymer batteries by reduction smelting process[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2015, 35(3):75-78.
[22] Ren G, Xiao S, Xie M Q, et al. Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium ion batteries by smelting reduction process based on FeO- SiO₂-Al₂O₃ slag system[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2017,27(2):450-456.
[23] Guo X R, Song W X, Mei Q X, et al. Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by smelting reduction process based on MnO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃ slag system[C]//Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts:Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts 2016. Springer, Cham, 2016:211-218.
[24] Zeng X, Li J, Shen B. Novel approach to recover cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion battery using oxalic acid[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2015,295:112-118.
[25] Li L, Bian Y, Zhang X, et al. Economical recycling process for spent lithium-ion batteries and macro-and micro-scale mechanistic study[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2018,377:70-79.
[26] Zhou S, Zhang Y, Meng Q, et al. Recycling of LiCoO₂ cathode material from spent lithium ion batteries by ultrasonic enhanced leaching and one-step regeneration[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2021,277:111426.
[27] Yang Y, Lei S, Song S, et al. Stepwise recycling of valuable metals from Ni-rich cathode material of spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Waste Management, 2020,102:131-138.
[28] Schiavi P G, Altimari P, Branchi M, et al. Selective recovery of cobalt from mixed lithium ion battery wastes using deep eutectic solvent[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021,417:129249.
[29] Xin Y, Guo X, Chen S, et al. Bioleaching of valuable metals Li, Co, Ni and Mn from spent electric vehicle Li-ion batteries for the purpose of recovery[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016,116:249-258.
[30] Liu X, Liu H, Wu W, et al. Oxidative stress induced by metal ions in bioleaching of LiCoO₂ by an acidophilic microbial consortium[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2020,10:3058.
[31] 王靖坤,王治钧,吴贤,等.废旧高温合金酸浸工艺研究[J]. 有色金属(冶炼部分), 2014,(7):32-34. Wang J K, Wang Z J, Wu X, et al. Process study of acid leaching for superalloy scrap[J]. Nonferrous Metals (Extractive Metallurgy), 2014,(7):32-34.
[32] 王靖坤,孟晗琪,王治钧,等.高温合金废料氧化酸浸工艺研究[J]. 有色金属(冶炼部分), 2014,(5):1-4. Wang J K, Meng H Q, Wang Z J, et al. Study of acid leaching for superalloy scrap[J]. Nonferrous Metals (Extractive Metallurgy), 2014,(5):1-4.
[33] 李平,邓攀,刘宜强,等.从硬质合金磨削废料中综合回收钴试验研究[J]. 湿法冶金, 2017,36(4):271-274. Li P, Deng P, Liu Y Q, et al. Recovery of cobalt from cemented carbide grinding waste[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2017,36(4):271-274.
[34] 邢洪旋,李继东,康红光,等.废弃硬质合金综合回收技术研究进展[J]. 中国有色冶金, 2022,51(1):83-89. Xing H X, Li J D, Kang H G, et al. Comprehensive recovery technologies for waste cemented carbide[J]. China Nonferrous Metallurgy, 2022,51(1):83-89.
[35] 王晶晶,马莹,许涛,等.钐钴磁性材料废料综合利用技术研究[J]. 稀土, 2015,36(5):66-70. Wang J J, Ma Y, Xu T, et al. Research on the comprehensive utilization process of waste samarium cobalt magnet[J]. Chinese Rare Earths, 2015,36(5):66-70.
[36] Wiecka Z, Rzelewska-Piekut M, Cierpiszewski R, et al. Hydrometallurgical recovery of cobalt (II) from spent industrial catalysts[J]. Catalysts, 2020,10(1):61.
[37] Liu W, Liu W, Li X, et al. Dynamic material flow analysis of critical metals for lithium-ion battery system in China from 2000~2018[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2021,164:105122.
[38] Zeng A, Chen W, Rasmussen K D, et al. Battery technology and recycling alone will not save the electric mobility transition from future cobalt shortages[J]. Nature Communications, 2022,13(1):1-11.
[39] Shahjalal M, Roy P K, Shams T, et al. A review on second-life of Li-ion batteries:prospects, challenges, and issues[J]. Energy, 2022, 241:122881.
[40] European Commission. Critical raw materials resilience:Charting a path towards greater security and sustainability[EB/OL]. https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/our-work/opinions-information-reports/opinions/critical-raw-materials-resilience-charting-path-towards-greater-security-and-sustainability.
[41] European Union. Proposal for a regulation of the European parliament and of the council concerning batteries and waste batteries, repealing Directive 2006/66/EC and amending Regulation (EU) No 2019/1020[EB/OL]. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2022-0031_EN.html.
[42] Cobalt Institution. Access to Cobalt in the EU-an Overview of Raw Materials Initiatives[EB/OL]. https://www.cobaltinstitute.org/news/access-to-cobalt-in-the-eu-an-overview-of-raw-materials-initiatives/.
[43] Zeng X, Li J. Innovative application of ionic liquid to separate Al and cathode materials from spent high-power lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014,271:50-56.
[44] Melo M T. Statistical analysis of metal scrap generation:the case of aluminum in Germany[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 1999,26(2):91-113.
[45] 工业和信息化部,中国汽车工程学会.节能与新能源技术路线图2.0[EB/OL]. http://www.sae-china.org/. Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China Society of Automotive Engineering. Energy saving and new energy technology roadmap 2.0[EB/OL]. http://www.sae-china.org/.
[46] 乘用车市场信息联席会, http://www.cpcaauto.com/[EB/OL]. China Passenger Car Association, http://www.cpcaauto.com/[EB/OL].
[47] IDC. Worldwide Smartphone Forecast Update, 2022-2026:June 2022[EB/OL]. https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=US49283522&pageType=PRINTFRIENDLY.
[48] Canalys. Growth streak over as China's PC market shrinks 1% in Q1 2022[EB/OL]. https://www.canalys.com/newsroom/china-PC-market-Q1-2022.
[49] CIPA.CIPA Report[EB/OL]. https://www.cipa.jp/e/index.html.
[50] Xu G, Yano J, Sakai S. Recycling potentials of precious metals from end-of-life vehicle parts by selective dismantling[J]. Environmental science & technology, 2018,53(2):733-742.
[51] 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.中华人民共和国2021年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB/OL]. https://www.gov.cn/. The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. Statistical Communique of the People's Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development in 2021[EB/OL]. https://www.gov.cn/.
[52] 工业和信息化部运行监测协调局.中国电子信息产业统计年鉴[M]. 北京:电子工业出版社, 2015. Department of Operation Monitoring and Coordination Bureau, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. China electronic information industry yearbook[M]. Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2015.
[53] 宋璐璐,陈伟强,代敏.中国汽车､船舶和家电中钢铁的存量与流量[J]. 自然资源学报, 2020,35(4):895-907. Song L L, Chen W Q, Dai M. Stocks and flows of steel in automobiles, vessels and household appliances in china[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2020,35(4):895-907.
[54] 张安迎,童昕,曾现来.中国报废汽车中铂族金属回收潜力估算[J]. 中国环境科学, 2020,40(11):4821-4830. Zhang A Y, Tong X, Zeng X L. Recycling potentials of platinum-group metals from end-of-life vehicle in China[J] China Environmental Science, 2020,40(11):4821-4830.
[55] 雪晶,胡山鹰,杨倩.中国废旧汽车再生资源潜力分析[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2013,23(2):169-176. Xue J, Hu S Y, Yang Q. Potentials of renewable resource of scrapped cars in China[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2013, 23(2):169-176.
[56] 财政部.关于2016~2020年新能源汽车推广应用财政支持政策的通知[EB/OL]. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-04/29/content_2855040.htm. Ministry of Finance. Notice on Financial Support Policies for the Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles in 2016-2020[EB/OL]. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-04/29/content_2855040. htm.
[57] 工业和信息化部,中国汽车工程学会.节能与新能源技术路线图[EB/OL]. http://www.sae-china.org/. Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China Society of Automotive Engineering. Energy saving and new energy technology roadmap[EB/OL]. http://www.sae-china.org/.
[58] 资源强制回收产业技术创新战略联盟,中国科学院过程工程研究所,中国环境科学研究院.中国动力电池回收处理产业现状与发展报告[M]. 北京:科学技术文献出版社, 2018. ACTRR, Institute of process engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences. Industry status and development report of China's power battery recycling[J]. Beijing:Science and Technology Literature Press, 2018.
[59] Roskill. Cobalt:Global industry, markets and outlook[EB/OL]. https://roskill.com.
[60] 季昆森.循环经济是追求"五个更"的创新型经济[EB/OL]. 中国人口·资源与环境. http://www.cpre.sdnu.edu.cn/WKC/WebPublication/wkTextContent.aspx?contentID=a2445856-83ee-4d98-95d7-a93ce0c8ab6d&mid=zgrz. Ji K S. Circular economy is an innovative economy pursuing "five more"[EB/OL]. China Population, Resources and Environment. http://www.cpre.sdnu.edu.cn/WKC/WebPublication/wkTextContent.aspx?contentID=a2445856-83ee-4d98-95d7-a93ce0c8ab6d&mid=zgrz.