针对我国镉污染及溯源存在的来源不清、路径不明等问题,运用物质流分析方法,构建了镉元素基于资源开采到社会经济系统流动并最终排放至环境的全生命周期的镉物质流分析框架,对2010~2020年我国社会经济系统中镉的流动和存量进行了研究,并对数据进行了不确定性分析.结果表明:①国内开采与加工是我国镉的主要输入来源,与此同时国外进口镉贸易占比在逐渐上升.②由于锂电池等新能源电池的发展,镍镉电池使用量开始迅速下降,使得PVC热稳定剂成为当前国内使用量最多的含镉产品.③有色金属冶炼是主要的镉污染排放贡献来源,排放量占比达60%以上;镉排放量在2013年达到峰值,以固废形态存在的镉约占96.42%,进入大气和水体的镉分别占3.54%和0.04%.④社会经济系统中镉存量以年均增长率27.32%的速度快速增长.研究显示,我国镉产量及需求量增长趋势已经放缓,输入来源构成相对稳定.我国镉各阶段生产所造成的污染主要以固废的形式进入环境,应加大对含镉废物的管理力度;同时应加快探索含镉产品及其废弃物的清洁化、资源化回收利用技术途径,以逐步消纳快速增长的社会镉库存量.
Abstract
In response to the challenges of unclear sources and unknown pathways of cadmium pollution and its traceability in China, the material flow analysis method was employed to construct a cadmium material flow analysis framework covering the entire life cycle from resource extraction to the social economic system and final discharge into the environment. This framework was applied to quantify the flows and stocks of cadmium within China from 2010 to 2020, supported by an uncertainty analysis of the data. The results show that domestic extraction and production is the main source of cadmium input in China, while the proportion of foreign trade in imported cadmium is gradually increasing. Driven by the growth of new energy sectors such as lithium batteries, the use of nickel-cadmium batteries declined rapidly, making PVC heat stabilizers the dominant cadmium-containing product in China.Non-ferrous metal smelting was the largest contributor to cadmium emissions, accounting for over 60% of the total; cadmium emissions peaked in 2013, with cadmium in the form of solid waste accounting for 96.42%, cadmium entering the atmosphere and water accounting for 3.54% and 0.04%. In addition, this study found that the cadmium stock in the socio-economic system is increasing at an average annual growth rate of 27.32%. Over all, the growth trend of cadmium production and demand in China has slowed down significantly,and the composition of input sources remains relatively stable. the pollution caused by the various stages of cadmium production in China mainly enters the environment in the form of solid waste, and the management of cadmium-containing waste should be strengthened. Concurrently, accelerating the development of clean and resource-recycling technologies for end-of-life cadmium products is crucial to mitigating the rapidly growing societal stock.
关键词
重金属 /
镉 /
物质流分析 /
全生命周期 /
流量 /
存量 /
环境排放
Key words
heavy metal /
cadmium /
material flow analysis /
whole life cycle /
flow /
stock /
environmental emissions
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
[1] 廖秀英,王 波,余 昕,等.基于地理最优相似性的土壤重金属镉含量空间预测 [J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2024,55(6):2143-2152. Liao X Y, Wang B, Yu X, et al. Spatial prediction of soil heavy metal cadmium content based on geographically optimal similarity [J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2024, 55(6):2143-2152.
[2] U.S. Geological Survey. Mineral commodity summaries 2024: 2024 [EB/OL]. (2024). https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/mcs2024.
[3] 生态环境部. 2019年全国生态环境质量简况 [J]. 环境保护, 2020, 48(10):8-10. Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Brief introduction of national ecological environment quality in 2019 [J]. Environmental Protection, 2020,48(10):8-10.
[4] 李 娜,杨兰芳,邓美华,等.浙江省人为镉排放源与汇时空格局解析 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2021,41(6):2498-2509. Li N, Yang L F, Deng M H, et al. Spatial and temporal variation assessments on anthropogenic cadmium emission sources & sinks in Zhejiang Province [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science, 2021,41(6):2498-2509.
[5] 严 康,郭学益,田庆华,等.中国锂离子电池系统钴代谢分析 [J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2017,48(1):25-30. Yan K, Guo X Y, Tian Q H, et al. Cobalt flow analysis of lithium-ion battery system in China [J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2017,48(1):25-30.
[6] 柳晓燕,朱芬芬,赵 冰.中国玻璃物质流分析和未来需求预测研究 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2022,42(5):2464-2470. Liu X Y, Zhu F F, Zhao B. Study on glass material flow analysis and future demand forecast in China [J]. China Environmental Science, 2022,42(5):2464-2470.
[7] Kwonpongsagoon S, Waite D T, Moore S J, et al. A substance flow analysis in the southern hemisphere: cadmium in the Australian economy [J]. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2007,9(3): 175-187.
[8] Shi J, Shi Y, Feng Y, et al. Anthropogenic cadmium cycles and emissions in Mainland China 1990~2015 [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019,230:1256-1265.
[9] Purgar A, Winter F, Blasenbauer D, et al. Main drivers for integrating zinc recovery from fly ashes into the Viennese waste incineration cluster [J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2016,141:243-248.
[10] Du P, Zhang L, Ma Y, et al. Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in municipal wastewater in Heilongjiang Province, China: A monthly reconnaissance from 2015 to 2017 [J]. Water, 2020,12(3):728.
[11] Elshkaki A. Systems analysis of stock buffering: development of a dynamic substance flow-stock model for the identification and estimation of future resources, waste streams and emissions [D]. Leiden: Leiden University, 2007.
[12] 于 扬,王登红,于 沨,等.中国镉资源现状与勘查、开发、利用前景展望 [J]. 中国矿业, 2024,33(4):51-56. Yu Y, Wang D H, Yu F, et al. Current status in the exploration, development, and utilization of cadmium resources in China [J]. China Mining Magazine, 2024,33(4):51-56.
[13] Zhang M, Liu W, Li M, et al. Substance flow analysis of non-intentional lead use in China from 1980 to 2050 [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2024,202:107382.
[14] 蔡九菊,王建军,陆钟武,等.钢铁企业物质流与能量流及其相互关系 [J]. 东北大学学报, 2006,27(9):979-982. Cai J J, Wang J J, Lu Z W, et al. Material flow and energy flow in iron & steel industry and correlation between them [J]. Journal of Northeastern University, 2006,27(9):979-982.
[15] 王 琳,潘 峰.环境-社会经济系统物质流分析研究述评 [J]. 生态经济, 2018,34(3):44-52. Wang L, Pan F. Review on the material flow analysis of environmental system-social economic system [J]. Ecological Economy, 2018,34(3): 44-52.
[16] Graedel T E. Material flow analysis from origin to evolution [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019,53(21):12188-12196.
[17] 郑兆昱,邓 鹏,黄 靓,等.基于动态物质流的建筑垃圾减量化与资源化分析—以湖南省为例 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2023,43(2):702-711. Zheng Z Y, Deng P, Huang L, et al. Reduction and resource recycle analysis on construction and demolition waste based on dynamic material flow—Take Hunan Province as an example [J]. China Environmental Science, 2023,43(2):702-711.
[18] Yan L, Wang A, Chen Q, et al. Dynamic material flow analysis of zinc resources in China [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2013,75:23-31.
[19] Davis J, Geyer R, Ley J, et al. Time-dependent material flow analysis of iron and steel in the UK: Part 2. Scrap generation and recycling [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2007,51(1):118-140.
[20] Mason-Jones K, von Blottnitz H. Flows and fates of nickel-cadmium batteries in the City of Cape Town [J]. Minerals Engineering, 2010, 23(3):211-218.
[21] Anonymous. Life cycle prediction of Sealed Lead Acid batteries based on a Weibull model [J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2018,18:467-475.
[22] Cha K, Son M, Matsuno Y, et al. Substance flow analysis of cadmium in Korea [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2013,71:31-39.
[23] Kim H, Cha K, Fthenakis V M, et al. Life cycle assessment of cadmium telluride photovoltaic (CdTe PV) systems [J]. Solar Energy, 2014,103:78-88.
[24] Shi Y L, Chen W Q, Wu S L, et al. Anthropogenic cycles of arsenic in mainland China: 1990~2010 [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017,51(3):1670-1678.
[25] Park J, Hong S, Kim I, et al. Dynamic material flow analysis of steel resources in Korea [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2011, 55(4):456-462.
[26] Cao Z, Shen L, Liu L, et al. Estimating the in-use cement stock in China: 1920~2013 [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2017, 122:21-31.
[27] Chen W, Chang A C, Wu L. Assessing long-term environmental risks of trace elements in phosphate fertilizers [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2007,67(1):48-58.
[28] 白 璐,乔 琦,张 玥,等.工业污染源产排污核算模型及参数量化方法 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2021,34(9):2273-2284. Bai L, Qiao Q, Zhang Y, et al. Pollutant generation and discharge accounting model and parameters quantification method in industrial Sector [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2021,34(9):2273-2284.
[29] 张 键,高自建,玄成英.国内PVC行业的生产现状及发展趋势 [J]. 中国氯碱, 2021,10(1):1-5+32. Zhang J, Gao Z J, Xuan C Y. Domestic PVC industry production status and development trend [J]. China Chlor-Alkali, 2021,10(1):1-5,32.
[30] 刘向鑫,杨兴文.中国国情环境下CdTe光伏的全周期镉排放分析 [J]. 科学通报, 2013,58(19):1833-1844. Liu X X, Yang X W. Life-cycle Cd emission analysis of CdTe PV in China national condition [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2013,58(19): 1833-1844.
[31] Wang Y, Ma H. Analysis of uncertainty in material flow analysis [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018,170:1017-1028.
基金
国家重点研发计划课题(2022YFC3704801)
PDF(5506 KB)
京公网安备 11010802030352号 
