防控环境健康风险助推美丽中国建设

毕军; 黄怡宁; 刘苗苗; 杨建勋; 马宗伟; 方文

PDF(809 KB)

中国环境科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (6) : 3441-3450.

环境毒理与健康

防控环境健康风险助推美丽中国建设

毕军^1,2, 黄怡宁¹, 刘苗苗¹, 杨建勋^1,2, 马宗伟¹, 方文¹

作者信息 +

Controlling and preventing environmental health risks to accelerate the ‘Beautiful China’ Initiative

BI Jun^1,2, HUANG Yi-ning¹, LIU Miao-miao¹, YANG Jian-xun^1,2, MA Zong-wei¹, FANG Wen¹

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

环境健康风险的科学防范与有效控制是美丽中国建设目标实现的重要基础与核心保障.然而,目前尚未有关于中长期我国环境健康风险管理的具体要求.本研究针对美丽中国建设的3个阶段性目标,探讨了我国环境健康风险管理对应的理想水平.在此基础上,梳理了我国环境健康风险管理进展,总结了当前存在的风险防控体系根基尚不夯实、常规污染物管控标准不严、新污染物研究基础薄弱且底数不清等关键挑战.最终,提出未来我国将构建以保障公众健康为核心,以常规污染物和新污染物的系统防控双轮驱动的环境健康风险防控体系的建设思路及重点工作建议.

Abstract

The scientific prevention and effective control of environmental health risks are essential to achieving the vision of a ‘Beautiful China’. However, China currently lacks comprehensive guidelines for medium and long-term environmental health risk management. This study discusses the ideal levels of environmental health risk management required to meet key milestones of a ‘Beautiful China. Through the review of previous management efforts, we identify several critical challenges: insufficient risk prevention and control system, inadequate regulatory standards for conventional pollutants, and limited research base and understanding of emerging pollutants. In the end, this study concludes by proposing a future management system that prioritizes public health protection through systematic prevention and control of both conventional pollutants and emerging pollutants.

导出引用

毕军, 黄怡宁, 刘苗苗, 杨建勋, 马宗伟, 方文. 防控环境健康风险助推美丽中国建设[J]. 中国环境科学. 2025, 45(6): 3441-3450

BI Jun, HUANG Yi-ning, LIU Miao-miao, YANG Jian-xun, MA Zong-wei, FANG Wen. Controlling and preventing environmental health risks to accelerate the ‘Beautiful China’ Initiative[J]. China Environmental Science. 2025, 45(6): 3441-3450

中图分类号： X32

参考文献

[1] 郭芳.建立新污染物协同治理和环境风险管控体系[J]. 环境保护, 2024,52(19):8-10.Guo F. Establishing a coordinated control system for new pollutants and environmental risk management [J]. Environmental Protection, 2024,52(19):8-10.
[2] 张翼,王情,王苏玮,等.国外环境健康风险评估指南体系调研[J]. 环境与健康杂志, 2019,36(12):1042-1045.Zhang Y, Wang Q, Wang S, et al. Current foreign environmental health assessment guidelines [J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 2019, 36(12):1042-1045.
[3] 黄炳昭.强化环境健康管理加快建设人与自然和谐共生的美丽中国和健康中国[J]. 健康中国观察, 2023,9:26-29.Huang B. Strengthening environmental health management to accelerate the Beautiful China and Healthy China initiatives towards the harmony between humanity and the nature [J]. Healthy China Observation, 2023,9:26-29.
[4] 王金南.加强新污染物治理统筹推动有毒有害化学物质环境风险管理[J]. 中国环境监察, 2022,(4):44-46.Wang J. Strengthening the control of new pollutants to promote the environmental risk management of toxic and hazardous chemical substances [J]. China Environment Supervision, 2022,(4):44-46.
[5] 毕军,杨洁,李其亮.区域环境风险分析和管理[M]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2006.Bi J, Yang J, Li Q. Regional environment health analysis and management [M]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2006.
[6] Bi J, Yang J, Liu M, et al. Toward systemic thinking in managing environmental risks [J]. Engineering, 2021:1518-1522.
[7] 环境保护部办公厅.关于印发《国家环境保护环境与健康工作办法(试行)》的通知[EB/OL]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/ bgt/201801/t20180130_430549.htm2018-01-25/2025-01-20.The General Office of MEP. The trial measures on the environment and health for national environmental protection [EB/OL]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgt/201801/t20180130_430549.htm2018-01-25/2025-01-20.
[8] 郑乃彤,陆昌淼.环境基准.《中国大百科全书》第三版网络版[M/OL]. https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=44365&Type=bkzyb&SubID=793362011/2025-01-21.Zheng N, Lu C. Environmental criteria. "Encyclopedia of China" third edition online version [M/OL]. https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words? SiteID=1&ID=44365&Type=bkzyb&SubID=793362011/2025-01-21.
[9] 中华人民共和国环境保护部.2013中国环境状况公报[R/OL]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk15/201912/t20191231_754083.html 2014-05-27/2025/04-03.Ministry of Environmental Protection, the People's Republic of China. Report on the state of the environment in China 2013[R/OL]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk15/201912/t20191231_754083.html 2014-05-27/2025-04-03.
[10] 中华人民共和国环境保护部.2023中国生态环境状况公报[R/OL]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/hjywnews/202406/t20240605_1075031.shtml 2024-06-05/2025-04-03.Ministry of Ecology and Environment, People's Republic of China. The Report on the state of the ecology and environment in China 2023[R/OL]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/hjywnews/202406/ t20240605_1075031.shtml 2024-06-05/2025-04-03.
[11] 王亚韡,张秋瑞,于南洋,等.新污染物[J]. 化学进展, 2024,36(11): 1607-1784.Wang Y, Zhang Q, Yu N, et al. Emerging pollutants [J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2024,36(11):1607-1784.
[12] 郑凯方,温宗国,陈燕.“无废城市”建设推进政策及措施的国别比较研究[J]. 中国环境管理, 2020,12(5):48-57.Zheng K, Wen Z, Chen Y. Comparative analysis on the policies and initiatives for promoting zero-waste cities in China and other developed countries [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Management, 2020,12(5):48-57.
[13] 杜祥琬,刘晓龙,葛琴,等.通过“无废城市”试点推动固体废物资源化利用,建设“无废社会”战略初探[J]. 中国工程科学, 2017, 19(4):119-123.Du X, Liu X, Ge Q, et al. A preliminary study on the strategy of construction a “no-waste society” by piloting “no-waste city” to promote the resource utilization of solid waste [J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2017,19(4):119-123.
[14] 赵娜娜,刘国正.“十四五”时期“无废城市”建设工作面临问题及对策[J]. 中华环境, 2023,(4):19-21.Zhao N, Liu G. Problems and countermeasures of 'zero-waste city' construction during the '14th five-year plan' period. China Environment, 2023,(4):19-21.
[15] Strak M, Weinmayr G, Rodopoulou S, et al. Long term exposure to low level air pollution and mortality in eight European cohorts within the ELAPSE project: Pooled analysis [Z]. The British Medical Journal, 2021,374.
[16] Pinault L, Tjepkema M, Crouse D L, et al. Risk estimates of mortality attributed to low concentrations of ambient fine particulate matter in the Canadian community health survey cohort [J]. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source, 2016,15(1).DOI:10.1186/ s12940-016-0111-6.
[17] USEPA. About Risk Assessment. [EB/OL]. https://www.epa.gov/risk/ about-risk-assessment#tab-22023-12-22/2024-06-11.
[18] 任志远,彭政,姜晨,等.典型新污染物治理国际经验研究——以《斯德哥尔摩公约》管控的持久性有机污染物为例[J]. 环境影响评价, 2023,45(2):18-25.Ren Z, Peng Z, Jiang C, et al. International experience in the management of typical new pollutants: a case study of POPs regulated under Stockholm Convention [J]. Environmental Impact Assessment, 2023,45(2):18-25.
[19] 叶旌,刘洪英,周荃.美国有毒物质控制法修订进展及对我国化学品环境管理的启示[J]. 科技管理研究, 2019,39(6):222-228.Ye J, Liu H, Zhou Q. Progress of the revision of the toxic substances control act of the United States and enlightenment to China’s chemicals environmental management [J]. Science and Technology Management Research, 2019,39(6):222-228.
[20] World Health Organization‎. Principles and methods for evaluating the toxicity of chemicals: part I [M/OL]. https://iris.who.int/handle/ 10665/370741978/2025-04-03.
[21] 亚洲清洁空气中心.中国空气质量改善的健康效应评估2024:关注生命早期暴露[R/OL]. http://www.allaboutair.cn/a/reports/2024/ 1226/703.html 2024-12-26/2025-02-04.Clean Air Asia. Assessment of the health effects of air quality improvement in China 2024: focusing on early life exposure [R/OL]. http://www.allaboutair.cn/a/reports/2024/1226/703.html 2024-12-26/ 2025-02-04.
[22] Tao Xue, Ruohan Wang, Meng Wang, et al. Health benefits from the rapid reduction in ambient exposure to air pollutants after China's clean air actions: progress in efficacy and geographic equality [J]. National Science Review, 2024,11(2):nwad263.
[23] World Health Organization‎. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda [M/OL]. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/352532#:~:text=Guidelines%20for%20drinking%E2%80%91water%20quality%3A%20fourth%20edition%20incorporating%20the,add.%20and%202nd%20add.%20World%20Health%20Organization.%20https%3A%2F%2Firis.who.int%2Fhandle%2F10665%2F352532. 2022-03-21/2025-04-03.
[24] 朱彤,万薇,刘俊,等.世界卫生组织《全球空气质量指南》修订解读[J]. 科学通报, 2022,67(8):697-706.Zhu T, Wan W, Liu J, et al. Insights into the new WHO global air quality guidelines [J]. Science Bulletin, 2022,67(8):697-706.
[25] Xue T, Geng G, Meng X, et al. New WHO global air quality guidelines help prevent premature deaths in China [J]. National Science Review. Oxford University Press, 2022.
[26] 陈超,王玉,谢宇煊,等.饮用水水质标准升级带来的消毒副产物挑战与对策[J]. 给水排水, 2024,60(9):7-14.Chen C, Wang Y, Xie Y. The challenges of disinfection by-products brought by the upgrading of drinking water quality standards and the countermeasures [J]. Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2024,60(9):7-14.
[27] Huang L, Rao C, Van der Kuijp TJ, et al. A comparison of individual exposure, perception, and acceptable levels of PM_2.5 with air pollution policy objectives in China [J]. Environmental Research, 2017,157:78-86.
[28] Slovic P. Perception of risk [J]. Science, 1987,236:280–285.
[29] Bickerstaff K. Risk perception research: socio-cultural perspectives on the public experience of air pollution [J]. Environment international, 2004,30(6):827-840.
[30] 王超,邢冠华,薛荔栋,等.欧美新污染物监测进展及启示[J]. 中国环境监测, 2024,40(2):1-7.Wang C, Xing G, Xue L, et al. Progress and enlightenment of environmental monitoring of emerging pollutants in Europe and America [J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2024,40(2):1-7.
[31] European Parliament, Council of the European Union. Directive 2013/39/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 August 2013 amending Directives 2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC as regards priority substances in the field of water policy Text with EEA relevance [EB/OL]. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013L0039&qid=17181587433252013-08-24/ 2024-06-12.
[32] European Commission. Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2015/495of 20March 2015establishing a watch list of substances for Union-wide monitoring in the field of water policy pursuant to Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (notified under document C(2015) 1756) Text with EEA relevance [EB/OL]. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri= CELEX:32015D0495&qid=17181597574922015-03-24/2024-06-12.
[33] European Commission, Directorate-General for Environment. Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/840of 5June 2018establishing a watch list of substances for Union-wide monitoring in the field of water policy pursuant to Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2015/495(notified under document C(2018) 3362) [EB/OL]. https://eur-lex. europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018D0840&qid=17181597574922018-06-07/2024-06012.
[34] European Commission, Directorate-General for Environment. Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2020/1161of 4August 2020establishing a watch list of substances for Union-wide monitoring in the field of water policy pursuant to Directive 2008/ 105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (notified under document number C (2020) 5205) (Text with EEA relevance) [EB/OL]. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32020D1161&qid=17181601794192020-08-06/2024-06-12.
[35] European Commission, Directorate-General for Environment. Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2022/1307of 22July 2022 establishing a watch list of substances for Union-wide monitoring in the field of water policy pursuant to Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (notified under document C(2022) 5098) (Text with EEA relevance)[EB/OL]. https://eur-lex. europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32022D1307&qid=17181601794192022-07-26/2024-06-12.
[36] USEPA. Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) and Regulatory Determination [EB/OL]. https://www.epa.gov/ccl/basic-information- ccl-and-regulatory-determination 2024-02-07/2024-06-12.
[37] US EPA. Learn about the unregulated contaminant monitoring rule [EB/OL]. https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/learn-about-unregulated- contaminant-monitoring-rule#select 2023-07-27/2024-06-12.