针对我国南方红壤性水稻土的特点,以水稻秸秆炭为炭基,利用包膜技术自制两种水稻专用炭基肥,即有机无机炭基肥(BBOF)和无机炭基肥(BBF),通过盆栽和田间试验研究其对不同pH值,不同养分和镉(Cd)污染水平的土壤化学性质和微生物以及水稻产量的影响.试验以常规肥料(CF)为对照,设置生物质炭直接施用(BC)、BBOF和BBF 3种炭处理.结果表明,BBF与BC在田间应用中具有一定的增产效果,其中BBF对产量三要素有明显提升作用,但其对土壤的改良效应不明显.BBOF与BC在弱酸性(WA)和强酸性Cd污染严重土壤(SA)中显著提高了pH值和土壤有机碳含量(P<0.05),表现出良好的调酸固碳效果,但在弱酸低养分土壤(LN)中作用不明显.炭处理对土壤养分改良作用因土而异:三种炭处理基本上提升了WA土中有效磷和速效钾以及可溶性有机碳含量(P<0.05),显著降低了SA土中速效钾含量(P<0.05),明显改变了LN土中铵态氮和硝态氮水平,BC处理还提高了LN土中速效钾含量(P<0.05).其它土壤指标对炭处理没有明显响应.相比BC,炭基肥通过减少外源炭用量,降低了土壤Cd输入负荷,具有更高的环境安全性.微生物群落分析表明,三种炭处理皆对三种土壤真菌群落无显著影响(P>0.05),但对细菌群落产生调控效应,影响程度为BC>BBOF>BBF,土壤菌群响应程度为LN>SA>WA. BC与BBOF调控作用相似,皆显著增加了粘球菌门(Myxococcota)、甲烷氧化菌门(Methylomirabilota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)等关键菌门以及Rokubacteriales_unclassified、厌氧粘球菌科(Anaeromyxobacteraceae)、慢生根瘤菌科(Bradyrhizobiaceae)和硝化螺旋菌科(Nitrospiraceae)等功能型菌科的相对丰度,显著降低浮霉菌门(Planctomycetota)、Subgroup_7_unclassified和等球菌科(Isosphaeraceae)的相对丰度(P<0.05).相关与冗余分析表明,炭处理显著变化土壤细菌群落与土壤化学性质密切相关,不同土壤中细菌群落变化的驱动因子不同,主要受有效磷(WA)、有机碳(SA)和铵态氮(LN)影响,表明炭处理的调控作用具有明显的土壤依赖性.综上所述,有机无机炭基肥在改良红壤性水稻土环境条件和调控微生物群落方面表现出一定优势,具备替代生物质炭直接施用的潜力,但其增产效果及应用模式仍需进一步研究和优化.
Abstract
In view of the characteristics of Ultisols (red soils) in southern China, this study developed two types of rice-specific biochar-based fertilizers (BBOF: bio-organic-inorganic biochar-based fertilizer; BBF: inorganic biochar-based fertilizer) using rice straw biochar as the base and coating technology. Pot and field experiments were conducted to evaluate their effects on soil chemical properties, microbial communities and rice yield under different pH value, nutrient statuses, and cadmium (Cd) pollution levels. Conventional fertilizer (CF) was used as the control, with three carbon treatments for experiments: direct biochar application (BC), BBOF, and BBF. The results showed that both BBF and BC improved rice yield under field conditions, with BBF enhancing the three key yield components; however, BBF had limited effects on soil improvement. BBOF and BC significantly increased soil pH and soil organic carbon contents(SOC) in the weakly acidic (WA) soil and the strongly acidic soil (SA) with Cd pollution(P<0.05), demonstrating effective acid regulation and carbon sequestration, but had limited effects in low-nutrient acidic (LN) soils. The impact of carbon treatments on soil nutrients varied with soil type: in WA soils, all three treatments significantly increased available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and dissolved organic carbon (P<0.05); in SA soil, AK was significantly reduced (P<0.05); and in LN soil, ammonium nitrogen(NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen levels were notably altered, with BC also significantly increasing AK content (P<0.05). Other soil properties showed no significant response to biochar treatments. Compared with BC, biochar-based fertilizers reduced the amount of exogenous biochar applied and thereby decreased soil Cd input, indicating higher environmental safety. Microbial community analysis revealed that none of the biochar treatments had significant effects on fungal communities (P>0.05), but all affected bacterial communities, with an impact intensity order of BC>BBOF>BBF and a soil bacterial communities response order of LN>SA>WA. Both BC and BBOF regulated bacterial communities in a similar way by significantly increasing the relative abundances of key phyla (Myxococcota, Methylomirabilota, and Acidobacteria) and important functional families (Rokubacteriales_unclassified, Anaeromyxobacteraceae, Bradyrhizobiaceae, and Nitrospiraceae), while significantly decreasing the relative abundances of Planctomycetota (phyla level) and Subgroup_7_unclassified and Isosphaeraceae (family level) (P<0.05). Correlation and redundancy analyses indicated that shifts in soil bacterial communities were closely related to changes in soil chemical properties, with different driving factors identified across soils: AP in WA, SOC in SA, and NH4+-N in LN. This suggests that the regulatory effects of carbon treatments are highly soil-dependent. In conclusion, the bio-organic-inorganic biochar-based fertilizer demonstrated advantages in improving soil environmental conditions and regulating microbial communities in rice-growing red soils, showing potential to replace direct application of biochar. However, its yield enhancement effects and application strategies require further study and optimization.
关键词
包膜炭基肥 /
红壤性水稻土 /
微生物群落 /
土壤化学性质
Key words
coated biochar-based fertilizers /
red paddy soil /
microbial community /
soil chemical properties
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基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1901603)
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