基于SWAT-WASP的高寒流域水环境容量模拟分析——以洮河碌曲为例

杨文心; 梁众鑫; 裴自成; 雷俊辉; 杨小鹏

PDF(1275 KB)

中国环境科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (9) : 5081-5092.

环境生态

基于SWAT-WASP的高寒流域水环境容量模拟分析——以洮河碌曲为例

杨文心¹, 梁众鑫¹, 裴自成¹, 雷俊辉², 杨小鹏³

作者信息 +

Simulation analysis of water environmental capacity in an alpine watershed based on SWAT+WASP: A case study of Luqu Section of Tao River

YANG Wen-xin¹, LIANG Zhong-xin¹, PEI Zi-cheng¹, LEI Jun-hui², YANG Xiao-peng³

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

针对高寒脆弱河流水环境容量受水文-生物地球化学耦合过程制约,缺乏量化研究的问题,以洮河部分河段为研究对象,基于SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型模拟流域径流特征,结合WASP(Water Analysis Simulation Program)模型分析河流水环境指标构建SWAT-WASP耦合水质模型,建立水环境容量定量计算框架,定量评估青藏高原东北缘高寒流域水环境容量时空分布特征.模型模拟结果与实测数据具有良好的一致性,在水流量、径流深等方面相关系数均达到0.6以上;Ⅰ类水质标准下BOD、TP和DO的年水环境容量分别为157.6、2.067和221.8t,而TN需放宽至Ⅳ类标准,年水环境容量为50.38t;对于BOD、TP和DO的水环境容量,空间维度显示上游为下游的9.9%~10.3%,时间维度显示1月(枯水期)为7月(丰水期)的10.1%~34.2%,分别凸显了高寒脆弱流域水动力条件和季节性水文驱动的主导作用,明确高寒脆弱流域可持续发展阈值;以TN为优先管控限制因子,提出时空协同分配策略,为高寒脆弱型水源区适应性水质管理提供科学依据.

Abstract

The water environmental capacity of alpine fragile rivers, constrained by hydrological-biogeochemical coupling processes, has long lacked robust quantitative investigations. Herein, we selected specific reaches of the Taohe River as the study area, leveraging the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model to simulate watershed runoff dynamics, and integrating the WASP (Water Analysis Simulation Program) model for analyzing riverine water quality indicators. A coupled SWAT-WASP water quality model was thereby constructed, accompanied by the establishment of a quantitative calculation framework for water environmental capacity, to assess the spatiotemporal patterns of water environmental capacity in the alpine watershed at the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Model simulations exhibited strong concordance with measured data, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.6 for water discharge and runoff depth. Under Class Ⅰ water quality standards, the annual water environmental capacities for BOD, TP, and DO were 157.6, 2.067, and 221.8 tons, respectively; in contrast, TN required relaxation to Class Ⅳ standards, yielding an annual capacity of 50.38 tons. Spatially, the water environmental capacities of BOD, TP, and DO in the upstream section accounted for 9.9%~10.3% of those in the downstream, while temporally, their capacities in January (dry season) represented 10.1%~34.2% of those in July (wet season). These findings underscore the dominant roles of hydrodynamic conditions and seasonal hydrological drivers in alpine fragile watersheds, defining the sustainable development thresholds for such systems. With TN identified as the priority control factor, a spatiotemporally coordinated allocation strategy is proposed, offering a scientific foundation for adaptive water quality management in alpine fragile water source regions.

导出引用

杨文心, 梁众鑫, 裴自成, 雷俊辉, 杨小鹏. 基于SWAT-WASP的高寒流域水环境容量模拟分析——以洮河碌曲为例[J]. 中国环境科学. 2025, 45(9): 5081-5092

YANG Wen-xin, LIANG Zhong-xin, PEI Zi-cheng, LEI Jun-hui, YANG Xiao-peng. Simulation analysis of water environmental capacity in an alpine watershed based on SWAT+WASP: A case study of Luqu Section of Tao River[J]. China Environmental Science. 2025, 45(9): 5081-5092

中图分类号： X26 X522

参考文献

[1] Khamis K, Hannah D M, Clarvis M H, et al. Alpine aquatic ecosystem conservation policy in a changing climate [J]. Environmental Science & Policy, 2014,43:39-55.
[2] Beniston M, Stoffel M. Assessing the impacts of climatic change on mountain water resources [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 493:1129-1137.
[3] Wu Y, Wang S, Ni Z, et al. Emerging water pollution in the world’s least disturbed lakes on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2021,272:116032.
[4] Xia H, Su Y, Yang L, et al. Effects of climate change and human activities on streamflow in arid alpine water source regions: A case study of the Shiyang River, China [J]. Land, 2024,13(11):1961.
[5] 万国江.环境容量的基本概念和表述 [J].环境保护, 1982,(7):7-9. Wan G J. Fundamental concepts and definitions of environmental capacity [J]. Environmental Protection, 1982,(7):7-9.
[6] Carey D I. Development based on carrying capacity: A strategy for environmental protection [J]. Global Environmental Change, 1993, 3(2):140-148.
[7] Jia Z, Cai Y, Chen Y, et al. Regionalization of water environmental carrying capacity for supporting the sustainable water resources management and development in China [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2018,134:282-293.
[8] Loucks D P. Sustainable water resources management [J]. Water International, 2000,25(1):3-10.
[9] 张永良,洪继华,夏青,等.我国水环境容量研究与展望 [J].环境科学研究, 1988,1(1):73-81. Zhang Y L, Hong J H, Xia Q, et al. The research status and prospect of water environmental capacity in China [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 1988,1(1):73-81.
[10] 张永良.水环境容量基本概念的发展 [J].环境科学研究, 1992,(3): 59-61. Zhang Y L. Evolution of fundamental concepts in water environmental capacity [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences 1992,(3):59-61.
[11] Zhou X Y, Zheng B, Khu S T. Validation of the hypothesis on carrying capacity limits using the water environment carrying capacity [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019,665:774-784.
[12] Jia Z, Cai Y, Chen Y, et al. Regionalization of water environmental carrying capacity for supporting the sustainable water resources management and development in China [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2018,134:282-293.
[13] Kang A, Li J, Lei X, et al. Optimal allocation of water resources considering water quality and the absorbing pollution capacity of water [J]. Water Resources, 2020,47:336-347.
[14] Vörösmarty C J, Osuna V R, Cak A D, et al. Ecosystem-based water security and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [J]. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 2018,18(4):317-333.
[15] Hesterberg D. Biogeochemical cycles and processes leading to changes in mobility of chemicals in soils [J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 1998,67(2/3):121-133.
[16] Rolls R J, Leigh C, Sheldon F. Mechanistic effects of low-flow hydrology on riverine ecosystems: ecological principles and consequences of alteration [J]. Freshwater Science, 2012,31(4):1163-1186.
[17] Wang T, Xu S. Dynamic successive assessment method of water environment carrying capacity and its application [J]. Ecological Indicators, 2015,52:134-146.
[18] Gassman P W, Sadeghi A M, Srinivasan R. Applications of the SWAT model special section: overview and insights [J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2014,43(1):1-8.
[19] Arnold J G, Moriasi D N, Gassman P W, et al. SWAT: Model use, calibration, and validation [J]. Transactions of the ASABE, 2012,55(4): 1491-1508.
[20] Jayakrishnan R, Srinivasan R, Santhi C, et al. Advances in the application of the SWAT model for water resources management [J]. Hydrological Processes: An International Journal, 2005,19(3):749-762.
[21] Kumar B, Lakshmi V, Patra K C. Evaluating the uncertainties in the SWAT model outputs due to DEM grid size and resampling techniques in a large Himalayan river basin [J]. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2017,22(9):04017039.
[22] 龚然,徐进,邵燕平.WASP模型湖库水环境模拟国内外研究进展综述 [J].环境科学与管理, 2014,39(10):15-18. Gong R, Xu J, Shao Y P. Research progress of applying WASP model in lakes and reservoirs in home and abroad [J]. Environmental Science and Management, 2014,39(10):15-18.
[23] 程艳,裴盼盼,张祥祥.国内外流域水文模型研究进展 [J].现代农业科技, 2023,(23):133-136,140. Cheng Y, Pei P P, Zhang X X. Research progress on watershed hydrological models at home and abroad [J]. Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, 2023,(23):133-136,140.
[24] 王中根,刘昌明,黄友波.SWAT模型的原理,结构及应用研究 [J].地理科学进展, 2003,22(1):79-86. Wang Z G, Liu C M, Huang Y B. Principles, structure, and applications of the SWAT model: A systematic investigation. [J] Progress in Geography, 2003,22(1):79-86.
[25] Ambrose R B, Wool T A, Martin J L. The water quality analysis simulation program, WASP5, Part A: Model documentation [J]. Environmental Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, 1993.
[26] Wool T A, Ambrose R B, Martin J L, et al. Water quality analysis simulation program (WASP) [J]. User’s manual, Version, 2006,6.
[27] Yuan J, Wei B, Zhu J, et al. A Review of Water Environmental Capacity Calculation[C] //E3S Web of Conferences. EDP Sciences, 2019,81:01001.
[28] Vonk J E, Tank S E, Walvoord M A. Integrating hydrology and biogeochemistry across frozen landscapes [J]. Nature Communications, 2019,10(1):5377.
[29] 钱继坤.基于SWAT-WASP的洮河流域水环境过程及驱动机制研究 [D].兰州:兰州大学, 2024. Qian J K. Study on water environmental processes and driving mechanisms in Taohe River Basin based on SWAT-WASP integrated modeling [D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2024.
[30] 李常斌,王帅兵,杨林山,等.1951~2010年洮河流域水文气象要素变化的时空特征 [J].冰川冻土, 2013,35(5):1259-1266. Li C B, Wang S B, Yang L S, et al. Temporal and spatial characteristics of hydrometeorological elements in Taohe River Basin from 1951 to 2010 [J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2013,35(5):1259-1266.
[31] 裴之祺.甘肃东南部仰韶时代晚期遗存研究 [D].西安:西北大学, 2012. Pei Z Q. Archaeological investigation of late Yangshao period remains in southeastern Gansu Province [D]. Xi’an: Northwest University, 2012.
[32] 姚英骄.洮河沿岸河谷型传统村落空间形态研究 [D].兰州:兰州交通大学, 2020. Yao Y J. A Research on the spatial morphology of valley-type traditional villages along the Taohe River [D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 2020.
[33] 许幼霞,周旭,赵娟,等.半湿润半干旱过渡区洮河流域植被盖度变化特征 [J].水土保持通报, 2016,36(6):308-314. Xu Y X, Zhou X, Zhao J. et al. Vegetation coverage variation features in semi-humid and semi-arid transitional region of Taohe River Basin [J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2016,36(6):308-314.
[34] 陈雪峰.基于水质目标的博斯腾湖水环境容量研究 [J].黑龙江水利科技, 2024,52(3):14-16,48. Chen X F. Water environmental capacity assessment of Lake Bosten based on water quality objectives [J]. Heilongjiang Hydraulic Science and Technology, 2024,52(3):14-16,48.
[35] Arnold J G, Moriasi D N, Gassman P W, et al. SWAT: Model use, calibration, and validation [J]. Transactions of the ASABE, 2012,55(4): 1491-1508.
[36] 张傲然.汾河兰村-二坝段水量水质联合模拟研究 [D].太原:太原理工大学, 2021. Zhang A R. Integrated water quantity and quality simulation study of the Lancun-Erba reach in Fenhe River [D]. Taiyuan: Taiyuan University of Technology, 2021.
[37] Williams J R, Jones C A, Dyke P T. The EPIC model and its application[C] //Proc., ICRISAT-IBSNAT-SYSS Symp. on Minimum Data Sets for Agrotechnology Transfer, 1984:111-121.
[38] Sharpley A N, Williams J R. EPIC-Erosion/productivity impact calculator. I: model documentation. II: user manual [J]. Technical Bulletin-United States Department of Agriculture, 1990,(1768).
[39] GB/T 25173-2010水域纳污能力计算规程 [S]. GB/T 25173-2010 Code of practice for computation on allowable permitted assimilative capacity of water badies [S].
[40] 董飞,刘晓波,彭文启,等.地表水水环境容量计算方法回顾与展望 [J].水科学进展, 2014,25(3):451-463. Dong F, Liu X B, Peng W Q, et al. Review and prospects of calculation methods for surface water environmental capacity [J]. Advances in Water Science, 2014,25(3):451-463.
[41] 孙辰.汉江襄阳段水环境容量及总量控制研究 [D].武汉:华中科技大学, 2013. Sun C. Study on Water Environmental Capacity and Total Load Control in the Xiangyang Section of the Hanjiang River [D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2013.
[42] 王治祯,傅海江,柏景方.环境应用数学 [M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社, 2008. Wang Z Z, Fu H J, Bai J F. Applied mathematics in environmental science [M]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology Press, 2008.
[43] 夏青,孙艳,贺珍,等.水污染物总量控制实用计算方法概要 [J].环境科学研究, 1989,(3):1-73. Xia Q, Sun Y, He Z. et al. Outline of practical calculation methods for total water pollutant load control [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 1989,(3):1-73.
[44] 李如忠,范传勇.基于盲数理论的河流水环境容量计算 [J].哈尔滨工业大学学报, 2009,41(10):233-235. Li R Z, Fan C Y. Calculation of River Water Environmental Capacity Based on Blind Number Theory [J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2009,41(10):233-235.
[45] GB 3838-2002地表水环境质量标准 [S]. GB 3838-2002 Environmental quality standards for surface water [S].
[46] Saarinen T, Vuori K M, Alasaarela E, et al. Long-term trends and variation of acidity, CODMn and colour in coastal rivers of Western Finland in relation to climate and hydrology [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2010,408(21):5019-5027.
[47] Johnes P, Moss B, Phillips G. The determination of total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations in freshwaters from land use, stock headage and population data: testing of a model for use in conservation and water quality management [J]. Freshwater Biology, 1996,36(2):451-473.
[48] 王文颖,王启基,王刚.高寒草甸土地退化及其恢复重建对土壤碳氮含量的影响 [J].生态环境, 2006,(2):362-366. Wang W Y, W Q J, Wang G. Effects of land degradation and rehabilitation on vegetation carbon and nitrogen content of alpine meadow in China [J]. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006,(2):362-366.
[49] 王瑞军,李世清,张兴昌,等.西北地区不同生态系统几种土壤有机氮组分和微生物体氮的差异 [J].干旱地区农业研究, 2004,(4):21-27. Wang R J, Li S Q, Zhang X C, et al. Differences in soil organic nitrogen fractions and microbial biomass nitrogen among different ecosystems in Northwest China [J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2004,(4):21-27.
[50] 张惠.黄河上游灌区稻田系统氮素气态损失及平衡研究 [D].北京:中国农业科学院, 2011. Zhang H. Nitrogen gaseous losses and balance in paddy systems of the upper Yellow River irrigation region [D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2011.
[51] Vink R, Behrendt H, Salomons W. Development of the heavy metal pollution trends in several European rivers: an analysis of point and diffuse sources [J]. Water Science and Technology, 1999,39(12):215-223.
[52] 夏星辉,周劲松,杨志峰,等.黄河流域河水氮污染分析 [J].环境科学学报, 2001,(5):563-568. Xia X H, Zhou J S, Yang Z F. et al. An analysis of nitrogen pollution in river water of the Yellow River basin [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2001,21(5):563-568.
[53] 水利部.水资源调度管理办法 [EB/OL]. http://slj.xiangyang.gov.cn/ zxzx/sldt/202111/t20211102_2618707.shtml 2021-10-20/2025-08-18. Ministry of Water Resources. Measures for the administration of water resource regulation [EB/OL]. http://slj.xiangyang.gov.cn/zxzx/sldt/ 202111/t20211102_2618707.shtml 2021-10-20/2025-08-18.