Study of atmospheric trace elements emission standards for coal-fired power plants in China
WANG Shu-min1, BAI Xiao-xuan2,4, SONG Chang3, ZHANG Yi1, GU Yong-zheng3, GUO Zhi-hui2,4, WU Bo-bo2,4, YU Xue-hai5, DUAN Lei6, TIAN He-zhong2,4
1. National Energy Investment Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100011, China; 2. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; 3. Guohua Electric Power Branch, China Shenhua Energy Co., Ltd., Beijing 100025, China; 4. Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; 5. Shenhua Guohua(Beijing) Electric Power Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing 100018, China; 6. School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Abstract:In this study, the trace elements emission standards of coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) between China and developed countries and the emission status in Chinese CFPPs were systematically evaluated to explore the feasibility and recommendations for establishing standards in the future. Results indicated that fewer species of trace element pollutants were currently restricted in China, and the existing emission limit for the single element (mercury and its compounds, 30μg/m3) was relatively laxer compared with CFPPs in developed countries. Moreover, the stack concentration of mercury in most plants was lower than 10~15μg/m3, indicating the current emission standard has failed to play a viable role in limiting the atmospheric mercury emission from Chinese CFPPs. Therefore, we suggested that the current atmospheric mercury emission limit for Chinese CFPPs should be revised and emission limits for other toxic trace elements could be introduced when revised emission standards for coal-fired power plants in the future, to better protect the ecosystem and human health and promote the successful fulfil of the Minamata Convention on Mercury.
中华人民共和国国家统计局.中华人民共和国2017年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB/OL]. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/202002/t20200228_1728913.html. National Bureau of Statistics. Statistical report of China on the 2017National Economic and Social Development[EB/OL]. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/202002/t20200228_1728913.html.
[2]
国务院办公厅.国务院办公厅关于印发能源发展战略行动计划(2014-2020年)的通知[EB/OL]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2014-11/19/content_9222.htm. Office of the State Council in China. Energy Development Strategy Action Plan (2014-2020) published by the State Council[EB/OL]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2014-11/19/content_9222.htm.
[3]
国家能源局.我国已建成全球最大清洁煤电供应体系的通知[EB/OL]. http://www.nea.gov.cn/2019-02/12/c_137815509.htm. National Energy Administration. Notice of China has built the largest clean coal power supply system in the world[EB/OL]. http://www.nea.gov.cn/2019-02/12/c_137815509.htm.
[4]
郦建国,朱法华,孙雪丽.中国火电大气污染防治现状及挑战[J]. 中国电力, 2018,51(6):2-10. Wu J G, Zhu F H, Sun X L. Current situation and challenge of air pollution control of thermal power plants in China[J]. Electric Power, 2018,51(6):2-10.
[5]
卢锦程,段钰锋,赵士林,等.600MW燃煤电厂痕量元素排放特性实验研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018,38(12):4444-4450. Lu J C, Duan Y F, Zhao S L, et al. Experimental study on emission characteristics of trace elements in 600MW coal fired power plant[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(12):4444-4450.
[6]
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Minamata convention on mercury[M]. Japan:UNEP, 2013.
[7]
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Clean Air Act[S]. Washington DC, United States:US EPA, 1963.
[8]
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Mercury and air toxics standards-history of the MATS regulation[EB/OL]. https://www.epa.gov/mats/history-mats-regulation.
[9]
郑伟,刘伟,王宁,等.美国燃煤电厂大气汞排放控制法规探析[J]. 环境保护科学, 2019,45(1):1-4. Zheng W, Liu W, Wang N, et al. Exploration on atmospheric mercury emission control regulations for coal-fired power plants of the United States[J]. Environmental Protection Science, 2019,45(1):1-4.
[10]
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Clean Air Act Amendments[S]. Washington DC, United States:US EPA, 1990.
[11]
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Clean Air Mercury Rule[S]. Washington DC, United States:US EPA, 2005.
[12]
National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants from coal and oil-fired electric utility steam generating units and standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired electric utility, industrial commercial institutional, and small industrial commercial institutional steam generating units[S]. Washington DC, United States:US EPA, 2016.
[13]
Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). Summary of Recent Mercury Emission Limits for Power Plants in the United States and China[EB/OL]. https://www.nrdc.org/resources/summary-recent-mercury-emission-limits-power-plants-united-states-and-china.
[14]
陈敏敏,王军霞,张守斌,等.中国燃煤电厂汞达标排放分析[J]. 环境污染与防治, 2016,38(2):106-110. Chen M M, Wang J X, Zhang S B, et al. Analysis of mercury compliance emission for coal-fired power plants in China[J]. Environmental Pollution & Control, 2018,38(2):106-110.
[15]
Directive 2010/75/EU of the European parliament and of the council of 24November 2010on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control)[S]. Brussels, Belgium:EU, 2010.
[16]
Commission implementing decision (EU) 2017/1442 of 31 July 2017 establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, for large combustion plants[S]. Brussels, Belgium:EU, 2017.
[17]
Directive 88/609/EEC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants[S]. Brussels, Belgium:EU, 1988.
[18]
Directive 2001/80/EC of the European parliament and of the council of 23 October 2001 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants[S]. Brussels, Belgium:EU, 2001.
[19]
The Canada-wide standards for mercury emissions from coal-fired electric power generation plants[S]. Ottawa, Canada:Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME), 2006.
[20]
Wu Q R, Wang S X, Liu K Y, et al. Emission-limit-oriented strategy to control atmospheric mercury emissions in coal-fired power plants toward the implementation of the minamata convention[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018,52(19):11087-11093.
[21]
Air pollution control law[S]. Tokyo, Japan:Ministry of the Environment of Japan (MOE), 2018.
[22]
GB13223-2011火电厂大气污染物排放标准[S]. GB13223-2011 The emission standard of air pollutants for thermal power plants[S].
[23]
吴清茹,赵子鹰,杨帆,等.中国燃煤电厂履行《关于汞的水俣公约》的差距与展望[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2019,29(10):52-60. Wu Q R, Zhan Z Y, Yang F, et al. Gaps and prospects for the implementation of Minamata Convention on Mercury by China's coal-fired power plants[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2019,29(10):52-60.
[24]
Wang J, Wang W H, Xu W, et al. Mercury removals by existing pollutants control devices of four coal-fired power plants in China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2011,23(11):1839-1844.
[25]
李文俊.燃煤电厂和水泥厂大气汞排放特征研究[D]. 重庆:西南大学, 2011. Li W J. Characterization of atmospheric mercury emissions from coal-fired power plant and cement plant[D]. Chongqing:Southwest University, 2011.
[26]
蔡同锋,时志强,刘宁凯,等.江苏省300MW以上燃煤电厂汞排放现状分析[J]. 环境科技, 2014,27(5):5-11. Cai T F, Shi Z Q, Liu N K, et al. Study on mercury emission from coal-fired power plant more than 300MW in Jiangsu province[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2014,27(5):5-11.
[27]
尹得仕,郦建国,袁建国,等.国内典型燃煤电厂大气汞排放特性分析[J]. 电站系统工程, 2014,30(5):50-55. Yin D S, Wu J G, Yuan J G, et al. Analysis of mercury emission for typical domestic coal-fired power plants[J]. Power System Engineering, 2014,30(5):50-55.
[28]
Tang S L, Wang L N, Feng X B, et al. Actual mercury speciation and mercury discharges from coal-fired power plants in Inner Mongolia, Northern China[J]. Fuel, 2016,180:194-204.
[29]
Wang S M, Zhang Y S, Gu Y Z, et al. Using modified fly ash for mercury emissions control for coal-fired power plant applications in China[J]. Fuel, 2016,181:1230-1237.
[30]
史晓宏,张翼,赵瑞,等.燃煤电厂烟气汞减排技术研究与实践[J]. 中国电力, 2016,49(8):135-139. Shi X H, Zhang Y, Zhao R, et al. Research and practice of mercury emission reduction technology in coal-fired power plants[J]. Electric Power, 2016,49(8):135-139.
[31]
杨丽莎.燃煤电厂汞排放现场测试及排放量估算[D]. 北京:华北电力大学, 2016. Yang L S. Field test and estimation of mercury emission from the coal-fired power plant[D]. Beijing:North China Electric Power University, 2016.
[32]
Sung J H, Back S, Jung B, et al. Speciation and capture performance of mercury by a hybrid filter in a coal-fired power plant[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2017,170:35-40.
[33]
Tang H J, Duan Y F, Zhu C, et al. Characteristics of a biomass-based sorbent trap and its application to coal-fired flue gas mercury emission monitoring[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2017,170:19-27.
[34]
Zhang Y, Yang J P, Yu X H, et al. Migration and emission characteristics of Hg in coal-fired power plant of China with ultra-low emission air pollution control devices[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2017,158:272-280.
[35]
Zhao S L, Duan Y F, Chen L, et al. Study on emission of hazardous trace elements in a 350MW coal-fired power plant. Part 1. Mercury[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017,229:863-870.
[36]
刘发圣,夏永俊,徐锐,等.燃煤电厂污染控制设备脱汞效果及汞排放特性试验[J]. 中国电力, 2017,50(4):162-166. Liu F S, Xia Y J, Xu R, et al. Experimental study on mercury removal effect and mercury emission characteristics of pollution control equipment in coal-fired power plants[J]. Electric Power, 2017,50(4):162-166.
[37]
宋畅,张翼,郝剑,等.燃煤电厂超低排放改造前后汞污染排放特征[J]. 环境科学研究, 2017,30(5):672-677. Song C, Zhang Y, Hao J, et al. Mercury emission characteristics from coal-fired power plant before and after ultra-low emission retrofitting[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2017,30(5):672-677.
[38]
Cui J, Duan L B, Jiang Y, et al. Migration and emission of mercury from circulating fluidized bed boilers co-firing petroleum coke and coal[J]. Fuel, 2018,215:638-646.
[39]
Li C F, Duan Y F, Tang H J, et al. Study on the Hg emission and migration characteristics in coal-fired power plant of China with an ammonia desulfurization process[J]. Fuel, 2018,211:621-628.
[40]
Li C F, Duan Y F, Tang H J, et al. Mercury emissions monitoring in a coal-fired power plant by using the EPA method 30B based on a calcium-based sorbent trap[J]. Fuel, 2018,221:171-178.
[41]
郄光皓.山东省燃煤电厂大气汞的排放与分析[D]. 济南:山东大学, 2018. Qie G H. Emission and analysis of atmospheric mercury in coal-fired power plants in Shandong province[D]. Jinan:Shandong University, 2018.
[42]
王树民,余学海,顾永正,等.基于燃煤电厂"近零排放"的大气污染物排放限值探讨[J]. 环境科学研究, 2018,31(6):975-984. Wang S M, Yu X H, Gu Y Z, et al. Discussion of emission limits of air pollutants for "near-zero emission" coal-fired power plants[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2018,31(6):975-984.
[43]
焦峰.超低排放燃煤电厂烟气重金属污染物排放特征浅析[J]. 低碳世界, 2019,9(1):11-13. Jiao F. Analysis on emission characteristics of heavy metal Pollutants from flue gas of ultra-low emission coal-fired power plants[J]. Low Carbon World, 2019,9(1):11-13.
[44]
Zhu C Y, Tian H Z, Cheng K, et al. Potentials of whole process control of heavy metals emissions from coal-fired power plants in China[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016,114:343-351.
[45]
Liu K Y, Wang S X, Wu Q R, et al. A highly resolved mercury emission inventory of Chinese coal-fired power plants[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018,52(4):2400-2408.
[46]
郑剑铭.燃煤电站汞排放环境影响与TAC对烟气零价汞的吸附机理研究[D]. 杭州:浙江大学, 2013. Zheng J M. Environmental effects of mercury emission from coal-fired power plant and mechanic study on mercury captured by TAC[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University, 2013.
[47]
万勤,李金芬,陈平,等.石河子市燃煤电厂重金属去向及平衡分析[J]. 干旱环境监测, 2015,29(3):110-118. Wan Q, Li J F, Chen P, et al. Destination and balanced analysis of heavy metals in coal-fired power plants in Shihezi city[J]. Arid Environmental Monitoring, 2015,29(3):110-118.
[48]
柴小康,黄国和,解玉磊,等.某燃煤超低排放机组非常规污染物脱除[J]. 环境工程学报, 2020,14(12):3480-3494. Chai X K, Huang G H, Xie Y L, et al. Unconventional pollutant removal of a coal-fired ultra-low emission unit[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2020,14(12):3480-3494.
[49]
Zhao S L, Duan Y F, Li Y N, et al. Emission characteristic and transformation mechanism of hazardous trace elements in a coal-fired power plant[J]. Fuel, 2018,214:597-606.
[50]
Chang L, Yang J P, Zhao Y C, et al. Behavior and fate of As, Se, and Cd in an ultra-low emission coal-fired power plant[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019,209:722-730.
[51]
Li X Y, Bi X Y, Li Z G, et al. Atmospheric lead emissions from coal-fired power plants with different boilers and APCDs in Guizhou, Southwest China[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2019,33(11):10561-10569.
[52]
华伟,孙和泰,祁建民,等.燃煤电厂超低排放机组重金属铅、砷排放特性[J]. 热力发电, 2019,48(10):65-70. Hua W, Sun H T, Qi J M, et al. Emission characteristics of Pb and As from an ultra-low emission coal-fired power plant[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2019,48(10):65-70.
[53]
Wang J W, Zhang Y S, Wang T, et al. Effect of modified fly ash injection on As, Se, and Pb emissions in coal-fired power plant[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020,380:122561.
[54]
Zhou X, Bi X Y, Li X Y, et al. Fate of cadmium in coal-fired power plants in Guizhou, Southwest China:With emphasis on updated atmospheric emissions[J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2020, 11(5):920-927.
[55]
崔健.煤与石油焦混燃的循环流化床锅炉重金属、SOx和Cl排放特性[D]. 南京:东南大学, 2018. Cui J. Emission characteristics of heavy metal, SOx and Cl from circulating fluidized bed boilers[D]. Nanjing:Southeast University, 2018.
[56]
Zhao S L, Duan Y F, Tan H Z, et al. Migration and emission characteristics of trace elements in a 660MW coal-fired power plant of China[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2016,30:5937-5944.