Performance analysis of iron-carbon autotrophic denitrification for efficient removal of nitrate from anammox effluent
XING Wei1,2, LI Long-sheng1, GAO Dao-qing1, Zhang Ze-xi1, ZHOU Guang-xin1, YAO Hong1,2
1. Beijing Key Laboratory for Control and Water Quality Assurance of Typical Pollutants in Water, School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; 2. Tangshan Research Institute of Beijing Jiaotong University, Tangshan 063000, China
Abstract：The investigation of nitrate removal from anammox effluent using the iron-carbon autotrophic denitrification process, involved the examination of continuous operation, iron precipitation transformation, and microbial community structure. The study revealed the coupling mechanism between the iron-carbon carrier and biofilm, demonstrating the efficient removal of nitrate through the iron-carbon autotrophic denitrification process. At HRT of 16.6h, the total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency of anammox effluent was found to be (90.0±4.7) %. Conversely, the TN removal rate of anammox effluent was (82.2±1.4) % at HRT of 13.3h. During Stage I, Fe3O4 was identified as the predominant form of iron precipitation within the biofilm, whereas in Stage III, there was a decrease in Fe3O4 and an increase in the density of FeOOH type iron precipitation. Throughout the iron-carbon autotrophic denitrification process, the prevalence of Dechloromonas, the primary denitrifying bacterium in the initial sludge inoculum, experienced a notable decrease. Conversely, there was an enrichment of autotrophic denitrifying bacteria and iron-converting bacteria, exemplified by the rise in relative abundance of Thermomonas from 0.70% on day 43 to 4.51% on day 120.
[1] Ma B, Wang S, Cao S, et al. Biological nitrogen removal from sewage via anammox: recent advances [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016, 200:981-990. [2] 陈子健,周忠波,孟凡刚.基于碳减排的厌氧氨氧化脱氮工艺应用及强化调控进展[J]. 环境工程技术学报, 2024,14(2):389-397. Chen Z J, Zhou Z C, Meng F G. Advances in application and reinforced control of Anammox nitrogen removal process based on carbon emission reduction [J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology, 2024,14(2):389-397. [3] Strous M, Heijnen J, Kuenen J G, et al. The sequencing batch reactor as a powerful tool for the study of slowly growing anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms [J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1998,50:589-596. [4] Yang Q, Peng Y, Liu X, et al. Nitrogen removal via nitrite from municipal wastewater at low temperatures using real-time control to optimize nitrifying communities [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2007,41(23):8159-8164. [5] 刘宏雁,田玉珠,丁鹏佳,等.自养反硝化污水脱氮技术的研究进展[J]. 化工安全与环境, 2023,36(6):52-54. Liu H Y, Tian Y Z, Ding P J, et al. Research progress on nitrogen removal technology of autotrophic denitrification wastewater [J]. Chemical Safety & Environment, 2023,36(6):52-54. [6] 于妍,刘宁,廖祖刚,等.铁型反硝化脱氮技术研究进展[J]. 中国环境科学, 2022,42(1):83-91. Yu Y, Liu N, Liao Z G, et al. Research progress of iron-type denitrification removal technology [J]. China Environmental Science, 2022,42(1):83-91. [7] Xing W, Li D, Li J, et al. Nitrate removal and microbial analysis by combined micro-electrolysis and autotrophic denitrification [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016,211:240-247. [8] Deng S, Li D, Yang X, et al. Process of nitrogen transformation and microbial community structure in the Fe (0)-carbon-based bio-carrier filled in biological aerated filter [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016,23:6621-6630. [9] Till B A, Weathers L J, Alvarez P J. Fe (0)-supported autotrophic denitrification [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1998,32(5): 634-639. [10] 国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M]. (第四版).北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2002. The State Environmental Protection Administration. Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis method [M]. Fourth Edition. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2002. [11] 李豪,王进,马丁,等.铁泥资源化实现铁厌氧氨氧化及其机理初探[J]. 中国环境科学, 2023,43(10):5310-5319. Li H, W J, Ma D, et al. Feammox based on the resource utilization of waste iron sludge and its mechanism [J]. China Environmental Science, 2023,43(10):5310-5319. [12] Li X, Jia Y, Qin Y, et al. Iron-carbon microelectrolysis for wastewater remediation: Preparation, performance and interaction mechanisms [J]. Chemosphere, 2021,278:130483. [13] Li X, Yuan Y, Huang Y. Enhancing the nitrogen removal efficiency of a new autotrophic biological nitrogen-removal process based on the iron cycle: Feasibility, progress, and existing problems [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021,317:128499. [14] 王俊杰,杨津津,常根旺,等.纳米铁改性生物炭载体强化厌氧氨氧化菌富集与脱氮效果研究[J]. 环境科学研究, 2023:1-13. Wang J J, Yang J J, Chang G W, at al. Enrichment of anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria and denitrification effect of nano iron modified biochar carrier enhanced [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2023:1-13. [15] 郭昌梓,燕倩,罗轩,等.铁(Ⅱ)基质自养反硝化的脱氮效率及其影响因素研究[J]. 陕西科技大学学报, 2020,38(2):40-45,52. Guo C Z, Yan Q, Luo X, at al. Study on nitrogen removal efficiency and influencing factors of iron (Il) autotrophic denitrification [J]. Journal of Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, 2020,38(2): 40-45,52. [16] Deng S, Li D, Yang X, et al. Biological denitrification process based on the Fe (0)-carbon micro-electrolysis for simultaneous ammonia and nitrate removal from low organic carbon water under a microaerobic condition [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016,219:677- 686. [17] Cui X, Zhang M, Ding Y J, et al. Enhanced nitrogen removal via ironcarbon micro-electrolysis in surface flow constructed wetlands: Selecting activated carbon or biochar? [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2022,815:152800. [18] Shin K H, Cha D K. Microbial reduction of nitrate in the presence of nanoscale zero-valent iron [J]. Chemosphere, 2008,72(2):257-262. [19] Straub K L, Schönhuber W A, Buchholz-cleven B E, et al. Diversity of ferrous iron-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacteria and their involvement in oxygen-independent iron cycling [J]. Geomicrobiology Journal, 2004,21(6):371-378. [20] Peng S, Kong Q, Deng S, et al. Application potential of simultaneous nitrification/Fe0-supported autotrophic denitrification (SNAD) based on iron-scraps and micro-electrolysis [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020,711:135087. [21] Arcon I, Piccolo O, Paganelli S, et al. XAS analysis of a nanostructured iron polysaccharide produced anaerobically by a strain of Klebsiella oxytoca [J]. Biometals, 2012,25:875-881. [22] Li X Q, Elliott D W, Zhang W X. Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles for Abatement of Environmental Pollutants: Materials and Engineering Aspects [J]. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 2006,31(4):111-122. [23] Ma Y, Dai W, Zheng P, et al. Iron scraps enhance simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in subsurface flow constructed wetlands [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020,395:122612. [24] Dhage S, Khollam Y, Potdar H, et al. Effect of variation of molar ratio (pH) on the crystallization of iron oxide phases in microwave hydrothermal synthesis [J]. Materials Letters, 2002,57(2):457-462. [25] 钭启升,张辉,邬剑波,等.氧化铁和羟基氧化铁纳米结构的水热法制备及其表征[J]. 无机材料学报, 2007,(2):213-218. Dou Q S, Zhang H, Wu J B, at al. Synthesis and Characterization of Fe2O3 and FeOOH Nanostructures Prepared by Ethylene Glycol Assisted Hydrothermal Process [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2007,(2):213-218. [26] Ji B, Jiang M, Yang Y, et al. High treatment effectiveness for secondary effluent in Fe-C microelectrolysis constructed wetlands with electron donor supplementation [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022,342:130934. [27] Xing W, Li J, Li D, et al. Stable-isotope probing reveals the activity and function of autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrifiers in nitrate removal from organic-limited wastewater [J]. Environmental science & technology, 2018,52(14):7867-7875. [28] Tian T, Zhou K, Xuan L, et al. Exclusive microbially driven autotrophic iron-dependent denitrification in a reactor inoculated with activated sludge [J]. Water research, 2020,170:115300. [29] Dias M, Salvado J, Monperrus M, et al. Characterization of Desulfomicrobium salsuginis sp. nov. and Desulfomicrobium aestuarii sp. nov., two new sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from the Adour estuary (French Atlantic coast) with specific mercury methylation potentials [J]. Systematic and applied microbiology, 2008,31(1): 30-37. [30] Deng S, Xie B, Kong Q, et al. An oxic/anoxic-integrated and Fe/C micro-electrolysis-mediated vertical constructed wetland for decentralized low-carbon greywater treatment [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2020,315:123802. [31] Kiskira K, Papirio S, VAN Hullebusch E, et al. Fe (II)-mediated autotrophic denitrification: a new bioprocess for iron bioprecipitation/biorecovery and simultaneous treatment of nitrate- containing wastewaters [J]. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2017,119:631-648. [32] Guo Y, Zhang Z, Shi W, et al. Evolution of the sludge mineral composition enhances operation performance of the aerobic granular sludge reactor coupled with iron electrolysis [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021,295:126394. [33] Hu Y, Wu G, Li R, et al. Iron sulphides mediated autotrophic denitrification: An emerging bioprocess for nitrate pollution mitigation and sustainable wastewater treatment [J]. Water Research, 2020,179: 115914. [34] Zhang L, Sun H, Zhang X-X, et al. High diversity of potential nitrate-reducing Fe (II)-oxidizing bacteria enriched from activated sludge [J]. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2018,102:4975-4985.
