The characteristics and causes of ozone severe pollution days in Jiangmen city

SHEN Jin; CHEN Duo-hong; CHANG Wang; CAI Ri-dong; LIN Yu-jun; HUANG Yong-xi; ZHAO Xin; ZHOU Yan

PDF(3327 KB)

China Environmental Science ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5) : 2399-2412.

Ozone Pollution Control

The characteristics and causes of ozone severe pollution days in Jiangmen city

SHEN Jin¹, CHEN Duo-hong¹, CHANG Wang², CAI Ri-dong¹, LIN Yu-jun¹, HUANG Yong-xi², ZHAO Xin², ZHOU Yan¹

Author information +

History +

Abstract

In this study, Jiangmen City was selected as a case study to investigate the characteristics and causes of heavy ozone (O₃) pollution days. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and an observation-based model coupled with the CB06chemical mechanism (OBM-CB06) were employed as the analytical methods, integrating pollutant concentrations, meteorological data, photolysis data, and volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations. The findings showed that heavy ozone pollution in Jiangmen resulted primarily from the early morning accumulation of precursors due to meteorological conditions, followed by enhanced photochemical reactions and poor dispersion after the O₃ concentration peaked. Notably, early morning concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and carbon monoxide (CO) in Jiangmen were significantly higher than those in surrounding cities. VOCs source apportionment revealed that mobile sources (29.91% to 31.25%) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) usage (28.8% to 30.73%) were the major contributors. O₃ sensitivity analysis demonstrated that O₃ formation in Jiangmen was predominantly NOxNO_x-sensitive under heavy pollution conditions. A 20% reduction in NO_x could effectively prevent heavy pollution, while a further 60% reduction might keep O₃ concentrations within the mild pollution range. The relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of precursors also highlighted the importance of NO_x control during heavy pollution days, as NOx exhibited the highest RIR values (0.95~0.99). O₃ budget analysis revealed regional influences. Except at year-end, when stringent control measures effectively reduced regional impacts on heavy pollution days, heavy pollution episodes in other periods were largely influenced by upwind areas, particularly the central PRD region (e.g., Guangzhou-Foshan). Moreover, the regional contribution generally increased significantly after 15:00 on heavy pollution days, exceeding 60%. To mitigate heavy O₃ pollution in Jiangmen, stricter control of NO_x and other precursor emissions should be enforced. Furthermore, coordinated regional prevention and control measures should be implemented in collaboration with upwind cities, such as Foshan, Zhongshan, and Guangzhou.

Key words

heavy pollution days / observation-based model / ozone / pollution characteristics / positive matrix factorization

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

SHEN Jin, CHEN Duo-hong, CHANG Wang, CAI Ri-dong, LIN Yu-jun, HUANG Yong-xi, ZHAO Xin, ZHOU Yan. The characteristics and causes of ozone severe pollution days in Jiangmen city[J]. China Environmental Science. 2025, 45(5): 2399-2412

References

[1] Lim C C, Hayes R B, Ahn J, et al. Long-term exposure to ozone and cause-specific mortality risk in the United States [J]. American Journal of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine, 2019,200(8): 1022-1031.
[2] 李同囡,邱嘉馨,房春生.环境中臭氧的危害与防治浅析[J]. 世界环境, 2020,(5):16-18. Li T N, Qiu J X, Fang C S.A brief analysis of the hazards of ozone in the environment and relevant prevention and treatment [J]. World Environment, 2020,(5):16-18.
[3] Shindell D, Kuylenstierna J C I, Vignati E, et al. Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human health and food security [J]. Science, 2012,335(6065):183-189.
[4] Chang W, Zhu Y, Lin C, et al. Environmental justice assessment of fine particles, ozone, and mercury over the Pearl River Delta Region, China [J]. Sustainability, 2022,14(17):15.
[5] Mills G, Sharps K, Simpson D, et al. Ozone pollution will compromise efforts to increase global wheat production [J]. Global Change Biology, 2018,24(8):3560-3574.
[6] Li P, Feng Z, Catalayud V, et al. A meta - analysis on growth, physiological , and biochemical responses of woody species to ground -level ozone highlights the role of plant functional types [J]. Plant Cell and Environment, 2017,40(10):2369-2380.
[7] Chen Y, Zhu Y, Lin C, et al. Response surface model based emission source contribution and meteorological pattern analysis in ozone polluted days [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2022,307:9.
[8] Zou Y, Charlesworth E, Wang N, et al. Characterization and ozone formation potential (OFP) of non-methane hydrocarbons under the condition of chemical loss in Guangzhou, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2021,262:118630.
[9] 赵月.长三角典型城市臭氧污染特征及VOCs来源解析[J]. 环境科学研究, 2024,37(7):1500-1512. Zhao Y.Analysis of variation characteristics and source of atmospheric ozone pollutionin the Yangtze River Delta Region [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2024,37(7):1500-1512.
[10] Wang J, Zhang Y, Xiao S, et al. Ozone formation at a suburban site in the Pearl River Delta Region, China: Role of biogenic volatile organic compounds [J]. Atmosphere, 2023,14(4):17.
[11] 王鑫,安俊琳,苏筱倩,等.南京北郊水溶性离子污染特征及其光学特性[J]. 中国环境科学, 2020,40(2):506-512. Wang X, An J L, Su X Q, et al. Characteristics and optical properties of water-soluble ion pollution in the northern suburbs of Nanjing [J]. China Environmental Science, 2020,40(2):506-512.
[12] Wang N, Xu J, Pei C, et al. Air quality during COVID-19 lockdown in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta: Two different responsive mechanisms to emission reductions in China [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2021,55(9):5721-5730.
[13] 王雷,周颖,龚年祖.滁州市一次持续性臭氧污染过程气象与传输特征分析[J]. 中国环境监测, 2024,40(1):107-117. Wang L, Zhou Y, Gong N Z. Meteorological and transport characteristics of a persistent ozone pollution process in Chuzhou City [J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2024,40(1):107-117.
[14] HJ 818-2018环境空气气态污染物(SO₂、NO₂、O₃、CO)连续自动监测系统运行和质控技术规范[S]. HJ 818-2018 Technical specifications for operation and quality control of ambient air quality continuous automated monitoring system for SO₂, NO₂, O₃ and CO [S].
[15] HJ 1010-2018环境空气挥发性有机物气相色谱连续监测系统技术要求及检测方法[S]. HJ 1010-2018 Specifications and test procedures for ambient air quality continuous monitoring system with gas chromatography for volatile organic compounds [S].
[16] Men C, Liu R, Wang Q, et al. Uncertainty analysis in source apportionment of heavy metals in road dust based on positive matrix factorization model and geographic information system [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019,652:27-39.
[17] Banerjee T, Murari V, Kumar M, et al. Source apportionment of airborne particulates through receptor modeling: Indian scenario [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2015,164-165:167-187.
[18] Hopke P K. A guide to positive matrix factorization [Z]. 2000.
[19] Gary Norris R D. EPA Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) 5.0 fundamentals and user guide [Z]. 2014:2024.
[20] Cardelino C A, Chameides W L. An observation-based model for analyzing ozone precursor relationships in the urban atmosphere [J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 1995,45(3):161-180.
[21] 张英南,薛丽坤,陈天舒,等.基于观测的模型(OBM)的发展历程及其在我国大气化学研究中的应用与展望[J]. 环境科学研究, 2022, 35(3):621-632. Zhang Y N, Xue L K, Chen T S, et al. Development history of observation-based model (OBM) and its application and prospect in atmospheric chemistry studies in China [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2022,35(3):621-632.
[22] 唐孝炎,张远航,邵敏.大气环境化学[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2006. Tang X Y, Zhang Y H, Shao M.Atmospheric environmental chemistry [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2006.
[23] 韩丽,陈军辉,姜涛,等.基于观测模型的成都市臭氧污染敏感性研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 2020,40(11):4092-4104. Han L, Chen J H, Jiang T, et al.Sensitivity analysis of atmospheric ozone formation to its precursors in Chengdu with an observation based model [J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2020,40(11):4092-4104.
[24] Tan Z, Lu K, Jiang M, et al. Exploring ozone pollution in Chengdu, southwestern China: A case study from radical chemistry to O₃-VOC-NOx sensitivity [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 636:775-786.
[25] Han L, Chen J, Jiang T, et al. Sensitivity analysis of atmospheric ozone formation to its precursors in Chengdu with an observation based model [J]. Acta Sci. Circumstantiae, 2020,40(11):4092-4104.
[26] 陈小方,张嘉妮,张伟霞,等.化工园区挥发性有机物排放清单及其环境影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017,37(11):4062-4071. Chen X F, Zhang J N, Zhang W X, et al. VOCs emission inventory of a chemical industry park and its influence on atmospheric environment [J]. China Environmental Science, 2017,37(11):4062-4071.
[27] 张亮,林洁萍,邵英贤,等.珠海地区海陆风对臭氧污染的影响[J]. 环境科学学报, 2024,44(1):74-85. Zhang L, Lin J P, Shao Y X, et al.Understanding the impact of sea and land breezes on ozone pollution in the Pearl River Delta [J]. cta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2024,44(1):74-85.
[28] Sun J, Shen Z, Zhang Y, et al. Urban VOC profiles, possible sources, and its role in ozone formation for a summer campaign over Xi’an, China [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019, 26(27):27769-27782.
[29] 林小英,王,刘学平.某城区挥发性有机物的臭氧生成潜势及源解析[J]. 建工程学院学报, 2022,20(1):74-77. Lin X Y, Wang X, Liu X P.Ozone generation potential and source analysis of volatile organic compounds in an urban area [J]. ournal of Fujian University of Technology, 2022,20(1):74-77.
[30] 聂烨,彭瑾,王祖武,等.黄石市大气挥发性有机物污染特征及源解析[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2021,44(S1):183-190. Nie Y, Peng J, Wang Z W, et al. Pollution characteristics, ozone formation potential, and sources of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in Huangshi [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2021,44(S1):183-190.
[31] Huang Y Z, Gao S, Wu S J, et al. Stationary monitoring and source apportionment of VOCs in a chemical industrial park by combining rapid direct-inlet MSs with a GC-FID/MS [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021,795.
[32] Zheng J Y, Yu Y F, Mo Z W, et al. Industrial sector-based volatile organic compound (VOC) source profiles measured in manufacturing facilities in the Pearl River Delta, China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2013,456:127-136.
[33] He Q S, Yan Y L, Li H Y, et al. Characteristics and reactivity of volatile organic compounds from non-coal emission sources in China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2015,115:153-162.
[34] 罗干,王体健,赵明,等.基于在线监测的南京仙林PM_2.5 组分特征与来源解析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2020,40(5):1857-1868. Luo G, Wang T J, Zhao M, et al. Chemical composition and source apportionment of fine particulate matter in Xianlin area of Nanjing basing on-line measurement [J]. China Environmental Science, 2020, 40(5):1857-1868.
[35] 米生权,魏涛.四氯乙烯污染现状及处理方法的研究进展[J]. 海峡预防医学杂志, 2006,(3):21-23. Mi S Q, Wei T. Research progress on the pollution status and treatment methods of tetrachloroethylene [J]. Strait Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2006,(3):21-23.
[36] 陈冰娜,程鹏,梁永贤,等.深圳市一次强化减排措施下的VOCs组成和来源特征[J]. 环境科学学报, 2024,44(1):124-134. Chen B N, Cheng P, Liang Y X, et al. Composition and source apportionment of VOCs under an enhanced emission control measure in Shenzhen City [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2024,44(1):124-134.
[37] Liu Y, Shao M, Fu L, et al. Source profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured in China: Part I [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42:6247-6260.
[38] 曹梦瑶.南京工业区大气挥发性有机物污染特征、来源解析及环境效应[D]. 南京:南京信息工程大学, 2021. Cao M Y.Characteristics, source apportionment, and environmental effects of atmospheric volatile organic compound pollution in Nanjing Industrial Area [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 2021.
[39] Ling Z H, Guo H, Cheng H R, et al. Sources of ambient volatile organic compounds and their contributions to photochemical ozone formation at a site in the Pearl River Delta, southern China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2011,159(10):2310-2319.
[40] Yuan B, Shao M, Lu S, et al. Source profiles of volatile organic compounds associated with solvent use in Beijing, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2010,44(15):1919-1926.
[41] Wang Z, Tian X, Li J, et al. Quantitative evidence from VOCs source apportionment reveals O₃ control strategies in northern and southern China [J]. Environment International, 2023,172:107786.
[42] He C Q, Zou Y, Lv S J, et al. The importance of photochemical loss to source analysis and ozone formation potential: Implications from in-situ observations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Guangzhou, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2024,320:120320.
[43] Cai C, Geng F, Tie X, et al. Characteristics and source apportionment of VOCs measured in Shanghai, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2010,44(38):5005-5014.
[44] Zou Y, Yan X L, Flores R M, et al. Source apportionment and ozone formation mechanism of VOCs considering photochemical loss in Guangzhou, China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2023,903:12.
[45] 张月,夏士勇,魏成波,等.深圳工业区夏秋季大气挥发性有机物来源研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2023,43(8):3857-3866. Zhang Y, Xia S Y, Wei C B, et al. Source apportionment of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in summer and autumn in Shenzhen industrial area [J]. China Environmental Science, 2023, 43(8):3857-3866.
[46] 陆嘉晖,吴影,刘慧琳,等.南宁市冬季挥发性有机物特征及其来源分析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2022,42(8):3616-3625. Lu J H, Wu Y, Liu H L, et al. Characteristics and sources of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in winter over Nanning of China [J]. China Environmental Science, 2022,42(8):3616-3625.
[47] 赖梦洁,张栋,于世杰,等.郑州市冬夏季污染过程中大气VOCs污染特征、来源解析及活性分析[J]. 环境科学, 2024,45(2):689-699. Lai M J, Zhang D, Yu S J, et al. Pollution characteristics, source analysis, and activity analysis of atmospheric VOCs during winter and summer pollution in Zhengzhou [J]. Environmental Science, 2024, 45(2):689-699.
[48] 程凯婧,周变红,曹磊,等.西安夏秋季大气VOCs的来源解析及臭氧生成潜势[J]. 环境科学学报, 2025,45(2):1-14. Cheng K J, Zhou B H, Cao L, et al. Analysis of the source of atmospheric VOCs and ozone generation potential in summer and autumn in Xi'an [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2025,45(2):1-14.
[49] Zou Y, Yan X L, Flores R M, et al. Source apportionment and ozone formation mechanism of VOCs considering photochemical loss in Guangzhou, China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2023,903:12.
[50] Meng Y, Song J, Zeng L, et al. Ambient volatile organic compounds at a receptor site in the Pearl River Delta region: Variations, source apportionment and effects on ozone formation [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2022,111:104-117.
[51] Zhang Z, Sun Y, Li J. Characteristics and sources of VOCs in a coastal city in eastern China and the implications in secondary organic aerosol and O₃ formation [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2023,887:164117.
[52] Meng Y, Song J, Zeng L, et al. Ambient volatile organic compounds at a receptor site in the Pearl River Delta region: Variations, source apportionment and effects on ozone formation [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2022,111:104-117.
[53] Tan Z, Lu K, Jiang M, et al. Daytime atmospheric oxidation capacity in four Chinese megacities during the photochemically polluted season: a case study based on box model simulation [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2019,19(6):3493-3513.
[54] 梁艳妮,王兴会,亓淑旻,等.基于OMI卫星与地面观测数据的广东省臭氧生成敏感性分析[J]. 环境科学, 2024,45(11):6248-6254. Liang Y N, Wang X H, Qi S M, et al. Sensitivity analysis of ozone generation in Guangdong Province based on OMI satellite and ground observation data [J]. Environmental Science, 2024,45(11):6248-6254.
[55] Song K, Liu R, Wang Y, et al. Observation-based analysis of ozone production sensitivity for two persistent ozone episodes in Guangdong, China [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2022,22(12):8403-8416.
[56] 李萍,何鹏飞,朱珠,等.深圳中心城区VOCs对臭氧影响研究[J]. 绿色科技, 2024,26(4):198-203. Li P, He P F, Zhu Z, et al. Research on the impact of VOCs on ozone in the central urban area of shenzhen [J]. Journal of Green Science and Technology, 2024,26(4):198-203.
[57] 罗丽彤,章炎麟,林煜棋,等.南京夏季大气臭氧光化学特征与敏感性分析[J]. 环境科学, 2024,45(3):1382-1391. Luo L T, Zhang Y L, Lin Y Q, et al. Analysis of photochemical characteristics and sensitivity of atmospheric ozone in Nanjing in Summer [J]. Environmental Science, 2024,45(3):1382-1391.
[58] Liu X, Guo H, Zeng L, et al. Photochemical ozone pollution in five Chinese megacities in summer 2018[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021,801:149603.