Dry-rewetting and freeze-thaw cycles enhance the stability of lead passivation by microbes immobilized in weathered coal

PANG Dai; LI Xiao-zhen; SUN Yan-wen; LI Lin; JIAO Zi-le; LI Jian-hua

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China Environmental Science ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5) : 2681-2692.

Dry-rewetting and freeze-thaw cycles enhance the stability of lead passivation by microbes immobilized in weathered coal

PANG Dai^1,2, LI Xiao-zhen^1,2, SUN Yan-wen^1,2, LI Lin^1,2, JIAO Zi-le², LI Jian-hua^1,2

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Abstract

The impacts of dry-rewetting and freeze-thaw cycles on DTPA-extractable Pb(II) content and Pb speciation in soils and material structure of weathered coal-based immobilized microbial materials were investigated through a controlled simulated experiment. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms through which these two factors affect the effectiveness of leadcontaminated soil remediation using selected microbes. The results showed that after 35 dry-rewetting cycles, the DTPA-extractable Pb(II) content in low-concentration lead-contaminated soil (LS) and high-concentration lead-contaminated soil (HS) decreased by 46.41% and 29.42%, respectively, compared to the initial levels. After 35 freeze-thaw cycles, the content in LS and HS decreased by 40.06% and 32.77%, respectively. Additionally, the residual fraction of Pb in LS increased under both dry-rewetting and freeze-thaw treatments. Structural analysis revealed that the surface of weathered coal-became rougher, with increases in specific surface area, oxygen-containing functional groups, and Pb adsorption sites increased after dry-wet and freeze-thaw cycles. These changes enhanced complexation with functional groups thereby improving the stability of the passivation effect on lead contamination.

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dry-rewetting cycle / freeze-thaw cycle / lead-contaminated soil / stability / weathered coal-based immobilized microbes

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PANG Dai, LI Xiao-zhen, SUN Yan-wen, LI Lin, JIAO Zi-le, LI Jian-hua. Dry-rewetting and freeze-thaw cycles enhance the stability of lead passivation by microbes immobilized in weathered coal[J]. China Environmental Science. 2025, 45(5): 2681-2692

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