Optimization of long-term groundwater monitoring indicators for contaminated sites in hazardous waste landfills

ZHU Wen-hui; CHENG Liang; WANG Gong-wei; ZHAO Ke; TAO Ya; LU Ran

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China Environmental Science ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (1) : 258-268.

Solid Waste

Optimization of long-term groundwater monitoring indicators for contaminated sites in hazardous waste landfills

ZHU Wen-hui¹, CHENG Liang¹, WANG Gong-wei², ZHAO Ke², TAO Ya¹, LU Ran¹

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Abstract

To address the shortcoming of lacking optimization and adjustment methods for long-term monitoring indicators of the groundwater risk control project at contaminated sites, a typical large-scale contaminated site impacted by hazardous waste landfill was focused in the present study. By collecting the existing groundwater monitoring data during the construction, effect evaluation and long-term monitoring periods, a feature dataset regarding exceedances of monitoring wells was constructed for decision-making optimization exploration. Further, the three decision tree models, including Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID), Exhaustive CHAID(E-CHAID), and Classification and Regression Trees (CART), were employed to identify key monitoring indicators influencing groundwater monitoring well exceedances. The results indicated that it was feasible to use decision tree models to predict groundwater monitoring well exceedances. Based on the all evaluated metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, and the F₁-score (harmonic mean of precision and recall), the CART model significantly outperformed both the CHAID and E-CHAID models, suggesting that the overall optimization algorithm of the CART model was much suitable for predicting groundwater pollution exceedance events. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene and Nickel were identified as the most significant impact factors on the CART model's predictions. Moreover, the Fluoride, Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Trichloromethane, Dichloromethane, Cadmium, and cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene also demonstrated obvious influences. Consequently, it was recommended that the particular attention should be paid to the pollution dynamics of these 8key monitoring indicators during subsequent long-term monitoring of site groundwater.

Key words

hazardous waste landfills / contaminated sites / long-term groundwater monitoring / decision tree

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ZHU Wen-hui, CHENG Liang, WANG Gong-wei, ZHAO Ke, TAO Ya, LU Ran. Optimization of long-term groundwater monitoring indicators for contaminated sites in hazardous waste landfills[J]. China Environmental Science. 2026, 46(1): 258-268

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