[1] Kawai T, Ikegawa M, Ori D, et al. Decoding Toll-like receptors: Recent insights and perspectives in innate immunity[J]. Immunity, 2024,57(4):649-673.
[2] Yu G, Choi Y K, Lee S. Inflammasome diversity: Exploring novel frontiers in the innate immune response[J]. Trends in Immunology, 2024,45(4):248-258.
[3] Zhang C, Tian F, Zhang M, et al. Endotoxin contamination, a potentially important inflammation factor in water and wastewater: A review[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019,681:365-378.
[4] 张灿,刘文君,张明露.饮用水细菌内毒素污染的风险识别与分析研究进展[J]. 环境化学, 2015,34(3):425-430. Zhang C, Liu W J, Zhang M L. Review on identification and analysis for health risk of bacterial endotoxin contamination in drinking water[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2015,34(3):425-430.
[5] Janeway C A. Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology[J]. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 1989,54:1-13.
[6] Lemaitre B, Nicolas E, Michaut L, et al. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults[J]. Cell, 1996,86(6):973-983.
[7] Medzhitov R, Janeway C A. Innate immunity: Impact on the adaptive immune response[J]. Current Opinion in Immunology, 1997,9(1):4-9.
[8] Williams K L. Endotoxins: pyrogens, LAL testing and depyrogenation (2nd ed.)[M]. N. Y. USA: Marcel Dekker Inc, 2001:256-263.
[9] Neidhardt F C, Ingraham J L, Schaechter M. Physiology of the bacterial cell: a molecular approach[M]. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1990.
[10] Petsch D, Anspach F B. Endotoxin removal from protein solutions[J]. Journal of Biotechnology, 2000,76(2/3):97-119.
[11] Gao J, Guo Z. Progress in the synthesis and biological evaluation of lipid A and its derivatives[J]. Medicinal Research Reviews, 2018, 38(2):556-601.
[12] Shizuo A,Uematsu S, Takeuchi O, et al. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity[J]. Cell, 2006,124:783-801.
[13] Vries D I, Schreiber S, Boßmann D, et al. Single-use membrane adsorbers for endotoxin removal and purification of endogenous polysialic acid from Escherichia coli K1[J]. Biotechnology Reports, 2018,17:110-116.
[14] Shamsollahi H R, Ghoochani M, Jaafari J, et al. Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its health outcomes: A systematic review[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety, 2019,174:236-244.
[15] 中国国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典[M]. 北京:中国医药科技出版社, 2020. Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission.Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China[M]. Beijing: China Medical Science Press, 2020.
[16] European Pharmacopoeia Commission. European Pharmacopoeia, 5th (ed.) Monograph 2005: 1167, Haemodialysis Solution[S]. Concentrated, Water for Diluting.
[17] Rylander R. The role of endotoxin for reactions after exposure to cotton dust[J]. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1987,12(6): 687-697.
[18] Gehr R, Uribe S P, Baptista I F D S, et al. Concentrations of endotoxins in waters around the island of Montreal, and treatment options[J]. Water Quality Research Journal, 2008,43(4):291-303.
[19] Rasuli L, Dehghani M H, Aghaei M, et al. Occurrence and fate of bacterial endotoxins in the environment (air, water, wastewater) and remediation technologies: An overview[J]. Chemosphere, 2022,303: 135089.
[20] 周德庆.微生物学教程[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社, 1993:21-23. Zhou D Q. Essential Microbiology[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1993:21-23.
[21] Vollmer W, Seligman S J. Architecture of peptidoglycan: More data and more models[J]. Trends in Microbiology, 2010,18(2):59-66.
[22] 张钊瑞,张晨,李大鹏.微生物多糖的结构与应用研究进展[J]. 食品研究与开发, 2021,42(1):182-192. Zhang Z R, Zhang C, Li D P. Advances in structure and application of microbial polysaccharides[J]. Food Research and Development, 2021,42(1):182-192.
[23] Vollmer W, Blanot D, Pedro M A D. Peptidoglycan structure and architecture[J]. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 2008,32(2):149-167.
[24] Arbeloa A, Hugonnet J E, Sentilhes A C, et al. Synthesis of mosaic peptidoglycan cross-bridges by hybrid peptidoglycan assembly pathways in gram-positive bacteria[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2004,279(40):41546-41556.
[25] 张悦,宋晓玲,黄倢.微生物多糖结构与免疫活性的关系[J]. 动物医学进展, 2005,26(8):10-12. Zhang Y, Song X L, Huang J. Correlation between structure of microbial polysaccharides and their activities of immunopotentiation[J]. Progress in Veterinary Medicine, 2005,26(8):10-12.
[26] Nakagawa Y, Maeda H, Murai T. Evaluation of the in vitro pyrogen test system based on proinflammatory cytokine release from human monocytes: comparison with a human whole blood culture test system and with the rabbit pyrogen test[J]. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 2002,9(3):588-597.
[27] Huang Z, Wang J, Xu X, et al. Antibody neutralization of microbiota- derived circulating peptidoglycan dampens inflammation and ameliorates autoimmunity[J]. Nature Microbiology, 2019,4(5):766- 773.
[28] Cromartie W J, Craddock J G, Schwab J H, et al. Arthritis in rats after systemic injection of streptococcal cells or cell walls[J]. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1977,146(6):1585-1602.
[29] Zhang Z L, Zheng Q, Jiao N Z. Microbial D-amino acids and marine carbon storage[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 2016,59:17-24.
[30] Shiraishi T, Yokota S, Fukiya S, et al. Structural diversity and biological significance of lipoteichoic acid in Gram-positive bacteria: focusing on beneficial probiotic lactic acid bacteria[J]. Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health, 2016,35(4):147-161.
[31] Neuhaus F C, Baddiley J. A continuum of anionic charge: structures and functions of D-alanyl-teichoic acids in gram-positive bacteria[J]. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 2003,67(4):686-723.
[32] Weidenmaier C, Peschel A. Teichoic acids and related cell-wall glycopolymers in Gram-positive physiology and host interactions[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2008,6(4):276-287.
[33] Villéger R, Saad N, Grenier K, et al. Characterization of lipoteichoic acid structures from three probiotic Bacillus strains: involvement of D-alanine in their biological activity[J]. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2014,106(4):693-706.
[34] Deininger S, Stadelmaier A, Aulock S V, et al. Definition of structural prerequisites for lipoteichoic acid-inducible cytokine induction by synthetic derivatives[J]. Journal of Immunology, 2003,170(8):4134- 4138.
[35] Kimbrell M R, Warshakoon H, Cromer J R, et al. Comparison of the immunostimulatory and proinflammatory activities of candidate Gram-positive endotoxins, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, and lipopeptides, in murine and human cells[J]. Immunology Letters, 2008,118(2):132-141.
[36] Gao J J, Xue Q, Zuvanich E G, et al. Commercial preparations of lipoteichoic acid contain endotoxin that contributes to activation of mouse macrophages in vitro[J]. Infection and Immunity, 2001,69(2): 751-757.
[37] Ginsburg I. Role of lipoteichoic acid in infection and inflammation[J]. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2002,2(3):171-179.
[38] Bab I A, Sela M N, Ginsburg I, et al. Inflammatory lesions and bone resorption induced in the rat periodontium by lipoteichoic acid of Streptococcus mutans[J]. Inflammation, 1979,3(4):345-358.
[39] Rahman M M, Hunter H N, Prova S, et al. The Staphylococcus aureusmethicillin resistance factor Fmta is a D-amino esterase that acts on teichoic acids[J]. mBio, 2016,7(1):e02070-15.
[40] Braun V, Bosch V. Repetitive sequences in the murein-lipoprotein of the cell wall of Escherichia coli [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1972,69(4): 970-974.
[41] Nguyen M T, Götz F. Lipoproteins of gram-positive bacteria: key players in the immune response and virulence[J]. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 2016,80(3):891-903.
[42] Babu M M, Priya M L, Selvan A T, et al. A database of bacterial lipoproteins (DOLOP) with functional assignments to predicted lipoproteins[J]. Journal of Bacteriology, 2006,188(8):2761-2773.
[43] Rayes J E, Rodríguez-Alonso R, Collet J F. Lipoproteins in gram-negative bacteria: new insights into their biogenesis, subcellular targeting and functional roles[J]. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 2021,61:25-34.
[44] Bessler W, Ottenbrein. Studies of lipoprotein from the outer membrane of E. coli[J]. Biochemicaland Biophysical Research Communications, 1977,76(3):239-247.
[45] Zhang H, Peterson J W, Niesel D W, et al. Bacterial lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide act synergistically to induce lethal shock and proinflammatory cytokine production[J]. Journal of Immunology, 1997,159(10):4868-4878.
[46] Abhilasha K, Marathe K G. Bacterial lipoproteins in sepsis[J]. Immunobiology, 2021,226(5):152128.
[47] Wooten R M, Modur V R, McIntyre T M, et al. Borrelia burgdorferi outer membrane protein A induces nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B and inflammatory activation in human endothelial cells[J]. The Journal of Immunology, 1996,157(10):4584-4590.
[48] Kang S S, Noh S Y, Park O J, et al. Staphylococcus aureus induces IL-8 expression through its lipoproteins in the human intestinal epithelial cell, Caco-2[J]. Cytokine, 2015,75(1):174-180.
[49] 鲁智勇,沈小雁,郑捷.CpG DNA在系统性红斑狼疮发病中的作用[J].国外医学皮肤性病学分册, 2004,30(6):360-362. Lu Z Y, Shen X Y, Zheng J. The role of CpG DNA in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. International Journal of Dermatology and Venereology, 2004,30(6):360-362.
[50] Krieg A M. CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and their immune effects[J]. Annual Review of Immunology, 2002,20:709-760.
[51] Sparwasser T, Miethke T, Lipford G, et al. Bacterial DNA causes septic shock[J]. Nature, 1997,386(6623):336-337.
[52] Dalpke A, Frank J, Peter M, et al. Activation of toll-like receptor 9 by DNA from different bacterial species[J]. Infection and Immunity, 2006,74(2):940-946.
[53] FDA. Workshop report: Evolving scientific and regulatory perspectives on cell substrates for vaccine development[R]. Rockville: US Food and Drug Administration, 1999.
[54] Sato Y, Miyata M, Sato Y, et al. CpG motif-containing DNA fragments from sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus proliferate mononuclear cells in vitro[J]. The Journal of Rheumatology, 1999, 26(2):294-301.
[55] Heikenwalder M, Polymenidou M, Junt T, et al. Lymphoid follicle destruction and immunosuppression after repeated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide administration[J]. Nature Medicine, 2004,10(2): 187-192.
[56] Adhikari A, Reponen T, Rylander R. Airborne fungal cell fragments in homes in relation to total fungal biomass[J]. Indoor Air, 2013,23(2): 142-147.
[57] Eriksen E, Graff P, Pedersen I, et al. Bioaerosol exposure and in vitro activation of Toll-like receptors in a Norwegian waste sorting plant[J]. Safety and Health at Work, 2022,13(1):9-16.
[58] Labohá P, Sychrov E, Brzman O, et al. Cyanobacteria, cyanotoxins and lipopolysaccharides in aerosols from inland freshwater bodies and their effects on human bronchial cells[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2023,98:104073.
[59] Li Y, Schütte W, Dekeukeleire M, et al. The immunostimulatory activity of sea spray aerosols: bacteria and endotoxins activate TLR4, TLR2/6, NF-κB and IRF in human cells[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2024,927:171969.
[60] Boucher M, Lecours P B, Létourneau V, et al. Organic components of airborne dust influence the magnitude and kinetics of dendritic cell activation[J]. Toxicology in Vitro, 2018,50:391-398.
[61] Zhang C, Liu W J, Sun W, et al. Endotoxin contamination and control in surface water sources and a drinking water treatment plant in Beijing, China[J]. Water Research, 2013,47(11):3591-3599.
[62] 张灿,刘文君,张明露,等.生活饮用水和瓶装饮用水的细菌内毒素活性调查[J]. 中国给水排水, 2013,29(13):47-52. Zhang C, Liu W J, Zhang M L, et al. Investigation on bacterial endotoxin activities in municipal drinking water and bottled drinking water[J]. China Water & Wastewater, 2013,29(13):47-52.
[63] 张灿,刘文君,敖漉,等.北京自备井水源内毒素污染及与其他水质参数的相关分析[J]. 环境科学, 2015,36(12):4561-4566. Zhang C, Liu W J, Ao L, et al. Endotoxin contamination and correlation with other water quality parameters of groundwater from self-contained wells in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science, 2015,36(12):4561-4566.
[64] Simazaki D, Hirose M, Hashimoto H, et al. Occurrence and fate of endotoxin activity at drinking water purification plants and healthcare facilities in Japan[J]. Water Research, 2018,145:1-11.
[65] Neale P A, Leusch F D L, Escher B I. What is driving the NF-κB response in environmental water extracts?[J]. Chemosphere, 2018, 210:645-652.
[66] Broitman S A, Gottlieb L S, Zamcheck N. Influence of neomycin and ingested endotoxin in the pathogenesis of choline deficiency cirrhosis in the adult rat[J]. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1964,119(4):633-642.
[67] Ravin H A, Rowley D, Jenkins C, et al. On the absorption of bacterial endotoxin from the gastro-intestinal tract of the normal and shocked animal[J]. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1960,112(5):783- 792.
[68] Clark I M, Hirsch P R. Survival of bacterial DNA and culturable bacteria in archived soils from the Rothamsted Broadbalk experiment[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2008,40(5):1090-1102.
[69] Zucker B A, Müller W. Airborne endotoxins and airborne gram- negative bacteria in a residential neighborhood[J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2004,158:67-75.
[70] Moniruzzaman S, Engman L H, James P, et al. Levels of endotoxin in 390 Swedish homes: determinants and the risk for respiratory symptoms in children[J]. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2012,22(1):22-36.
[71] Kozajda A, Bródka K, Sowiak M, et al. Children's residential exposure to selected allergens and microbial indicators: endotoxins and (1→3)-β-D-glucans[J]. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 2013,26(6):870-889.
[72] Squillace S, Salvemini D. Toll-like receptor-mediated neuroinflammation: relevance for cognitive dysfunctions[J]. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 2022,43(9):726-739.
[73] Tuomela J M, Sandholm J A, Kaakinen M, et al. Telomeric G-quadruplex-forming DNA fragments induce TLR9-mediated and LL-37-regulated invasion in breast cancer cells in vitro[J]. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 2016,155(2):261-271.
[74] Chandrasekar S A, Palaniyandi T, Parthasarathy U, et al. Implications of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their signaling mechanisms in human cancers[J]. Pathology, Research and Practice, 2023,248: 154673.
[75] Devaraj S, Dasu M R, Rockwood J, et al. Increased toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 expression in monocytes from patients with type 1 diabetes: further evidence of a proinflammatory state[J]. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2008,93(2):578-583.
[76] Fransson M, Adner M, Erjefält J, et al. Up-regulation of Toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 in allergic rhinitis[J]. Respiratory Research, 2005, 6(1):100.
[77] Jia L, Chang X, Qian S, et al. Hepatocyte toll-like receptor 4 deficiency protects against alcohol-induced fatty liver disease[J]. Molecular Metabolism, 2018,14:121-129.
[78] Kim S, Park S, Kim B, et al. Toll-like receptor 7 affects the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016,6:27849.
[79] Zuo L, Lucas K, Fortuna C A, et al. Molecular regulation of Toll-like receptors in asthma and COPD[J]. Frontiers in Physiology, 2015, 6:312.
[80] Sopasakis V R, Sandstedt J, Johansson M, et al. Toll-like receptor- mediated inflammation markers are strongly induced in heart tissue in patients with cardiac disease under both ischemic and non-ischemic conditions[J]. International Journal of Cardiology, 2019,293:238-247.
[81] Narazaki M, Tanaka T, Kishimoto T. The role and therapeutic targeting of IL-6 in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2017,13(6):535-551.
[82] Naugler W E, Sakurai T, Kim S, et al. Gender disparity in liver cancer due to sex differences in MyD88-dependent IL-6 production[J]. Science, 2007,317(5834):121-124.
[83] Swaroop A K, Negi P, Kar A, et al. Navigating IL-6: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic breakthroughs[J]. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, 2024,76:48-76.
[84] Wang W Y, Tan M S, Yu J T, et al. Role of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from microglia in Alzheimer's disease[J]. Annals of Translational Medicine, 2015,3(10):136.
[85] Yao Q, He L, Bao C, et al. The role of TNF-α in osteoporosis, bone repair and inflammatory bone diseases: A review[J]. Tissue & Cell, 2024,89:102422.
[86] Amin R, Quispe C, Docea A O, et al. The role of Tumour Necrosis Factor in neuroinflammation associated with Parkinson's disease and targeted therapies[J]. Neurochemistry International, 2022,158:105376.
[87] 黄宏,蒋建新,朱佩芳,等.细菌脂多糖、脂蛋白和DNA体内协同致病作用观察[J]. 中华创伤杂志, 2005,21(9):668-671. Huang H, Jiang J X, Zhu P F, et al. Synergistic pathopoiesis effects of lipopolysaccharide, bacterial lipoprotein and bacterial DNA in vivo[J]. Chinese Journal of Trauma, 2005,21(9):668-671.
[88] Yi A K, Yoon J G, Hong S C, et al. Lipopolysaccharide and CpG DNA synergize for tumor necrosis factor-alpha production through activation of NF-kappaB[J]. International Immunology, 2001,13(11): 1391-1404.
[89] Wang J E, Dahle M K, Mcdonald M, et al. Peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid in gram-positive bacterial sepsis: receptors, signal transduction, biological effects, and synergism[J]. Shock, 2003,20(5): 402-414.
[90] Middelveld R J, Alving K. Synergistic septicemic action of the gram-positive bacterial cell wall components peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid in the pig in vivo[J]. Shock, 2000,13(4):297-306.
[91] Yang S, Tamai R, Akashi S, et al. Synergistic effect of muramyldipeptide with lipopolysaccharide or lipoteichoic acid to induce inflammatory cytokines in human monocytic cells in culture[J]. Infection and Immunity, 2001,69(4):2045-2053.
[92] 方文迪,张杭君,吴玉环.微囊藻毒素与细菌内毒素对草鱼淋巴细胞凋亡的联合毒效应[J]. 应用生态学报, 2014,25(2):584-590. Fang W D, Zhang H J, Wu Y H. Joint effects of apoptosis induced by microcystins and bacterial lipopolysaccharides on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) lymphocytes[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2014,25(2):584-590.
[93] Hofer T P J, Bitterle E, Beck-Speier I, et al. Diesel exhaust particles increase LPS-stimulated COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in human monocytes[J]. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 2004,75(5): 856-864.
[94] Tsai J R, Cheng H L, Huang S K, et al. PAHs enhance the endotoxin- induced reactive oxygen species and inflammation of human bronchial epithelial cells[J]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2017,195:A6844.
[95] Bianchi M G, Allegri M, Costa A L, et al. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhance macrophage activation by LPS through a TLR4-dependent intracellular pathway[J]. Toxicology Research, 2015, 4(2):385-398.