Synergistic control of manganese and disinfection byproducts formation by potassium permanganate and polyaluminium chloride in water

LUO Jun-chen; NI Mao-fei; FU Cheng-cheng; ZHANG Run-yu; LUO Xiao-yong; WANG Zhi-kang

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China Environmental Science ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (3) : 1356-1366.

Synergistic control of manganese and disinfection byproducts formation by potassium permanganate and polyaluminium chloride in water

LUO Jun-chen¹, NI Mao-fei¹, FU Cheng-cheng², ZHANG Run-yu³, LUO Xiao-yong⁴, WANG Zhi-kang¹

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Abstract

This study examined a combined potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) and polyaluminium chloride (PAC) process for treating karst waters, with experiments simulating the seasonal variations in manganese concentration. Using algal organic matter (AOM) from Chlorella sp. and Pseudoanabaena sp., the mechanisms for Mn(II) removal, AOM transformation, and DBPs control were investigated. The results indicated that KMnO₄ oxidized Mn(II) to MnO₂, while PAC promoted the co-precipitation of MnO₂ with AOM through adsorption and bridging. TEM analysis confirmed that MnO₂ was encapsulated by PAC flocs and associated with AOM. FTIR and ICP-MS analyses demonstrated enhanced Mn(II) adsorption via coordination with algal surface functional groups. The combined process reduced the formation of carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) and nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs) by 16% and 18.5%, respectively. Notably, trichloromethane (TCM) formation was reduced by 51%, underscoring the process's effectiveness against C-DBPs. Compared to KMnO₄ alone, the combined process reduced N-DBPs formation by only 0.6% in the Chlorella sp. system but by 27% in the Pseudoanabaena sp. system. This disparity suggests that DBP formation pathways are differentially regulated by AOM components, which vary with algal species.

Key words

Mn(II) / algal organic matter / disinfection by-products / KMnO₄-PAC / hydrological seasons

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LUO Jun-chen, NI Mao-fei, FU Cheng-cheng, ZHANG Run-yu, LUO Xiao-yong, WANG Zhi-kang. Synergistic control of manganese and disinfection byproducts formation by potassium permanganate and polyaluminium chloride in water[J]. China Environmental Science. 2026, 46(3): 1356-1366

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