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Concentration and distribution of quinolone antibiotics in long-term manure-amended soils |
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Abstract The concentration and distribution of quinolone antibiotics in soil of vegetable field chronically fertilized with manures was studied using solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography- electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The total concentrations of four quinolone compounds ranged from3.97 to 32.03μg/kg with an average of 17.99μg/kg. There were very high detection rates (above 90%) observed for four compounds which dominated mostly with ciprofloxacin and secondly with norfloxacin and enrofloxacin. The concentrations of these compounds were all comparatively lower, with maximum concentration of 17.21μg/kg and average concentrations of 0.17~9.31μg/kg. There was obvious difference in spatial distribution of concentration and constitute of quinolone compounds in both horizontal and profile soil. All four compounds decreased rapidly with soil depth, but they were still detected at soil depths between 60 and 80cm. Quinolone antibiotics in soils from vegetable field chronically fertilized with manure in subtropical area were high frequently detected, but the concentration of them was comparatively lower and the ecotoxic risk was less owing to high degradation of antibiotics under hot and humid climate and heavy cultivation.
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Received: 13 November 2009
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