|
|
|
| Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric precipitation in Yongxing Island |
| XIAO Hong-wei1,2, XIAO Hua-yun1,2, ZHANG Zhong-yi3, WANG Yan-li4, LONG Ai-min5, LIU Cong-qiang3 |
1. Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China;
2. School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China;
3. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China;
4. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
5. State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract Concentrations of major ions concentration were analyzed in rainwater collected at Yongxing Island of Xisha, South China Sea during 2013. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) and backward trajectories of air mass were used to identify the sources of major ions. The results showed that the orders of volume-weighted average concentrations of anions and cations were: Cl-, SO42-, NO3- and Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+, K+, respectively. The Na+ and Cl- were the major anion and cation, respectively, indicating that they were derived from sea water. The SO42-, Mg2+, and K+ were also mainly from sea water; while part of SO42- might come from the combustion of fossil fuel and K+ from biomass burning. The Ca2+ was mainly from soil, while NO3- mainly from combustion of fossil fuel. Furthermore, this study found that NH4+ had more complex sources, such as the emissions of human activities, organic matter degradation in marine environment, and etc. According to the Redfield ratio of carbon to nitrogen, the contribution of NO3- and NH4+ in rainwater to new production in South China Sea was about 4.8% to 13.5%. Back trajectories indicated that the sources of ions in rainwater at Yongxing Island derived from many regions, such as the northeast China and south China, and Malaysia, or South China Sea itself.
|
|
Received: 06 April 2016
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [1] |
肖红伟,肖化云,王燕丽.贵阳大气降水化学特征及来源分析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2010,30(12):1590-1596.
|
| [2] |
Xiao H, Xie L, Long A, et al. Use of isotopic compositions of nitrate in TSP to identify sources and chemistry in South China Sea[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2015,109:70-78.
|
| [3] |
Yang J, Hsu S, Dai M H, et al. Isotopic composition of watersoluble nitrate in bulk atmospheric deposition at Dongsha Island:sources and implications of external N supply to the northern South China Sea[J]. Biogeosciences, 2014,11(7):1833-1846.
|
| [4] |
王琴,张大伟,刘保献,等.基于PMF模型的北京市PM2.5 来源的时空分布特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2015,35(10):2917-2924.
|
| [5] |
张苗云,王世杰,张迎,等.金华市大气降水的化学组成特征及来源解析[J]. 中国环境监测, 2007,23(6):86-92.
|
| [6] |
Kim T W, Lee K, Duce R, et al. Impact of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on phytoplankton productivity in the South China Sea[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2014,41(9):3156-3162.
|
| [7] |
韩丽君,朱玉梅,刘素美,等.黄海千里岩岛大气湿沉降营养盐的研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2013,33(7):1174-1184.
|
| [8] |
Duce R A, Liss P S, Merrill J T, et al. The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean[J]. Global biogeochemical cycles, 1991,5(3):193-259.
|
| [9] |
肖红伟,龙爱民,谢露华,等.中国南海大气降水化学特征[J]. 环境科学, 2014,35(2):475-480.
|
| [10] |
Davis D D, Grodzinsky G, Kasibhatla P, et al. Impact of Ship Emissions on Marine Boundary Layer NOx and SO2Distributions over the Pacific Basin[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2001, 28(2):235-238.
|
| [11] |
Duce R A, Arimoto R, Ray B J, et al. Atmospheric trace elements at Enewetak Atoll:1. Concentrations,sources,and temporal variability[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 1983, 88(C9):5321-5342.
|
| [12] |
程晨,陈振楼,毕春娟,等.基于PMF模型的上海市降水中PAHs来源辨析[J]. 城市环境与城市生态, 2015,28(2):11-16.
|
| [13] |
Yan G, Kim G. Sources and fluxes of organic nitrogen in precipitation over the southern East Sea/Sea of Japan[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015,15(5):2761-2774.
|
| [14] |
Galloway J N, Knap A H, Church T M. The composition of western Atlantic precipitation using shipboard collectors[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1983,88(10):810-859.
|
| [15] |
于晓岚,汤洁,师昱锋,等.中国南极长城站1998年大气降水化学特征的初步研究[J]. 气象学报, 2002,60(4):494-501.
|
| [16] |
吴兑,项培英,常业谛,等.西沙永兴岛降水的酸度及其化学组成[J]. 气象学报, 1989,47(3):381-384.
|
| [17] |
吴兑.西沙群岛旱季小阵雨的酸度及化学成分[J]. 气象, 1990,16(9):18-23.
|
| [18] |
Hu G P, Balasubramanian R, Wu C D. Chemical characterization of rainwater at Singapore[J]. Chemosphere, 2003,51(8):747-755.
|
| [19] |
Zunckel M, Saizar C, Zarauz J. Rainwater composition in northeast Uruguay[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2003,37(12):1601-1611.
|
| [20] |
Xiao H, Xiao H, Long A, et al. Sources and meteorological factors that control seasonal variation of δ34S values in rainwater[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2014,149:154-165.
|
| [21] |
Xiao H, Xiao H, Long A, et al. Who controls the monthly variations of NH4+ nitrogen isotope composition in precipitation?[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2012,54:201-206.
|
| [22] |
肖红伟,肖化云,龙爱民,等.贵阳地区大气降水中δ15N-NO3-组成及来源分析[J]. 环境科学学报, 2012,32(4):940r-945r.
|
| [23] |
肖红伟,肖化云,王燕丽,等.典型污染城市9d连续大气降水化学特征:以贵阳市为例[J]. 环境科学, 2010,31(4):865-870.
|
| [24] |
Mukai H, Tanaka A, Fujii T, et al. Regional characteristics of sulfur and lead isotope ratios in the atmosphere at several Chinese urban sites[J]. Environmental science & technology, 2001,35(6):1064-1071.
|
| [25] |
Andreae M O. Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle[J]. Marine Chemistry, 1990,30:1-29.
|
| [26] |
Tiwari S, Pervez S, Cinzia P, et al. Chemical characterization of atmospheric particulate matter in Delhi, India, Part Ⅱ:Source apportionment studies using PMF 3.0[J]. Environmental Research, 2013,23(5):295-306.
|
| [27] |
Balasubramanian R, Victor T, Begum R. Impact of biomass burning on rainwater acidity and composition in Singapore[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 1999,104(D21):26881-26890.
|
| [28] |
Streets D G, Yarber K F, Woo J H, et al. Biomass burning in Asia:Annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2003,17(4),doi:10.1029/2003GB002040.
|
| [29] |
Russell K M, Galloway J N, Macko S A, et al. Sources of nitrogen in wet deposition to the Chesapeake Bay region[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1998,32(14):2453-2465.
|
| [30] |
Paulot F, Jacob D J, Johnson M T, et al. Global oceanic emission of ammonia:Constraints from seawater and atmospheric observations[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2015,29(8):1165-1178.
|
| [31] |
Singh S, Kulshrestha U C. Abundance and distribution of gaseous ammonia and particulate ammonium at Delhi, India[J]. Biogeosciences, 2012,9(12):5023-5029.
|
| [32] |
Chen Y L. Spatial and seasonal variations of nitrate-based new production and primary production in the South China Sea[J]. Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers, 2005,52(2):319-340.
|
|
|
|
