A serious foaming incident occurred in a mesophilic food waste digester. The effects of foaming on reactor efficiency parameters were investigated, including specific biogas production (SBP), specific methane production (SMP) and volatile solids (VS) removal rate. The possible causes of foaming were evaluated according to a series of stability parameters including volatile fatty acids (VFAs), the ratio of VFA to total alkalinity (VFA/TA) combined with the ammonia nitrogen concentration (TAN), as well as the bacterial community structure in pre-and post-foaming system. The SBP, SMP and VS removal rate during the stable stage were (0.950±0.104) m³/kg VS, (0.574±0.072) m³CH₄/kg VS and (87.14±2.76)%, respectively. However, those parameters decreased to (0.717±0.100) m³/kg VS, (0.432±0.070) m³CH₄/kg VS and (84.24±4.44)% with the appearance of the foaming incident, which indicated that the efficiency of the digester had been significantly influenced by the foaming incident. Prior to the foaming, there appeared to be a rapid accumulation of VFAs along with a reduction in the proportion of acetic acid in VFAs. The propionic acid, which is believed to play a major role in enhancing the foaming tendency, increased in its proportion in VFAs as well. The filamentous bacteria Longilinea arvoryzae, Levilinea and the myxobacterium Cytophaga fermentans had stronger band intensities after foaming. Their filamentous structure or mucilage can be a significant contributor to the initiation of foaming to some extent. In conclusion, foaming may be caused by the combination of VFAs accumulation and the proliferation of specific bacteria.