|
|
Distribution characteristic of OPEs in indoor dust and its health risk |
LIU Qin, YIN Hong-ling, LI Die, DENG Xu, FANG Shu-hong, SUN Jing |
Department of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610025, China |
|
|
Abstract Organophosphates esters (OPEs) in dust collected from the classrooms of university and residencial sites were determined using GC-MS. Concentrations and profiles of seven OPEs including Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), Tributoxyethyl Phosphate (TBEP), Triphenyl Phosphate (TPhP), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), Trichloropropyl phosphate (TCPP) and Tridichloropropyl phosphate (TDCPP) were discussed in this work. The concentration of Σ7OPEs varied from 317.44 to 2566.97ng/g, which is lower than those reported in the developed countries. TnBP, TCPP and TPhP exhibited high detection rates in all the dust samples. Particularly, the detection rate of OPEs was 100% for air-conditioning dust, while it was zero for the supermaket dust. The Σ7OPEs with high concentration (1836.85~2566.97ng/g) were observed in the samples related to strong human activities, such as gymnasium, dormitories, classrooms and copy shop, while it was relatively low in the parking lot (317.44ng/g). Phenylphosphate, with mean concentration of 937.26ng/g, dominated the TPhP profile (56%) in the dust from classroom, while the chloro phosphates with mean concentration of 448.12ng/g dominated the TCPP profile in the residential dust (60%). The average exposure of OPEs for adults was estimated to be 0.60ng/(kg·d). It was lower than that of children (2.51ng/(kg·d)) due to the prominent exposure path through mouth for children.
|
Received: 10 January 2017
|
|
|
|
|
[1] |
Schindler B K, Förster K, Angerer J. Determination of human urinary organophosphate flame retardant metabolites by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Chromatography B, 2009,877(4):375-381.
|
[2] |
Weil E D, Levchik S V. Flame retardants in commercial use or development for textiles[J]. Journal of Fire Sciences, 2008, 26(3):197-225.
|
[3] |
Cristale J, Quintana J, Chaler R, et al. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry comprehensive analysis of organophosphorus, brominated flame retardants, by-products and formulation intermediates in water[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2012, 1241(11):1-12.
|
[4] |
Bacaloni A, Cavaliere C, Foglia P, et al. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry determination of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in drinking and surface waters[J]. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2007,21(7):1123-1130.
|
[5] |
Marklund A, Andersson B, Haglund P. Screening of organophosphorus compounds and their distribution in various indoor environments[J]. Chemosphere, 2003,53(9):1137-1146.
|
[6] |
赵劲松,王宇,王海燕,等.有机磷酸酯类化合物的定量结构-活性关系及稳健性分析[J]. 环境化学, 2005,24(5):573-577.
|
[7] |
Ma Y, Cui K, Feng Z, et al. Microwave-assisted extraction combined with gel permeation chromatography and silica gel cleanup followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in biological samples[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2013,786(13):47-53.
|
[8] |
Sundkvist A M, Olofsson U, Haglund P. Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in marine and fresh water biota and in human milk[J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2010, 12(4):943-951.
|
[9] |
Yan X J, Huan H E, Peng Y, et al. Determination of organophosphorus flame retardants in surface water by solid phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2012,40(11):1693-1697.
|
[10] |
García-López M, Rodríguez I, Cela R. Development of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers determination in water samples[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2007, 1166(1/2):9-15.
|
[11] |
Tollbäck J, Tamburro D, Crescenzi C, et al. Air sampling with Empore solid phase extraction membranes and online singlechannel desorption/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis:determination of volatile and semi-volatile organophosphate esters.[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2006, 1129(1):1-8.
|
[12] |
Möller A, Sturm R, Xie Z, et al. Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in airborne particles over the northern Pacific and Indian ocean toward the polar regions:evidence for global occurrence[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012,46(6):3127-3134.
|
[13] |
黄玉妹,陈来国,文丽君,等.广州市室内尘土中多溴联苯醚的分布特点及来源[J]. 中国环境科学, 2009,29(11):1147-1152.
|
[14] |
王晓伟,刘景富,阴永光.有机磷酸酯阻燃剂污染现状与研究进展[J]. 化学进展, 2010,22(10):1983-1992.
|
[15] |
Carlsson H, Ulrika Nilsson A, Östman C. Video display units:An emission source of the contact allergenic flame retardant triphenyl phosphate in the indoor environment[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2000,34(18):3885-3889.
|
[16] |
Ingerowski G, Friedle A, Thumulla J. Chlorinated ethyl and isopropyl phosphoric acid triesters in the indoor environment-an inter-laboratory exposure study[J]. Indoor Air, 2001,11(3):145-149.
|
[17] |
Carlsson H, Nilsson U, Gerhard Becker A, et al. Organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in the indoor environment:analytical methodology and occurrence[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014,31(10):2931-2936.
|
[18] |
Kim J W, Isobe T, Sudaryanto A, et al. Organophosphorus flame retardants in house dust from the Philippines:occurrence and assessment of human exposure[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2013,20(2):812-822.
|
[19] |
Ali N, Ali L, Mehdi T, et al. Levels and profiles of organochlorines and flame retardants in car and house dust from Kuwait and Pakistan:Implication for human exposure via dust ingestion[J]. Environment International, 2013,55:62-70.
|
[20] |
Abdallah A E, Covaci A. Organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust from Egypt:implications for human exposure[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014,48(9):4782-4789.
|
[21] |
Brommer S, Harrad S, Van d E N, et al. Concentrations of organophosphate esters and brominated flame retardants in German indoor dust samples[J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2012,14(9):2482-2487.
|
[22] |
Van d E N, Dirtu A C, Neels H, et al. Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust[J]. Environment International, 2011,37(2):454-461.
|
[23] |
Kanazawa A, Saito I, Araki A, et al. Association between indoor exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds and buildingrelated symptoms among the occupants of residential dwellings[J]. Indoor Air, 2010,20(1):72-84.
|
[24] |
Butte W, Heinzow B. Pollutants in house dust as indicators of indoor contamination[J]. Reviews of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 2002,175(1):1-46.
|
[25] |
Ali N, Dirtu A C, Eede N V D, et al. Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from New Zealand:Indoor sources and human exposure assessment[J]. Chemosphere, 2012,88(11):1276-1282.
|
[26] |
Dirtu A C, Ali N, Eede N V D, et al. Country specific comparison for profile of chlorinated, brominated and phosphate organic contaminants in indoor dust. Case study for Eastern Romania, 2010[J]. Environment International, 2012,49C:1-8.
|
[27] |
Stapleton H M, Klosterhaus S, Eagle S, et al. Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and U.S. house dust[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009, 43(19):7490-7495.
|
[28] |
García M, Rodríguez I, Cela R. Microwave-assisted extraction of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers from indoor dust samples[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2007,1152(1/2):280-286.
|
[29] |
Bergh C, Torgrip R, Emenius G, et al. Organophosphate and phthalate esters in air and settled dust-a multi-location indoor study[J]. Indoor Air, 2010,21(1):67-76.
|
[30] |
Ali N, Eede N V D, Dirtu A C, et al. Assessment of human exposure to indoor organic contaminants via dust ingestion in Pakistan[J]. Indoor Air, 2012,22(3):200-211.
|
[31] |
Fan X, Kubwabo C, Rasmussen P E, et al. Simultaneous determination of thirteen organophosphate esters in settled indoor house dust and a comparison between two sampling techniques[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014,491:80-86.
|
[32] |
Staaf T, Ostman C. Indoor air sampling of organophosphate triesters using solid phase extraction (SPE) adsorbents[J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2005,7(4):344-348.
|
[33] |
Staaf T, Ostman C. Organophosphate triesters in indoor environments[J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring Jem, 2005,7(9):883-887.
|
[34] |
Langer S, Fredricsson M, Weschler C J, et al. Organophosphate esters in dust samples collected from Danish homes and daycare centers[J]. Chemosphere, 2016,154:559-566.
|
[35] |
Van d V I, De B J. Phosphorus flame retardants:properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis[J]. Chemosphere, 2012,88(10):1119-1153.
|
[36] |
He C T, Zheng J, Qiao L, et al. Occurrence of organophosphorus flame retardants in indoor dust in multiple microenvironments of southern China and implications for human exposure[J]. Chemosphere, 2015,133:47-52.
|
[37] |
印红玲,李世平,叶芝祥,等.成都市大气PM2.5中有机磷阻燃剂的污染水平及来源[J]. 环境科学, 2015,36(10):3566-3572.
|
[38] |
US EPA. Example exposure scenarios[s]. Washington, DC:2004,4:1-1436.
|
[39] |
US EPA. Exposure factors handbook[s]. Washington, DC:office of Research and Development, 2011.
|
[40] |
丁锦建.典型有机磷阻燃剂人体暴露途径与蓄积特征研究[D]. 浙江:浙江大学, 2016.
|
[41] |
李俊.有机磷酸酯阻燃剂在饮用水及大气中的分布特征及健康风险评价[D]. 南京:南京大学, 2014.
|
[42] |
Harrad S, Catalina I, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa A, et al. Concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust from United Kingdom cars, homes, and offices:causes of variability and implications for human exposure[J]. Environment International, 2008,34(8):1170-1175.
|
[43] |
李如忠,周爱佳,童芳,等.合肥市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及环境健康风险评价[J]. 环境科学, 2011,32(9):2661-2668.
|
[44] |
环境保护部.中国人群暴露参数手册,成人卷,Adults[M]. 中国环境出版社, 2013.
|
[45] |
王宗爽,段小丽,刘平,等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民暴露参数探讨[J]. 环境科学研究, 2009,22(10):1164-1170.
|
[46] |
王宗爽,武婷,段小丽,等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民呼吸速率暴露参数研究[J]. 环境科学研究, 2009,22(10):1171-1175.
|
[47] |
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. Risk assessment guidance for superfund[J]. Saúde Pública, 1989,804(7):636-640.
|
[48] |
Wu M, Yu G, Cao Z, et al. Characterization and human exposure assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust from several microenvironments of Beijing, China[J]. Chemosphere, 2016,150:465-471.
|
[1] |
GAO Rui-zhong, QIN Zi-yuan, ZHANG sheng, JIA De-bin, DU Dan-dan, ZHANG A-long, WANG Xi-xi. Health risk assessment of Cr6+, As and Hg in groundwater of Jilantai salt lake basin, China[J]. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2018, 38(6): 2353-2362. |
|
|
|
|