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| Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the atmosphere of urban and e-waste recycling regions in South China: concentrations, distributions, compositions, and emission |
| WANG Tao1,2, TAO Lin1,2, ZENG Yuan1,2, FAN Yun1,2, TANG Bin1,2, CHEN She-jun3, MAI Bi-xian1 |
1. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization of Geochemistry. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;
2. University of Chinese Academy Science, Beijing 10049, China;
3. Environmental Research Institute, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China |
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Abstract Air (particle and gas) samples were collected around 21 industrial parks in Guangzhou City and four electronic waste (e-waste) recycling parks in Qingyuan in South China and were analyzed for brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were the two dominant BFRs in both regions. The median concentrations of PBDEs were 184pg/m3 in the urban region and 411pg/m3 in the e-waste region. The median concentrations of DBDPE were 414 and 193pg/m3 in the urban and e-waste regions, respectively. High levels of PBDEs were frequently found for industries of machinery, electronics, furnishings selling, and automobile manufacturing; while DBDPE contamination tended to associate with machinery and automobile manufacturing. 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) probably emitted from diffusive sources in the urban region. Compositions of lower brominated diphenyl ethers varied greatly in the urban region, which may be due to the long-term prohibition of commercial penta-BDE mixture (reduction of primary sources) and multiple sources of these congeners. However, in the e-waste region these PBDEs exhibited similar compositions. The gas/particle partitioning also implies a near-equilibrium condition in this region. These findings indicated a relatively exclusive source (e-waste) in this region. The yearly emissions of BDE209 and DBDPE from the 21 industrial parks in urban region were estimated to be around 48.0 and 163kg, respectively. The estimated emissions of PBDEs and DBDPE from the four e-waste recycling parks were 31.8 and 12.0kg/a, respectively.
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Received: 18 February 2019
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