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| Uncertainty analysis of soil heavy metal source apportionment by PMF model |
| LI Jiao1, TENG Yan-guo2, WU Jin3, CHEN Hai-yang2, JIANG Jin-yuan1 |
1. Technical Centre for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China;
2. College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;
3. College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China |
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Abstract Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model is one of widely used technologies in pollutant source apportionment, and its uncertain analysis have always been the frontier issue as well as hotspot. Three error estimation methods, including bootstrap (BS), displacement (DISP) and bootstrap enhanced by displacement (BS-DISP), were used to evaluate the uncertainties of source apportionment by PMF model, and heavy metals in soils in Dexing, China were carried out as a case study. Six-factor scenario was the best solution for PMF model run, except for Cr and Ti, the uncertainty intervals of DISP and BS were between 0.6 and 1.5 times the basic value of the identified element and the BS-DISP uncertainty interval was between 0.6 and 1.6 times the basic value in the source profiles under six-factor scenario, the uncertainty of the model results was more due to the uncertainty generated in the factor decomposition process. The three uncertainty analysis methods could obtain the random error and factor rotation error in the operation of PMF model. Among them, the results obtained by BS-DISP and BS can assist in determining whether the factor number was over-fitting and help understand the uncertainty of the source profile. While, DISP could be used to understand the uncertainty of rotation and be used as a method to evaluate the feasibility of rotation process. This study provides a good sample for evaluating the reliability of soil heavy metal source apportionment that calculated by PMF model.
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Received: 26 July 2019
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