|
|
|
| Drought effects on forest greenness anomalies in China from 2003 to 2018 |
| HOU Xin1, ZHAO Jie1, ZHAO Hong-fei1, TA Zhi-jie2, YUE Chao1,3 |
1. College of Natural Resources and Environment, North West Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China;
2. School of Tourism & Research Institute of Human Geography, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an 710128, China;
3. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS & MWR, Yangling 712100, China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract This study was to evaluate the effects of drought on forest greenness anomalies in China. Satellite observations of forest leaf area index (LAI) and climate reanalysis data were used to examine forest canopy damage induced by drought during the period from 2003 to 2018. We assigned the forest Greenness Anomaly index (GAI) as a proxy for the forest canopy damage, defined as cumulative monthly negative LAI anomalies deviated from the long-term monthly LAI trend, then followed by standardization using the standard deviation. Using this index, we analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of drought-induced forest damage and the drought sensitivity of different forest types. Our results showed that: (1) The drought-induced forest canopy damage was more widespread in South China than in North China, while high-intensity drought damage mainly occurred in the Northeast and Southwest of China; (2) From 2003 to 2018, the severity of drought-induced canopy damage increased significantly with the GAI change rate of -0.06/a (a lower index means a higher severity), while the forest area ratio subjected to the drought damage decreased with the change rate of -0.0049/a; (3) Forests with a high sensitivity of drought damage mainly occurred in the north of Yunnan and the north part of the Greater Khingan Mountains in China, due to the common effects of geological, climate and vegetation type characteristics of the region; (4) Broadleaf forest was most sensitive to drought, followed by coniferous forest, while mixed forest was the least sensitive forest type and the corresponding regression slopes of GAI and SPEI for these three forest types were 1.8, 1.3 and 1.2, respectively; and (5) from 2003 to 2018, coniferous forest suffered the highest drought intensity and forest damage, with the median of SPEI as -1.65. As a result forest damage was more dominated by the drought intensity than by drought sensitivity.
|
|
Received: 08 June 2021
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [1] |
Seidl R, Thom D, Kautz M, et al. Forest disturbances under climate change [J]. Nature Climate Change, 2017, 7(6): 395-402.
|
| [2] |
Griffin J J, Ranney T G, Pharr D M. Heat and drought influence photosynthesis, water relations, and soluble carbohydrates of two ecotypes of redbud (Cercis canadensis) [J]. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 2004, 129(4): 497-502.
|
| [3] |
Ciais P, Reichstein M, Viovy N, et al. Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003 [J]. Nature, 2005, 437(7058): 529-533.
|
| [4] |
Young D J, Stevens J T, Earles J M, et al. Long‐term climate and competition explain forest mortality patterns under extreme drought [J]. Ecology letters, 2017, 20(1): 78-86.
|
| [5] |
Liu G, Liu H, Yin Y. Global patterns of NDVI-indicated vegetation extremes and their sensitivity to climate extremes [J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2013, 8(2): 279-288.
|
| [6] |
Li X, Piao S, Wang K, et al. Temporal trade-off between gymnosperm resistance and resilience increases forest sensitivity to extreme drought [J]. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2020, 4(8): 1075-1083.
|
| [7] |
Huang K, Xia J. High ecosystem stability of evergreen broadleaf forests under severe droughts [J]. Global Change Biology, 2019, 25(10): 3494-3503.
|
| [8] |
任国玉, 封国林, 严中伟. 中国极端气候变化观测研究回顾与展望[J]. 气候与环境研究, 2010, 15(4): 337-353. Ren G Y, Feng G L, Yan Z W, et al. Progresses in observation studies of climate extremes and changes in mainland China [J]. Climatic and Environmental Research, 2010, 15(4): 337-353.
|
| [9] |
张强, 姚玉璧, 李耀辉, 等. 中国干旱事件成因和变化规律的研究进展与展望[J]. 气象学报, 2020, 78(3): 500-521. Zhang Q, Yao Y B, Li Y H, et al. Progress and prospect on the study of causes and variation regularity of droughts in China [J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2020, 78(3): 500-521.
|
| [10] |
Allen C D, Macalady A K, Chenchouni H, et al. A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2010, 259(4): 660-684.
|
| [11] |
何志斌, 杜军, 陈龙飞, 等. 干旱区山地森林生态水文研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2016, 31(10): 1078-1089. He Z B, Du J, Chen L F, et al. Review on montane forest eco-hydrology in arid area [J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2016, 31(10): 1078-1089.
|
| [12] |
赵鹏武, 管立娟, 刘兵兵, 等. 我国半干旱区东段森林动态研究现状及展望[J]. 世界林业研究, 2021, 34(2): 74-79. Zhao P W, Guan L J, Liu B B, et al. Current research and prospect of forest dynamics in eastern section of Semi-arid Area in China [J]. World Forestry Research, 2021, 34(2): 74-79.
|
| [13] |
郭永强, 王乃江, 褚晓升, 等. 基于Google Earth Engine分析黄土高原植被覆盖变化及原因[J]. 中国环境科学, 2019, 39(11): 4804-4811. Guo Y Q, Wang N J, Chu X S, et al. Analyzing vegetation coverage changes and its reasons on the Loess Plateau based on Google Earth Engine. China Environmental Science, 2019, 39(11): 4804-4811.
|
| [14] |
Gunin P D, Vostokova E A, Dorofeyuk N I, et al. Vegetation dynamics of Mongolia [M]. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013: 79-129.
|
| [15] |
Chen J, Sun L. Using MODIS EVI to detect vegetation damage caused by the 2008 ice and snow storms in south China [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 2010, 115(G3): 1-12.
|
| [16] |
Hansen M C, Potapov P V, Moore R, et al. High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change [J]. Science, 2013, 342 (6160): 850-853.
|
| [17] |
王强, 张勃, 戴声佩, 等. 三北防护林工程区植被覆盖变化与影响因子分析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2012, 32(7): 1302-1308. Wang Q, Zhang B, Dai S P, et al. Analysis of the vegetation cover chang and its relationship with factors in the Three-North Shelter Forest Program [J]. China Environmental Science, 2012, 32(7): 1302-1308.
|
| [18] |
Fang H, Baret F, Plummer S, et al. An overview of global leaf area index (LAI): Methods, products, validation, and applications [J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 2019, 57(3): 739-799.
|
| [19] |
Mason P, Zillman J, Simmons A, et al. Implementation plan for the global observing system for climate in support of the UNFCCC (2010Update) [Z]. GCOS Rep. 2009: 28-29.
|
| [20] |
Mcdowell N G, Allen C D. Darcy's law predicts widespread forest mortality under climate warming [J]. Nature Climate Change, 2015, 5(7): 669-672.
|
| [21] |
Liu J F, Arend M, Yang W J, et al. Effects of drought on leaf carbon source and growth of European beech are modulated by soil type [J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1): 1-9.
|
| [22] |
Steltzer H, Welker J M. Modeling the effect of photosynthetic vegetation properties on the NDVI–LAI relationship [J]. Ecology, 2006, 87(11): 2765-2772.
|
| [23] |
Yang K, He J, Tang W J, et al. On downward shortwave and longwave radiations over high altitude regions: Observation and modeling in the Tibetan Plateau [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2010, 150(1): 38-46.
|
| [24] |
Thornthwaite C W. An approach toward a rational classification of climate [J]. Geographical Review, 1948, 38(1): 55-94.
|
| [25] |
Vicente-Serrano S M, Beguería S, López-Moreno J I. A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index [J]. Journal of Climate, 2010, 23(7): 1696-1718.
|
| [26] |
Wang H, Vicente-Serrano S M, Tao F, et al. Monitoring winter wheat drought threat in Northern China using multiple climate-based drought indices and soil moisture during 2000~2013 [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2016, 228: 1-12.
|
| [27] |
Chen C, Park T, Wang X, et al. China and India lead in greening of the world through land-use management [J]. Nature Sustainability, 2019, 2(2): 122-129.
|
| [28] |
Zhang Y, Liu C, Tang Y, et al. Trends in pan evaporation and reference and actual evapotranspiration across the Tibetan Plateau [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2007, 112: D11210.
|
| [29] |
Cuo L, Zhang Y, Gao Y, et al. The impacts of climate change and land cover/use transition on the hydrology in the upper Yellow River Basin, China[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2013, 502: 37-52.
|
| [30] |
Schwalm C R, Anderegg W R, Michalak A M, et al. Global patterns of drought recovery [J]. Nature, 2017, 548(7666): 202-205.
|
| [31] |
赵杰, 刘雪佳, 杜自强, 等. 昼夜增温速率的不对称性对新疆地区植被动态的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017, 37(6): 2316-2321. Zhao J, Liu X J, Du Z Q, et al. Effects of the asymmetric diurnal-warming on vegetation dynamics in Xinjiang [J]. China Environmental Science, 2017, 37(6): 2316-2321.
|
| [32] |
王维国, 饶晓琴, 康志明, 等. 2004年我国重大灾害性天气和大尺度环流特征[J]. 气象, 2005, 31(5): 26-31. Wang W G, Rao X Q, Kang Z M, et al. Analysis of the calamitous weather and large-scale circulation in 2004 [J]. Meteorological Monthly, 2005, 31(5): 26-31.
|
| [33] |
黄荣辉, 刘永, 王林, 等. 2009年秋至2010年春我国西南地区严重干旱的成因分析[J]. 大气科学, 2012, 36(3): 443-457. Huang R H, Liu Y, Wang L, et al. Analyses of the causes of severe drought occurring in Southwest China from the fall of 2009 to the Spring of 2010 [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2012, 36(3): 443-457.
|
| [34] |
段海霞, 王素萍, 冯建英. 2013年全国干旱状况及其影响与成因[J]. 干旱气象, 2014, 32(2): 310-316. Duan H X, Wang S P, Feng J Y. Drought events and its influence in 2013 in China[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2014, 32(2): 310-316.
|
| [35] |
张宇, 王芝兰, 沙莎, 等. 2018年夏季全国干旱状况及其成因[J]. 干旱气象, 2018, 36(5): 884-892. Zhang Y, Wang Z L, Sha S, et al. Drought events and its causes in Summer of 2018 in China [J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2018, 36(5): 884-892.
|
| [36] |
Zhang X, Li X, Manzanedo R D, et al. High risk of growth cessation of planted larch under extreme drought [J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2021, 16(1): 014040.
|
| [37] |
韩兰英, 张强, 贾建英, 等. 气候变暖背景下中国干旱强度、频次和持续时间及其南北差异性[J]. 中国沙漠, 2019, 39(5): 1-10. Han L Y, Zhang Q, Jia J Y, et al. Drought severity, frequency, duration and regional differences in China [J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2019, 39(5): 1-10.
|
| [38] |
黄中艳. 1961~2007年云南干季干湿气候变化研究[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2010, 6(2): 113-118. Huang Z Y. Dry-wet climate change of the dry season in Yunnan During 1961~2007 [J]. Climate Change Research, 2010, 6(2): 113-118.
|
| [39] |
Liu M, Xu X, Wang D, et al. Karst catchments exhibited higher degradation stress from climate change than the non-karst catchments in southwest China: An ecohydrological perspective [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2016, 535: 173-180.
|
| [40] |
Lü L, Cai H, Yang Y, et al. Geographic patterns and environmental determinants of gymnosperm species diversity in China [J]. Biodiversity Science, 2018, 26(11): 1133-1146.
|
| [41] |
Jiang Y, Zhang J, Han S, et al. Radial growth response of larix gmelinii to climate along a latitudinal gradient in the Greater Khingan Mountains, Northeastern China [J]. Forests, 2016, 7(12): 295.
|
| [42] |
Grossiord C, Granier A, Ratcliffe S, et al. Tree diversity does not always improve resistance of forest ecosystems to drought [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(41): 14812-14815.
|
| [43] |
Trugman A T, Detto M, Bartlett M K, et al. Tree carbon allocation explains forest drought-kill and recovery patterns [J]. Ecology Letters, 2018, 21(10): 1552-1560.
|
| [44] |
Li X, Li Y, Chen A, et al. The impact of the 2009/2010 drought on vegetation growth and terrestrial carbon balance in Southwest China [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2019, 269: 239-248.
|
| [45] |
Fan Q, Wang C, Zhang D, et al. Environmental influences on forest fire regime in the Greater Hinggan Mountains, Northeast China [J]. Forests, 2017, 8(10): 372.
|
| [46] |
Josefsson W, Landelius T. Effect of clouds on UV irradiance: As estimated from cloud amount, cloud type, precipitation, global radiation and sunshine duration [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2000, 105(D4): 4927-4935.
|
| [47] |
Morimoto J, Aiba M, Furukawa F, et al. Risk assessment of forest disturbance by typhoons with heavy precipitation in northern Japan [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2021, 479: 118521.
|
| [48] |
殷洁, 戴尔阜, 吴绍洪. 中国台风灾害综合风险评估与区划[J]. 地理科学, 2013, 33(11): 1370-1376. Yin J, Dai E F, Wu S H. Integrated risk assessment and zoning of typhoon disasters in China [J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2013, 33(11): 1370-1376.
|
| [49] |
Brodribb T J, Mcadam S A M, Jordan G J, et al. Conifer species adapt to low-rainfall climates by following one of two divergent pathways [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(40): 14489-14493.
|
| [50] |
马明卫, 韩宇平, 严登华, 等. 特大干旱事件灾害孕育机理及影响研究进展[J]. 水资源保护, 2020, 36(5): 11-21. Ma M W, Han Y P, Yan D H, et al. Research progress on the mechanism and influence of extreme drought-induced disasters [J]. Water Resources Protection, 2020, 36(5): 11-21.
|
|
|
|
