|
|
|
| Characteristics of microplastics in outdoor artificial rubberized/turf sports fields |
| WANG Xi1, SUN Jiao-xia1, ZHENG Han-yue2, XIANG Xin1, XU De-mei1, XIANG Xing-yu1, FAN Jian-xin1 |
1. School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China;
2. Official of Guilin Sub district Office in Tongnan District, Chongqing 402660, China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract In this study, we conducted an investigation into the characteristics of microplastics found on the surface and in the rainfall runoff of various sports fields(plastic running tracks、artificial turf、basketball courts、badminton courts and tennis courts). The findings revealed that the abundance of surface microplastics ranged from 32500 to 120120 item/dm2, while the abundance of microplastics in rainfall runoff ranged from 8.26×106 to 4.08×107 item/L. The distribution of microplastics abundance in both surface samples and rainfall runoff exhibited a similar pattern, with artificial turf having the highest abundance, followed by plastic running tracks, basketball courts, badminton courts, and tennis courts. Microplastics smaller than 0.5mm constituted over 97% of the total. The primary plastic types identified in all sports fields included polyurethane (PU), polyethylene (PE), organosilicon-modified polyurethane (silicone PU), and rubber particles, with fragments and fibers being the main forms. Furthermore, all sports fields displayed indications of microplastic aging as a result of long-term usage. A clear correlation was observed between the quantity and types of microplastics present in the rainfall runoff and the characteristics of microplastics found on the surface. This implies that a significant amount of microplastics generated on the surface of sports fields can be carried by rainfall runoff and contaminate surface water. Therefore, it is essential to assess the environmental risks associated with the release of microplastics from outdoor artificial rubberized/turf sports fields. Implementing appropriate retention measures becomes imperative in order to prevent the infiltration of microplastics into surface runoff.
|
|
Received: 01 November 2023
|
|
|
|
|
|
[1] Guo J J, Huang X P, Xiang L, et al. Source, migration and toxicology of microplastics in soil [J]. Environment international, 2020,137:105263.
[2] Wong J K H, Lee K K, Tang K H D, et al. Microplastics in the freshwater and terrestrial environments: Prevalence, fates, impacts and sustainable solutions [J]. Science of the total environment, 2020,719:137512.
[3] 王愔睿.塑胶场径流中典型污染物及微塑料的赋存与风险评估[D]. 北京:北京建筑大学, 2021. Wang Y R. Research on the occurrence and risk of typical pollutants and microplastics in athletic field runoff [D]. Beijing: Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2021.
[4] Du H, Xie Y, Wang J. Microplastic degradation methods and corresponding degradation mechanism: research status and future perspectives [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021,418:126377.
[5] Kasmuri N, Tarmizi N A A, Mojiri A. Occurrence, impact, toxicity, and degradation methods of microplastics in environment—a review [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022,29(21): 30820-30836.
[6] Geyer R, Jambeck J R, Law K L. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made [J]. Science Advances, 2017,3(7):e1700782.
[7] Karp M G, Vol'Fson S I, Kirpichnikov P A. Some aspects of polymer blend analysis connected with mechanical degradation in the course of mixing [J]. Polymer Science USSR, 1988,30(10):2340-2346.
[8] Zhu L, Bai H, Chen B, et al. Microplastic pollution in North Yellow Sea, China: Observations on occurrence, distribution and identification [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018,636:20-29.
[9] Urbanek A K, Rymowicz W, Mirończuk A M. Degradation of plastics and plastic-degrading bacteria in cold marine habitats [J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2018,102:7669-7678.
[10] Bhagwat G, Zhu Q, O’Connor W, et al. Exploring the composition and functions of plastic microbiome using whole-genome sequencing [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2021,55(8):4899-4913.
[11] Besseling E, Quik J T K, Sun M, et al. Fate of nano-and microplastic in freshwater systems: A modeling study [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017,220:540-548.
[12] Rai M, Pant G, Pant K, et al. Microplastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems and its interaction with other soil pollutants: A potential threat to soil ecosystem sustainability [J]. Resources, 2023,12(6):67.
[13] Stapleton M J, Ansari A J, Ahmed A, et al. Evaluating the generation of microplastics from an unlikely source: The unintentional consequence of the current plastic recycling process [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2023,902:166090.
[14] Auta H S, Emenike C U, Fauziah S H. Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions [J]. Environment International, 2017,102:165-176.
[15] Sarker A, Deepo D M, Nandi R, et al. A review of microplastics pollution in the soil and terrestrial ecosystems: A global and Bangladesh perspective [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020,733:139296.
[16] Perkins A N, Inayat-Hussain S H, Deziel N C, et al. Evaluation of potential carcinogenicity of organic chemicals in synthetic turf crumb rubber [J]. Environmental Research, 2019,169:163-172.
[17] Celeiro M, Dagnac T, Llompart M. Determination of priority and other hazardous substances in football fields of synthetic turf by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: A health and environmental concern [J]. Chemosphere, 2018,195:201-211.
[18] Müller A, Österlund H, Marsalek J, et al. The pollution conveyed by urban runoff: A review of sources [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020,709:136125.
[19] GB 36246-2018中小学合成材料面层运动场地[S]. GB 36246-2018 Sports areas with synthetic surfaces for primary and middle schools [S].
[20] GB/T 14833-2020合成材料运动场地面层[S]. GB/T 14833-2020 Synthetic materials sports field surfaces [S].
[21] DB37/T 2904-2019运动场地合成材料面层原材料使用规范[S]. DB37/T 2904-2019 Synthetic surface layer of sports ground—Specification for the use of raw materials [S].
[22] Knight L J, Parker-Jurd F N F, Al-Sid-Cheikh M, et al. Tyre wear particles: An abundant yet widely unreported microplastic? [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020,27:18345-18354.
[23] Qiu R, Song Y, Zhang X, et al. Microplastics in urban environments: Sources, pathways, and distribution [J]. Microplastics in Terrestrial Environments: Emerging Contaminants and Major Challenges, 2020:41-61.
[24] Leads R R, Weinstein J E. Occurrence of tire wear particles and other microplastics within the tributaries of the Charleston Harbor Estuary, South Carolina, USA [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2019,145:569-582.
[25] Hartmann N B, Hüffer T, Thompson R C, et al. Are we speaking the same language? Recommendations for a definition and categorization framework for plastic debris [J]. Environmental Science &Technology, American Chemical Society, 2019,53(3):1039-1047.
[26] Xie L, Zhu K, Jiang W, et al. Toxic effects and primary source of the aged micro-sized artificial turf fragments and rubber particles: Comparative studies on laboratory photoaging and actual field sampling [J]. Environment International, 2022,170:107663.
[27] 郑涵月,孙姣霞,向红,等.生物可降解塑料PBAT/PLA在典型非生物降解环境下的降解[J]. 中国环境科学, 2023,43(8):4247-4254. Zheng H Y, Sun J X, Xiang H, et al. Degradation of biodegradable plastic PBAT/PLA under typical non-biodegradable environment [J]. China Environmental Science, 2023,43(8):4247-4254.
[28] Magnusson S, Mácsik J. Analysis of energy use and emissions of greenhouse gases, metals and organic substances from construction materials used for artificial turf [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2017,122:362-372.
[29] Zhou X, Luo Z, Wang H, et al. Machine learning application in forecasting tire wear particles emission in China under different potential socioeconomic and climate scenarios with tire microplastics context [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2023,441:129878.
[30] Niu S, Wang T, Xia Y. Microplastic pollution in sediments of urban rainwater drainage system [J]. Sci. Total Environ., 2023,868:161673.
[31] Desforges J P W, Galbraith M, Dangerfield N, et al. Widespread distribution of microplastics in subsurface seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean [J]. Marine pollution bulletin, 2014,79(1/2):94-99.
[32] Frias J P G L, Otero V, Sobral P. Evidence of microplastics in samples of zooplankton from Portuguese coastal waters [J]. Marine Environmental Research, 2014,95:89-95.
[33] Moura D S, Pestana C J, Moffat C F, et al. Characterisation of microplastics is key for reliable data interpretation [J]. Chemosphere, 2023,331:138691.
[34] Napper I E, Bakir A, Rowland S J, et al. Characterisation, quantity and sorptive properties of microplastics extracted from cosmetics [J]. Marine pollution bulletin, 2015,99(1/2):178-185.
[35] Koutnik V S, Leonard J, El Rassi L A, et al. Children's playgrounds contain more microplastics than other areas in urban parks [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2023,854:158866.
[36] Campanale C, Stock F, Massarelli C, et al. Microplastics and their possible sources: The example of Ofanto river in southeast Italy [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020,258:113284.
[37] Belzagui F, Crespi M, Álvarez A, et al. Microplastics' emissions: Microfibers’ detachment from textile garments [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019,248:1028-1035.
[38] Liu F, Olesen K B, Borregaard A R, et al. Microplastics in urban and highway stormwater retention ponds [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019,671:992-1000.
[39] Liu K, Wang X, Fang T, et al. Source and potential risk assessment of suspended atmospheric microplastics in Shanghai [J]. Science of the total environment, 2019,675:462-471.
[40] Devriese L I, De Witte B, Vethaak A D, et al. Bioaccumulation of PCBs from microplastics in Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus): An experimental study [J]. Chemosphere, 2017,186:10-16.
[41] Jeong J, Choi J. Adverse outcome pathways potentially related to hazard identification of microplastics based on toxicity mechanisms [J]. Chemosphere, 2019,231:249-255.
[42] Bessa F, Barría P, Neto J M, et al. Occurrence of microplastics in commercial fish from a natural estuarine environment [J]. Marine pollution bulletin, 2018,128:575-584.
[43] Jawad L A, Adams N J, Nieuwoudt M K. Ingestion of microplastics and mesoplastics by Trachurus declivis (Jenyns, 1841) retrieved from the food of the Australasian gannet Morus serrator: First documented report from New Zealand [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2021,170:112652.
[44] Godoy V, Blázquez G, Calero M, et al. The potential of microplastics as carriers of metals [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019,255:113363.
[45] Cho Y, Shim W J, Ha S Y, et al. Microplastic emission characteristics of stormwater runoff in an urban area: Intra-event variability and influencing factors [J]. Sci. Total Environ., 2023,866:161318.
[46] 周添红,张佳倩,闵芮,等.刘家峡水库微塑料的赋存特征及其风险评估[J]. 中国环境科学, 2023,43(11):6007-6015. Zhou T, Zhang J, Min R, et al. Occurrence characteristics and risk assessment of microplastics in surface water of Liujiaxia Reservoir [J]. China Environmental Science. 2023,43(11):6007-6015.
[47] 王昱丹,桂维振,邵天杰,等.无定河上游流域水体微塑料污染现状与分布特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2023,43(10):5583-5590. Wang Y, Gui W, Shao T, et al. Current status, source analysis and risk assessment of microplastics in water bodies of the upper Wuding River Basin [J]. China Environmental Science, 2023,43(10):5583-5590.
[48] Song Y K, Hong S H, Jang M, et al. Combined effects of UV exposure duration and mechanical abrasion on microplastic fragmentation by polymer type [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017,51(8): 4368-4376.
[49] Mao R, Lang M, Yu X, et al. Aging mechanism of microplastics with UV irradiation and its effects on the adsorption of heavy metals [J]. Journal of hazardous materials, 2020,393:122515.
[50] 方周,谭飞,杨红强,等.西沙海域甘泉岛和全富岛海滩上的塑料垃圾与微塑料分布特征[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2021,40(5):123-133. Fang Z, Tan F, Yang H Q. Distribution characteristics of plastic debris and microplastics on the beaches of Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island in Xisha Sea [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2021,40(5):123-133.
[51] Moreno T, Balasch A, Bartrolí R, et al. A new look at rubber recycling and recreational surfaces: The inorganic and OPE chemistry of vulcanised elastomers used in playgrounds and sports facilities [J]. Sci. Total Environ., 2023,868:161648.
[52] Bauer-Civiello A, Critchell K, Hoogenboom M, et al. Input of plastic debris in an urban tropical river system [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2019,144:235-242.
[53] Xia W, Rao Q, Deng X, et al. Rainfall is a significant environmental factor of microplastic pollution in inland waters [J]. Sci. Total Environ., 2020,732:139065.
[54] Liu S, Zhao Y, Li T, et al. Removal of micro/nanoplastics in constructed wetland: Efficiency, limitations and perspectives [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023:146033.
[55] Yang X, Zhang L, Chen Y, et al. Micro (nano) plastic size and concentration co-differentiate nitrogen transformation, microbiota dynamics, and assembly patterns in constructed wetlands [J]. Water Research, 2022,220:118636.
[56] Ziajahromi S, Lu H C, Drapper D, et al. Microplastics and tire wear particles in urban stormwater: Abundance, characteristics, and potential mitigation strategies [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2023, 57(34):12829-12837. |
|
|
|
