电镀工业污染土壤中PFASs的污染特征及健康风险

Abstract
Figure/Table
References
Related Citation (15)

Download: PDF (850 KB) HTML (1 KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract Electroplating is one of the most significant sources of perfluorinated and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment. In this study, the occurrence of PFASs in soil of a relocated electroplating plant was analyzed. The probabilistic health risk was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation, and the soil screening levels of PFASs were suggested. The soil samples were detected with 8PFASs, and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was detected with the highest detection frequency of 89% and concentration of 388ng/g among the targeted PFASs. The distribution of PFASs in soil was impacted by the locations of production units. The total concentration and concentrations of single PFAS such as PFOS, perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were significantly higher in soil at chromium plating department (P<0.05). Intake through human oral exposure of soil PFASs accounted for 75.2%~77.6%. Carcinogenic risk of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was 6.22x10^-11, showing no carcinogenic risk in soil. Non carcinogenic risk quotient of PFOS was larger than 1based on the deterministic values of the exposure factors, while other PFASs showed no non carcinogenic risk. Monte Carlo simulation showed that the risk quotient of PFOS ranged from 0.731 to 5.38, with 95% quantile being 3.85. The 95% quantile values of risk quotient of other PFASs were between 8.77x10^-6 and 0.0137. The soil screening levels of targeted PFASs ranged from 78 to 38826ng/g, and PFOS was found to have the most strict level of 78ng/g.

Key words： PFASs soil occurrence probabilistic health risk screening level

Received: 30 July 2024

PACS:

X53

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors
	MA Lin
	WANG Guan-song
	JIANG Lin
	XIA Tian-xiang
	ZHANG Wen-yu
	ZHONG Mao-sheng
	LIANG Jing
	LI Ji-hong
	YANG Shuo

Cite this article:

MA Lin,WANG Guan-song,JIANG Lin等. Occurrence and probabilistic health risk assessment of PFASs in electroplating contaminated soil[J]. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2025, 45(2): 925-934.

URL:

http://www.zghjkx.com.cn/EN/ OR http://www.zghjkx.com.cn/EN/Y2025/V45/I2/925

[1] Loos R, Locoro G, Comero S, et al. Pan-European survey on the occurrence of selected polar organic persistent pollutants in ground water [J]. Water Research, 2010,44(14):4115-4126.
[2] Prevedouros K, Cousins I T, Buck R C, et al. Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2006,40(1):32-44.
[3] 张悦清,赵娅新,余佳,等.城市水环境PFAAs前驱体污染特征及健康风险 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2022,42(12):5896-5904.Yue Q Z, Zhao Y X, Yu J, et al. Contamination and health risk of precursors of PFAAs in urban aquatic environment [J]. China Environmental Science, 2022,42(12):5896-5904.
[4] Wang Y, Munir U, Huang Q. Occurrence of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil: Sources, fate, and remediation [J]. Soil & Environmental Health, 2023,1(1):100004.
[5] Domingo J L, Nadal M. Human exposure to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through drinking water: A review of the recent scientific literature [J]. Environmental Research, 2019,177:108648.
[6] 方淑红,李成,卞玉霞,等.岷江流域全氟化合物的污染特征及排放通量 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2019,39(7):2983-2989.Fang S H, Li C, Bian Y X, et al. Pollution characteristics and flux of perfluorinated substances in Minjiang River [J]. China Environmental Science, 2019,39(7):2983-2989.
[7] Liu Y, Ma L, Yang Q, et al. Occurrence and spatial distribution of perfluorinated compounds in groundwater receiving reclaimed water through river bank infiltration [J]. Chemosphere, 2018,211:1203-1211.
[8] 曾士宜,杨鸿波,彭洁,等.贵州草海湖泊表层水与沉积物中全氟化合物的污染特征及风险评估 [J]. 环境化学, 2021,40(4):1193-1205.Zeng S Y, Yang H B, Peng J, et al. Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of perfluorinated compounds in surface water and sediments of Caohai Lake of Guizhou Province [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2021,40(4):1193-1205.
[9] 张露露,刘婧,贺颖倩,等.血清全氟化合物与代谢相关脂肪性肝病患病风险的关系 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2023,43(2):964-972.Zhang L L, Liu J, He Y Q, et al. Relationship of serum perfluoroalkyl substances with the risk of metabolic associated fatty liver disease [J]. China Environmental Science, 2023,43(2):964-972.
[10] Sörengård M, Kikuchi J, Wiberg K, et al. Spatial distribution and load of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in background soils in Sweden [J]. Chemosphere, 2022,295:133944.
[11] Bräunig J, Baduel C, Barnes C M, et al. Leaching and bioavailability of selected perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from soil contaminated by firefighting activities [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2019, 646:471-479.
[12] National Science and Technology Council. Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) report [R]. Washington DC: Joint Subcommittee on Environment, Innovation, and Public Health, 2023.
[13] Singh K, Kumar N, Kumar Yadav A, et al. Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a health hazard: Current state of knowledge and strategies in environmental settings across Asia and future perspectives [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023,475:145064.
[14] 梁秀娟,谢润楠,罗艺丰,等.典型电镀城周边土壤重金属的污染特征研究 [J]. 广州化工, 2020,48(16):107-110.Liang X J, Xie R N, Luo Y F, et al. Study on pollution characteristics of heavy metals in soils surrounding the typical electroplating cities [J]. Guangzhou Chemical Industry, 2020,48(16):107-110.
[15] 国务院办公厅.新污染物治理行动方案 [EB/OL]. (2022-05-04). https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2022-05/24/content_5692059.htm.General Office of the State Council. Action plan for controlling emerging pollutants [EB/OL]. (2022-05-04). https://www.gov.cn/ zhengce/content/2022-05/24/content_5692059.htm.
[16] Liu J, Cui Y, Lu M, et al. 6:2Chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate as perfluorooctanesulfonate alternative in the electroplating industry and the receiving environment [J]. Chemosphere, 2022, 302: 134719.
[17] Qu Y, Huang J, Willand W, et al. Occurrence, removal and emission of per-and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) from chrome plating industry: A case study in Southeast China [J]. Emerging Contaminants, 2020,6:376-384.
[18] US Environmental Protection Agency. Analysis of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous, solid, biosolids, and tissue samples by LC-MS/MS [R]. Cincinnati OH: Office of water, 2022.
[19] Gan C, Peng M, Liu H, et al. Concentration and distribution of metals, total fluorine, per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in vertical soil profiles in industrialized areas [J]. Chemosphere, 2022,302: 134855.
[20] Ma D, Zhong H, Lv J, et al. Levels, distributions, and sources of legacy and novel per-and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the topsoil of Tianjin, China [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2022, 112:71-81.
[21] US Environmental Protection Agency. Regional screening levels (RSLs) -generic tables [EB/OL]. (2024-02-20). https://www.epa. gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-generic-tables.
[22] Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. TCEQ perfluoro compounds (PFCs): Toxicity evaluation document [EB/OL]. (2024-02-20). https://www.tceq.texas.gov/assets/public/implementation/tox/ evaluations/pfcs.pdf.
[23] Massachusetts Dept of Environmental Protection. Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): An updated subgroup approach to groundwater and drinking water values [EB/OL]. (2024-02-20). https://www.mass.gov/doc/per-andpolyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas-an-updated-subgroup-approach-togroundwater-and/download.
[24] DB11/T 656-2019 建设用地土壤污染状况调查与风险评估技术导则 [S].DB11/T 656-2019 Site Investigation and Risk Assessment Guideline of Development Land [S].
[25] HJ 25.3-2019 建设用地土壤污染风险评估技术导则 [S].HJ 25.3-2019 Technical guidelines for risk assessment of soil contamination of land for construction [S].
[26] Smith R L. Use of Monte Carlo simulation for human exposure assessment at a superfund site [J]. Risk Analysis, 1994,14(4):433-439.
[27] Li X, Wang Y, Yang M, et al. New insight into human health risk from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on surfaces of buildings and facilities for industrial legacy regeneration [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022,436:129158.
[28] US Environmental Protection Agency. Exposure factors handbook 2011 edition (final report) [R]. Washington DC: National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development, 2011.
[29] Wang X, Chen R J, Chen B H, et al. Application of statistical distribution of PM10 concentration in air quality management in 5 representative cities of China [J]. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2013,26(8):638-646.
[30] 王宗爽,段小丽,刘平,等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民暴露参数探讨 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2009,22(10):1164-1170.Wang Z S, Duan X L, Liu P, et al. Human exposure factors of Chinese People in environmental health risk assessment [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2009,22(10):1164-1170.
[31] 陈卓,张丹,吴志远,等.基于形态及生物可给性的汞污染场地概率风险 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2021,34(11):2748-2756.Chen Z, Zhang D, Wu Z Y, et al. Probability risk of mercury contaminated site based on species and bioaccessibility [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2021,34(11):2748-2756.
[32] 林安,李训生.持久性有机污染物在电镀行业减量化与替代 [J]. 新技术新工艺, 2008,12:10-13.Lin A, Li X. Reduction and replacement of persistent organic pollutants in electroplating industry [J]. New Technology & New Process, 2008,12:10-13.
[33] Naile J E, Khim J S, Hong S, et al. Distributions and bioconcentration characteristics of perfluorinated compounds in environmental samples collected from the west coast of Korea [J]. Chemosphere, 2013,90(2): 387-394.
[34] Grønnestad R, Vázquez B P, Arukwe A, et al. Levels, patterns, and biomagnification potential of perfluoroalkyl substances in a terrestrial food chain in a Nordic Skiing Area [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019,53(22):13390-13397.
[35] Zhu Q, Qian J, Huang S, et al. Occurrence, distribution, and input pathways of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soils near different sources in Shanghai [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2022,308:119620.
[36] Tan B, Wang T, Wang P, et al. Perfluoroalkyl substances in soils around the Nepali Koshi River: levels, distribution, and mass balance [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2014,21(15): 9201-9211.
[37] Washington J W, Rankin K, Libelo E L, et al. Determining global background soil PFAS loads and the fluorotelomer-based polymer degradation rates that can account for these loads [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2019,651:2444-2449.
[38] Li B, Bao Y, Xu Y, et al. Vertical distribution of microbial communities in soils contaminated by chromium and perfluoroalkyl substances [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2017,599-600: 156-164.
[39] Perez A, Lumpkin M, Kornberg T, et al. Critical endpoints of PFOA and PFOS exposure for regulatory risk assessment in drinking water: Parameter choices impacting estimates of safe exposure levels [J]. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2023,138:105323.
[40] Longpré D, Lorusso L, Levicki C, et al. PFOS, PFOA, LC-PFCAS, and certain other PFAS: A focus on Canadian guidelines and guidance for contaminated sites management [J]. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 2020,18:100752.
[41] US Environmental Protection Agency. Soil screening levels for perfluorooctanaoic acid (PFOA) and perfluoroocytl sulfonate (PFOS) [R]. Washington DC: Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, 2009.
[42] Butenhoff J L, Chang S-C, Olsen G W, et al. Chronic dietary toxicity and carcinogenicity study with potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate in Sprague Dawley rats [J]. Toxicology, 2012,293(1):1-15.
[43] Barry V, Winquist A, Steenland K. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposures and incident cancers among adults living near a chemical plant [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2013,121(11/12): 1313-1318.
[44] Biegel L B, Hurtt M E, Frame S R, et al. Mechanisms of extrahepatic tumor induction by peroxisome proliferators in male CD rats [J]. Toxicological Sciences, 2001,60(1):44-55.
[45] Shearer J J, Callahan C L, Calafat A M, et al. Serum concentrations of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances and risk of renal cell carcinoma [J]. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2021, 113(5): 580-587.
[46] US Environmental Protection Agency. Toxicity assessment and proposed maximum contaminant level goal for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in Drinking Water [R]. Washington DC: Office of Water, 2023.
[47] US Environmental Protection Agency. Toxicity assessment and proposed maximum contaminant level goal for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in Drinking Water [R]. Washington DC: Office of Water, 2023.
[48] The Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council. PFAS technical and regulatory guidance document [EB/OL]. (2024-02-20). https: //pfas-1.itrcweb.org/9-site-risk-assessment/.
[49] US Environmental Protection Agency. Final PFAS national primary drinking water regulation [EB/OL]. (2024-04-10). https://www.epa. gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas.
[50] Arrieta-Cortes R, Farias P, Hoyo-Vadillo C, et al. Carcinogenic risk of emerging persistent organic pollutant perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS): A proposal of classification [J]. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2017,83:66-80.
[51] Chang E T, Adami H, Boffetta P, et al. A critical review of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate exposure and cancer risk in humans [J]. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2014,44(S1):1-81.