Distribution and budget of nitrogen and phosphorus and their influence on the ecosystem in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea
ZHAO Chen-ying1, ZANG Jia-ye1, LIU Jun1,2, SUN Tao1, RAN Xiang-bin1
1. Research Center for Marine Ecology, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
Based on results obtained from the comprehensive investigation in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea (BYS), distributions and sources of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in the sea water and sediment pore water in the study area were discussed; and a budget model of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the BYS was established. Concentrations of DIN and DIP in the study area are affected by riverine input and benthic flux. The major sources of the DIN in the water column of the BYS are benthic diffusion, followed by the atmospheric deposition and inputs from adjacent rivers the groundwater and the East China Sea; while the dominant removals of DIN from water column in the BYS are phytoplankton utilization and sedimentation. The key sources of the DIP are phosphorus minerals desorption and weathering, accounting for 91%, followed by benthic flux and atmospheric deposition, then riverine flux and groundwater input; while the dominant outputs of DIP are sedimentation and the outflow to the East China Sea. There was a 11Gmol/a of nitrogen accumulated in the BYS, which would result in an increasing of DIN concentration by 0.6 μmol/(L·a). DIN concentrations and N/P ratio in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea BYS kept increasing in recent decades due to the increasing of nitrogen N accumulation and phosphorus P sedimentation. Terrestrial nitrogen loadings might enhance the primary production and alter the structure and function of ecosystem, which had would have significant effects on the ecosystem of Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea the BYS in the long-time scale. We, therefore, should reduce the riverine nitrogen N loads to maintain the ecosystem stability in the BYS Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea.
赵晨英, 臧家业, 刘军, 孙涛, 冉祥滨. 黄渤海氮磷营养盐的分布、收支与生态环境效应[J]. 中国环境科学, 2016, 36(7): 2115-2127.
ZHAO Chen-ying, ZANG Jia-ye, LIU Jun, SUN Tao, RAN Xiang-bin. Distribution and budget of nitrogen and phosphorus and their influence on the ecosystem in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2016, 36(7): 2115-2127.
Tyrrell, T. The relative influences of nitrogen and phosphorus on oceanic primary production [J]. Nature, 1999,400:525-531.
[2]
Tang Q, Jin X, Wang J, et al. Decadal-scale variations of ecosystem productivity and control mechanisms in the Bohai Sea [J]. Fisheries Oceanography, 2003,12(4/5):223-233.
Diaz R J, Rosenberg R. Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems [J]. Science, 2008,321(5891):926-929.
[5]
Wei G F, Tang D L, Wang S. Distribution of chlorophyll and harmful algal blooms (HABs): A review on space based studies in the coastal environments of Chinese marginal seas [J]. Advances in Space Research, 2008,41(1):12-19.
[6]
Wu Z, Yu Z, Song X, et al. The spatial and temporal characteristics of harmful algal blooms in the southwest Bohai Sea [J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2013,59:10-17.
[7]
Rousseaux C S, Gregg W W. Recent decadal trends in global phytoplankton composition [J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2015,29(10):1674-1688.
[8]
Bauer J E, Cai W J, Raymond P A, et al. The changing carbon cycle of the coastal ocean [J]. Nature, 2013,504:61-70.
[9]
Berner R A. Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in the modern ocean: its geochemical and environmental significance [J]. American Journal of Science, 1982,282(4):451-473.
[10]
Hedges J I, Keil R G. Sedimentary organic matter preservation: an assessment and speculative synthesis [J]. Marine chemistry, 1995,49(2):81-115.
[11]
Mantoura R F C, Martin J M, Wollast R. Ocean margin processes in global change [M]. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 1991.
[12]
Muller-Karger F E, Varela R, Thunell R, et al. The importance of continental margins in the global carbon cycle [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2005,32(1), L01602.
[13]
Dai Z, Du J, Zhang X, et al. Variation of Riverine Material Loads and Environmental Consequences on the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary in Recent Decades (1955-2008) [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010,45(1):223-227.
[14]
Andrews J E, Burgess D, Cave R R, et al. Biogeochemical value of managed realignment, Humber estuary, UK [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2006,371:19-30.
[15]
Smith S V, Swaney D P, Buddemeier R W, et al. River nutrient loads and catchment size [J]. Biogeochemistry, 2005,75(1):83- 107.
Liu S M. Response of nutrient transports to water-sediment regulation events in the Huanghe basin and its impact on the biogeochemistry of the Bohai [J]. Journal of Marine Systems, 2015,141:59-70.
[19]
Ran X B, Che H, Zang J Y, et al. Variability in the composition and export of silica in the Huanghe River Basin [J]. Science China: Earth Sciences, 2015,58(11):2078-2089.
[20]
Wang H, Yang Z, Saito Y, et al. Stepwise decreases of the Huanghe (Yellow River) sediment load (1950-2005): Impacts of climate change and human activities [J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2007,57(3):331-354.
Ning X, Lin C, Su J, et al. Long-term environmental changes and the responses of the ecosystems in the Bohai Sea during 1960~ 1996 [J]. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2010,57(11):1079-1091.
[23]
Liu S M, Li L W, Zhang Z. Inventory of nutrients in the Bohai [J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2011,31(16):1790-1797.
[24]
Wei Q, Yao Q, Wang B, et al. Long-term variation of nutrients in the southern Yellow Sea [J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2015, 111:184-196.
Liu S M, Zhang J, Chen H T, et al. Nutrients in the Changjiang and its tributaries [J]. Biogeochemistry, 2003,62(1):1-18.
[32]
Zhang J, Yu Z G, Raabe T, et al. Dynamics of inorganic nutrient species in the Bohai seawaters [J]. Journal of Marine Systems, 2004,44(3):189-212.
[33]
Zhang G, Zhang J, Liu S. Characterization of nutrients in the atmospheric wet and dry deposition observed at the two monitoring sites over Yellow Sea and East China Sea [J]. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2007,57(1):41-57.
[34]
Martin J M, Zhang J, Shi M C, et al. Actual flux of the Huanghe (Yellow River) sediment to the western Pacific Ocean [J]. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 1993,31(3):243-254.
[35]
Berner R A. Early diagenesis: A theoretical approach [M]. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1980:241-242.
Li Y H, Gregory S. Diffusion of ions in sea water and in deep-sea sediments [J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1974,38(5): 703-714.
[38]
Ullman W J, Aller R C. Diffusion coefficients in nearshore marine sediments [J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 1982,27(3):552- 556.
[39]
Kim G, Ryu J W, Yang H S, et al. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into the Yellow Sea revealed by 228Ra and 226Ra isotopes: Implications for global silicate fluxes [J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2005,237(1):156-166.
[40]
Peterson R N, Burnett W C, Taniguchi M, et al. Radon and radium isotope assessment of submarine groundwater discharge in the Yellow River delta, China [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2008,113,C09021.
[41]
Waska H, Kim G. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) as a main nutrient source for benthic and water-column primary production in a large intertidal environment of the Yellow Sea [J]. Journal of Sea Research, 2011,65(1):103-113.
[42]
Seitzinger S, Harrison J A, Böhlke J K, et al. Denitrification across landscapes and waterscapes: a synthesis [J]. Ecological Applications, 2006,16(6):2064-2090.
[43]
张 润.中国边缘海生物固氮作用的研究 [D]. 厦门:厦门大学, 2011.
[44]
Slomp C P, Malschaert J F P, Van Raaphorst W. The role of adsorption in sediment‐water exchange of phosphate in North Sea continental margin sediments [J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 1998,43(5):832-846.
[45]
Slomp C P, Van Cappellen P. The global marine phosphorus cycle: sensitivity to oceanic circulation [J]. Biogeosciences, 2007,4: 155-171.
Liu S M, Hong G H, Zhang J, et al. Nutrient budgets for large Chinese estuaries [J]. Biogeosciences, 2009,6(10):2245-2263.
[48]
Moore W S. The Effect of Submarine Groundwater Discharge on the Ocean [J]. Annual Review of Marine Science, 2010,2:59-88.
[49]
Seitzinger S P, Kroeze C. Global distribution of nitrous oxide production and N inputs in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems [J]. Global biogeochemical cycles, 1998,12(1):93- 113.
Kim J K, Jung S, Eom J, et al. Dissolved and particulate organic carbon concentrations in stream water and relationships with land use in multiple-use watersheds of the Han River (Korea) [J]. Water International, 2013,38(3):326-339.
Li H M, Zhang C S, Han X R, et al. Changes in concentrations of oxygen, dissolved nitrogen, phosphate, and silicate in the southern Yellow Sea, 1980-2012: Sources and seaward gradients [J]. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2014,163(20):44-55.
Li Z Y, Bai J, Shi J H, et al. Distributions of inorganic nutrients in the Bohai Sea of China [J]. Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao, 2003,2(1):112-116.
Wang X, Cui Z, Guo Q, et al. Distribution of nutrients and eutrophication assessment in the Bohai Sea of China [J]. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2009,27:177-183.
Nelson D M, Brzezinski M A. Kinetics of silicate acid uptake by natural diatom assemblages in two Gulf and Stream warm-core rings [J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1990,62:283-292.
