关中典型城市及农村夏季PM<sub>2.5</sub>的化学组成对比

Abstract
Figure/Table
References (45)
Related Citation (15)

Download: PDF (1410 KB) HTML (1 KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract

PM_2.5 samples were collected on a day/night basis at an urban site in Xi'an in July 2016 and at Lin Village, a rural site 80km northeast to Xi'an, in August 2016. The samples were determined for organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and inorganic ions to investigate the differences in chemical compositions and sources of PM_2.5 between the urban and rural areas of Guanzhong Plain. The results showed that PM_2.5 in Xi'an and Lin Village during the sampling period were (49.7±22.8)μg/m³ and (62.6±14.2)μg/m³, respectively. Concentrations of OC and EC in PM_2.5 were similar between Xi'an[(6.5±2.5)μg/m³ and (3.2±1.8)μg/m³] and Lin Village[(6.8±1.8)μg/m³ and (3.8±2.3)μg/m³]. The OC/EC mass ratios in Xi'an were higher in the daytime (2.6) than in the nighttime (1.9), in contrast to those in Lin Village, which were lower in the daytime (1.6) and higher in the nighttime (2.7). Such diurnal differences can be explained by an enhanced emission of EC due to the nighttime occurrence of heavy-duty trucks in the urban area and a decreased emission of EC due to the nighttime absence of anthropogenic activities (e.g., biomass burning and coal combustion) in the rural area. Inorganic ions of PM_2.5 were (20.2±14.6)μg/m³ and (30.1±10.5)μg/m³ in Xi'an and Lin Village and accounted for 40.6% and 47.6% of PM_2.5 in the two regions, respectively. SO₄^2- of PM_2.5 in the rural area was 19.0μg/m³ and accounted for one-third of the fine particle mass, which was much higher than that in Xi'an (9.4μg/m³ and 18.9%). Concentrations of NO₃^- and Ca²⁺ in Xi'an, their masses relative to PM_2.5 and NO₃^-/SO₄^2- mass ratio were significantly higher than those in Lin Village, suggesting that the urban atmosphere was more affected by motor vehicle exhausts and emissions from road-dust and construction activities. K⁺ in the samples showed stronger correlations with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in Xi'an due to the dominant source of dust. In contrast, K⁺ was correlated with EC in the rural area, mainly due to the dominance of biomass burning emissions.

Key words： Guanzhong Plain PM_2.5 organic carbon elemental carbon water-soluble inorganic ions

Received: 02 May 2018

PACS:

X513

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors
	LI Jin
	LI Jian-jun
	WU Can
	CAO Cong
	WU Yu-hang
	LIU Lang
	HAN Jing
	WANG Ge-hui

Cite this article:

LI Jin,LI Jian-jun,WU Can等. Comparison on the chemical composition of PM_2.5 in the urban and rural regions of Guanzhong plain, China[J]. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2018, 38(12): 4415-4425.

URL:

http://www.zghjkx.com.cn/EN/ OR http://www.zghjkx.com.cn/EN/Y2018/V38/I12/4415

[1]	Zhang R Y, Wang G H, Guo S, et al. Formation of urban fine particulate matter[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2015,115(10):3803-3855.
[2]	Ma J Z, Xu X B, Zhao C S, et al. A review of atmospheric chemistry research in China:Photochemical smog, haze pollution, and gas-aerosol interactions[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2012, 29(5):1006-1026.
[3]	Schlesinger R B, Kunzli N, Hidy G M, et al. The health relevance of ambient particulate matter characteristics:coherence of toxicological and epidemiological inferences[J]. Inhal Toxicol, 2006,18(2):95-125.
[4]	Turpin B J, Cary R A, Huntzicker J J. An In Situ, Time-Resolved Analyzer for Aerosol Organic and Elemental Carbon[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 1990,12(1):161-171.
[5]	Cao J J, Lee S C, Chow J C, et al. Spatial and seasonal distributions of carbonaceous aerosols over China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2007,112(D22):D22S11.
[6]	Hand J L, Schichtel B A, Malm W C, et al. Spatial and Temporal Trends in PM2.5 Organic and Elemental Carbon across the United States[J]. Advances in Meteorology, 2013,2013:1-13.
[7]	Yang F, Huang L, Duan F, et al. Carbonaceous species in PM2.5 at a pair of rural/urban sites in Beijing, 2005~2008[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011,11(15):7893-7903.
[8]	Tian M, Wang H, Chen Y, et al. Highly time-resolved characterization of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 in a humid and acidic mega city in Sichuan Basin, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017,580:224-234.
[9]	Wang G H, Zhang R Y, Gomez M E, et al. Persistent sulfate formation from London Fog to Chinese haze[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016, 113(48):13630-13635.
[10]	Zhao X J, Zhang X L, Xu X F, et al. Seasonal and diurnal variations of ambient PM2.5 concentration in urban and rural environments in Beijing[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2009,43(18):2893-2900.
[11]	吴丹,沈开源,盖鑫磊,等.南京北郊大气气溶胶中水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的污染特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017,37(9):3237-3246.
[12]	沙丹丹,王红磊,朱彬,等.冬季PM2.5中含碳气溶胶的污染特征——长江三角洲地区一次区域重污染过程分析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017,37(10):3611-3622.
[13]	Cao J J, Zhu C S, Tie X X, et al. Characteristics and sources of carbonaceous aerosols from Shanghai, China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013,13(2):803-817.
[14]	赵云卿,陈善莉,朱彬,等.南京北郊早春霾污染过程及硫酸盐形成研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018,38(7):2438-2444.
[15]	Hu M, Wu Z J, Slanina J, et al. Acidic gases, ammonia and water-soluble ions in PM2.5 at a coastal site in the Pearl River Delta, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(25):6310-6320.
[16]	马莹,吴兑,刘建.珠三角春节期间PM2.5及水溶性离子成分的变化——以2012年为例[J]. 中国环境科学, 2016,36(10):2890-2895.
[17]	Wang P, Cao J J, Shen Z X, et al. Spatial and seasonal variations of PM2.5 mass and species during 2010 in Xi'an, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015,508(508C):477-487.
[18]	Zhu C S, Cao J J, Tsai C J, et al. The Indoor and Outdoor Carbonaceous Pollution during Winter and Summer in Rural Areas of Shaanxi, China[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2010,10(6):550-558.
[19]	Zhu C S, Cao J J, Shen Z X, et al. Indoor and Outdoor Chemical Components of PM2.5 in the Rural Areas of Northwestern China[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2012,12(6):1157-1165.
[20]	Rattigan O V, Felton H D, Bae M S, et al. Comparison of long-term PM2.5 carbon measurements at an urban and rural location in New York[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2011,45(19):3228-3236.
[21]	Lee T, Yu X Y, Kreidenweis S M, et al. Semi-continuous measurement of PM2.5 ionic composition at several rural locations in the United States[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(27):6655-6669.
[22]	Squizzato S, Masiol M, Innocente E, et al. A procedure to assess local and long-range transport contributions to PM2.5 and secondary inorganic aerosol[J]. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2012,46(2):64-76.
[23]	Shen Z X, Arimoto R, Cao J J, et al. Seasonal variations and evidence for the effectiveness of pollution controls on water-soluble inorganic species in total suspended particulates and fine particulate matter from Xi'an, China[J]. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 2008,58(12):1560-1570.
[24]	李友平,周洪,张智胜,等.成都市城区PM2.5中二次水溶性无机离子污染特征[J]. 环境科学, 2014,(12):4439-4445.
[25]	曹聪,王格慧,吴灿,等.华山地区PM2.5中无机离子垂直分布特征[J]. 环境科学, 2018,39(4):1473-1483.
[26]	Wang G H, Zhou B H, Cheng C L, et al. Impact of Gobi desert dust on aerosol chemistry of Xi'an, inland China during spring 2009:differences in composition and size distribution between the urban ground surface and the mountain atmosphere[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013,13(2):819-835.
[27]	Li J J, Wang G H, Zhou B H, et al. Chemical composition and size distribution of wintertime aerosols in the atmosphere of Mt. Hua in central China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2011,45(6):1251-1258.
[28]	Chow J C, Watson J G, Chen L W, et al. The IMPROVE_A temperature protocol for thermal/optical carbon analysis:maintaining consistency with a long-term database[J]. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 2007,57(9):1014-1023.
[29]	Chow J C, Watson J G, Chen L W, et al. Equivalence of Elemental Carbon by Thermal/Optical Reflectance and Transmittance with Different Temperature Protocols[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2004,38(16):4414-4422.
[30]	Zhang T, Cao J J, Tie X X, et al. Water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in Xi'an, China:Seasonal variations and sources[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2011,102(1):110-119.
[31]	GB 3095-2012环境空气质量标准[S].
[32]	韩艳妮,王格慧.华北农村大气PM2.5中水溶性物质化学组成、吸湿性能及光学特征[J]. 地球环境学报, 2016,7(1):44-54.
[33]	Yao L, Yang L X, Chen J M, et al. Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols:Impact of biomass burning and secondary formation in summertime in a rural area of the North China Plain[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016,557-558:520-530.
[34]	Han Y M, Han Z W, Cao J J, et al. Distribution and origin of carbonaceous aerosol over a rural high-mountain lake area, Northern China and its transport significance[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(10):2405-2414.
[35]	Gao J, Peng X, Chen G, et al. Insights into the chemical characterization and sources of PM2.5 in Beijing at a 1-h time resolution[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016,542(Pt A):162-171.
[36]	Li H M, Wang Q G, Yang M, et al. Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 aerosols in a megacity of Southeast China[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2016,181:288-299.
[37]	Wang H B, Tian M, Chen Y, et al. Seasonal characteristics, formation mechanisms and source origins of PM2.5 in two megacities in Sichuan Basin, China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2018,18(2):865-881.
[38]	Wang D F, Zhou B, Fu Q Y, et al. Intense secondary aerosol formation due to strong atmospheric photochemical reactions in summer:observations at a rural site in eastern Yangtze River Delta of China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016,571:1454-1466.
[39]	Hu W W, Hu M, Deng Z Q, et al. The characteristics and origins of carbonaceous aerosol at a rural site of PRD in summer of 2006[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012,12(4):1811-1822.
[40]	Andreae M O. Soot carbon and excess fine potassium:long-range transport of combustion-derived aerosols[J]. Science, 1983,220(4602):1148-1151.
[41]	张婷,曹军骥,刘随心.宝鸡市PM2.5中水溶性离子组分污染特征及来源分析[J]. 地球环境学报, 2017,8(1):46-54.
[42]	Shen Z X, Arimoto R, Cao J J, et al. Seasonal Variations and Evidence for the Effectiveness of Pollution Controls on Water-Soluble Inorganic Species in Total Suspended Particulates and Fine Particulate Matter from Xi'an, China[J]. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 2012,58(12):1560-1570.
[43]	Aswini A R, Hegde P, Nair P R. Carbonaceous and inorganic aerosols over a sub-urban site in peninsular India:Temporal variability and source characteristics[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2018,199:40-53.
[44]	Li J J, Wang G H, Wang X M, et al. Abundance, composition and source of atmospheric PM2.5 at a remote site in the Tibetan Plateau, China[J]. Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 2013,65(17):129-133.
[45]	Turpin B J, Lim H J. Species Contributions to PM2.5 Mass Concentrations:Revisiting Common Assumptions for Estimating Organic Mass[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2001,35(1):602-610.