Based on the Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (6S) model and the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) L1B data of the clear-sky geostationary satellites with a total of 94 images observed in 16 days selected from October to December in 2017, the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) in the Yangtze River Delta was inversed with the deep blue algorithm, which was validated by in-suit observation data at two stations. The Aerosol Direct Radiation Effect (ADRE) on the surface and the top layer of the atmosphere were further calculated and analyzed under typical haze weather. The results showed that the AOD retrieved from GOCI data had high fitting precision. In addition, the fitting correlation R² at Beichen building site and Taihu site were 0.68 and 0.67, respectively. Due to the refrigeration effect of aerosols, the AOD had a significant linear relationship with the direct radiant intensity of aerosols on the surface and at the top of the atmosphere spatially. Due to aerosol diffusion and wind direction, the intensity of radiation effects was high in the morning and afternoon and low at noon temporally. The images observed at 10:00 LT and 11:00 LT could better simulate the characteristics of the daily average ADRE. The process of an outburst and disappearance of the haze was successfully captured by using the ADRE diurnal variations, which was greatly significant to measure the near-surface temperature and analyze the formation of haze for the meteorological agency.