The feasibility and optimal pathway to achieve China's "double control" targets of carbon intensity and carbon emissions peak from the perspective of energy structure optimization was explored in this paper. Firstly, the Markov chain model and multi-objective optimization model were used to forecast China's energy consumption structure from the perspective of natural evolution, policy constraints and cost constraints. Secondly, three energy structure forecasting scenarios were combined with the three economic development scenarios to obtain prediction results of carbon intensities and carbon emissions under the nine scenarios, and the feasibility of each scenario to achieve the "double control" targets was analyzed. Finally, the multiple attribute decision model was used to select the optimal pathway to achieve the "double control" targets. The results showed that the targeted carbon intensity by 2020 and 2030 can be achieved differently in all scenarios. However, not all scenarios can achieve the carbon emission peak by 2030, and the speed of economic development was inversely proportional to the difficulty of achieving the carbon emission peak. Under the medium-speed economic development, a policy-constrained scenario was the optimal pathway for achieving the "double control" targets. The carbon emission reduction policies played a key role to the realization of the "double control" targets.