|
|
Characteristics of volatile organic compounds emissions from indoor burning of biomass pellets |
HUANG Tian-yao, LUO Zhi-han, HUANG Wen-xuan, MEN Ya-tai, QIN Li-fan, CHENG He-fa, SHEN Guo-feng |
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China |
|
|
Abstract This study conducted a series of field-based emission tests on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from residential burning of biomass pellets in rural northern China. Characteristics of VOCs for two different pellets were compared and discussed. The results of GC-MS analysis showed that the emission factor of total VOCs (TVOCs) ranged from 48.5 to 684.5mg/kg, with the aromatic hydrocarbons accounting for 37.0%~85.8% of the total, followed by the halogenated hydrocarbons at 14.2%~63.0%. Benzene and toluene were two predominant species, followed by methylene chloride and styrene. The real-time emission dynamic, by using the PID sensor instrument, showed similar releasing trends in the TVOCs and CO. Fuel type and stove use circumstances had obviously different VOCs emission performance. 53.0%~71.2% of the total VOCs were emitted during the ignition phase and flaming phase, while the VOCs levels were much lower during the smoldering phase. TVOCs formation was statistically not correlated with the combustion efficiency change during the burning period (P>0.05). The emission factors being calculated from the PID instrument and the GC-MS technology correlated with each other; however, there were significant differences in the values from these two methods. Components quantitatively detected by the GC-MS technology only accounted for 4% of the total VOCs mass from the PID instrument analysis. Clarifying emission characteristics and impacts of VOCs from biomass pellet combustion would improve the inventory of VOCs with lower uncertainties.
|
Received: 12 September 2023
|
|
|
|
|
[1] Shen G F, Du W, Luo Z H, et al. Fugitive emissions of CO and PM2.5 from indoor biomass burning in chimney stoves based on a newly developed carbon balance approach[J]. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 2020,7(3):128-134. [2] Shen G F, Tao S, Wei S Y, et al. Field measurement of emission factors of PM, EC, OC, Parent, Nitro-, and Oxy-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for residential briquette, coal cake, and wood in rural Shanxi, China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013,47(6):2998-3005. [3] Lu Z, Zhang Q, Streets D G. Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India, 1996~2010[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011,11(18):9839-9864. [4] Zhang Y L, Cao F. Is it time to tackle PM2.5 air pollutions in China from biomass-burning emissions?[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2015, 202:217-219. [5] 陈凡.秸秆成型颗粒烘焙特性及直燃供暖的生命周期评价[D]. 南京:南京林业大学, 2023. Cheng F. Study on torrefaction characteristics and life cycle assessment of direct-fired heating of biomass straw pellets[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University, 2023. [6] Shen G F, Tao S, Wei S Y, et al. Reductions in emissions of carbonaceous particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from combustion of biomass pellets in comparison with raw fuel burning[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012,46(11):6409-6416. [7] Lu X, Hong J Y, Zhang L, et al. Severe surface ozone pollution in China:a global perspective[J]. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 2018,5(8):487-494. [8] Wang T, Xue L K, Brimblecombe P, et al. Ozone pollution in China:a review of concentrations, meteorological influences, chemical precursors, and effects[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 575:1582-1596. [9] Li G H, Bei N F, Cao J J, et al. Widespread and persistent ozone pollution in eastern China during the non-winter season of 2015:observations and source attributions[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2017,17(4):2759-2774. [10] Liu Y, Shao M, Fu L L, et al. Source profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured in China:Part I[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(25):6247-6260. [11] Peng Q, Li L Z, Sun J, et al. VOC emission profiles from typical solid fuel combustion in Fenhe River Basin:field measurements and environmental implication[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2023,322:10. [12] Verma M, Pervez S, Majumdar D, et al. Emission estimation of aromatic and halogenated VOCs from household solid fuel burning practices[J]. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2019,16(6):2683-2692. [13] 魏巍.中国人为源挥发性有机化合物的排放现状及未来趋势[D]. 北京:清华大学, 2011. Wei W. Study on current and future anthropogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds in China[D]. Beijing:Tsinghua University, 2011. [14] Li L Y, Chen Y, Zeng L M, et al. Biomass burning contribution to ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the Chengdu-Chongqing Region (CCR), China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2014, 99:403-410. [15] An J L, Wang J X, Zhang Y X, et al. Source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in an urban environment at the Yangtze River Delta, China[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2017,72(3):335-348. [16] Liu Y F, Song M D, Liu X G, et al. Characterization and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their related changes during ozone pollution days in 2016 in Beijing, China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020,257:12. [17] Zhu Y H, Yang L X, Chen J M, et al. Characteristics of ambient volatile organic compounds and the influence of biomass burning at a rural site in northern China during summer 2013[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2016,124:156-165. [18] Kurokawa J, Ohara T, Morikawa T, et al. Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000~2008:Regional Emission inventory in Asia (REAS) version 2[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013,13(21):11019-11058. [19] Bhattu D, Zotter P, Zhou J, et al. Effect of stove technology and combustion conditions on gas and particulate emissions from residential biomass combustion[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019,53(4):2209-2219. [20] 姚宗路,赵立欣,等.生物质颗粒燃料特性及其对燃烧的影响分析[J]. 农业机械学报, 2010,41(10):97-102. Yao Z L, Zhao L X, Ronnback M, et al. Comparsion on characterization effect of biomass pellet fuels on combustion behavior[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural, 2010,41(10):97-102. [21] Li M, Zhang Q, Zheng B, et al. Persistent growth of anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions in China during 1990~2017:drivers, speciation and ozone formation potential[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2019,19(13):8897-8913. [22] 沈国锋.室内固体燃料燃烧产生的碳颗粒物和多环芳烃的排放因子及影响因素[D]. 北京:北京大学, 2012. Shen G F. Emission factors of carbonaceous particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from residential solid fuel combustions[D]. Beijing:Peking University, 2012. [23] HJ 644-2013环境空气挥发性有机物的测定吸附管采样-热脱附/气相色谱-质谱法[S]. HJ 644-2013 Determination of ambient air volatle organic compounds adsorption tube sampling-thermal desorption/gas chromatographymass spectrometry[S]. [24] Woolfenden E. Sorbent-based sampling methods for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in air part 1:sorbent-based air monitoring options[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2010,1217(16):2674-2684. [25] Wang Q, He X, Zhou M, et al. Hourly measurements of organic molecular markers in urban Shanghai, China:primary organic aerosol source identification and observation of cooking aerosol aging[J]. Acs Earth and Space Chemistry, 2020,4(9):1670-1685. [26] Roden C A, Bond T C, Conway S, et al. Emission factors and real-time optical properties of particles emitted from traditional wood burning cookstoves[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2006, 40(21):6750-6757. [27] Shen G F, Yang Y F, Wang W, et al. Emission factors of particulate matter and elemental carbon for crop residues and coals burned in typical household stoves in China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010,44(18):7157-7162. [28] Urbanski S P. Combustion efficiency and emission factors for wildfire-season fires in mixed conifer forests of the northern Rocky Mountains, US[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013,13(14):7241-7262. [29] Zhang Y S, Shao M, Lin Y, et al. Emission inventory of carbonaceous pollutants from biomass burning in the Pearl River Delta Region, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2013,76:189-199. [30] 华倩雯,冯菁,杨珏,等.苏州市人为源挥发性有机物排放清单及特征[J]. 环境科学学报, 2019,39(8):2690-2698. Hua Q W, Feng J, Yang Y, et al. Emission inventory and characteristics of volatile organic compounds from anthropogenic sources in Suzhou City[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2019,39(8):2690-2698. [31] Yao Z, Wu T, Zhao L, et al. Emission characteristic of VOCs from biomass molding fuel combustion[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2015,46(10):235-240. [32] Kudo S, Tanimoto H, Inomata S, et al. Emissions of nonmethane volatile organic compounds from open crop residue burning in the Yangtze River Delta region, China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 2014,119(12):7684-7698. [33] Geng C, Yang W, Sun X, et al. Emission factors, ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potential of volatile organic compounds emitted from industrial biomass boilers[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2019,83:64-72. [34] Li H Y, Li H Y, Zhang L, et al. High cancer risk from inhalation exposure to PAHs in Fenhe Plain in winter:a particulate size distribution-based study[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2019,216:11. [35] Liu C T, Zhang C L, Mu Y J, et al. Emission of volatile organic compounds from domestic coal stove with the actual alternation of flaming and smoldering combustion processes[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017,221:385-391. [36] Shi R D, Yuan Z B, Yang L F, et al. Integrated assessment of volatile organic compounds from industrial biomass boilers in China:emission characteristics, influencing factors, and ozone formation potential[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022,30(4):9852-9864. [37] Zhang Y, Kong S F, Sheng J J, et al. Real-time emission and stage-dependent emission factors/ratios of specific volatile organic compounds from residential biomass combustion in China[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2021,248:13. [38] Yonemura S, Kawashima S. Concentrations of carbon gases and oxygen and their emission ratios from the combustion of rice hulls in a wind tunnel[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2007,41(7):1407-1416. [39] Yonemura S, Sudo S, Tsuruta H, et al. Relations between light hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide concentrations in the plume from the combustion of plant material in a furnace[J]. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2002,43(1):1-19. [40] 孙树睿.典型燃烧源VOCs排放特征及污控设施影响研究[D]. 西安:长安大学, 2021. Sun S R. VOCs emission characteristics of typical combustion sources and the influence of air pollution control devices[D]. Xi'an:Chang'an University, 2021. [41] Zhang Q, Streets D G, Carmichael G R, et al. Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2009,9(14):5131-5153. [42] Evtyugina M, Alves C, Calvo A, et al. VOC emissions from residential combustion of Southern and mid-European woods[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2014,83:90-98. [43] Li X, Chen P, Xie Y, et al. Fine particulate matter and gas emissions at different burn phases from household coal-fired heating stoves[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2023,305:11. [44] Han Y, Chen Y, Feng Y, et al. Fuel aromaticity promotes low-temperature nucleation processes of elemental carbon from biomass and coal combustion[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2021, 55(4):2532-2540. [45] Huang G H, Wang S X, Chang X, et al. Emission factors and chemical profile of I/SVOCs emitted from household biomass stove in China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022,842:10. [46] Shen G F, Wang W, Yang Y F, et al. Emissions of PAHs from indoor crop residue burning in a typical rural stove:emission factors, size distributions, and gas-particle partitioning[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011,45(4):1206-1212. [47] Sun J, Shen Z X, Zeng Y L, et al. Characterization and cytotoxicity of PAHs in PM2.5 emitted from residential solid fuel burning in the Guanzhong Plain, China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018,241:359-368. [48] Huo Y Q, Guo Z H, Liu Y Z, et al. Addressing unresolved complex mixture of I/SVOCs emitted from incomplete combustion of solid fuels by nontarget analysis[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 2021,126(23):13. |
|
|
|