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2011 Vol.31 Issue.2,Published 2011-02-14
177 Seasonal variation of inorganic composition in ambient particulate matter in Tianjin offshore area and its source analysis
JI Hong-Liang, ZHAO Hong, KONG Shao-Fei, BAI Zhi-Peng, HAN Bin
Atmospheric particulate matter with different diameters (TSP, PM10and PM2.5) were collected during four cruises in Tianjin offshore area in 2006~2007 to analyze mass concentrations, main chemical components including elements, ions and carbon. The sources were analyzed using enrichment factors and ratios. The mass concentrations of TSP, PM10and PM2.5 were (294.98±3.95), (279.87±17.53) and (205.50±38.13)μg/m3, respectively and they represented obviously seasonal variation, with the highest value in autumn, then coming winter and the lowest in summer. The total element concentrations were 48.75, 47.94 and 32.08μg/m3 in TSP, PM10 and PM2.5. The highest ion was Na+ for TSP. The richest ion was Cl- for PM10and for PM2.5. The concentrations of OC for PM were all higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. The main source was soil for TSP in spring, but coal combustion translation particles influenced most for PM10and PM2.5in autumn and winter according to the Al/Fe value. Higher EFc values for Cu、Zn and Pb were found with the highest value 741.3 for Pb in PM10in winter. NO3-/SO42- ranged from 0.28to 0.85, with higher values in spring and summer than autumn and winter, which indicated that coal combustion and vehicle emission were both main sources. The variation range of OC/EC in 2.13~5.58indicated the existence of secondary organic carbon in this region.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 177-185 [Abstract] ( 300 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 674KB] ( 843 )
186 Inventory of atmospheric pollutants discharged from biomass burning in China continent in 2007
LU Bing, KONG Shao-Fei, HAN Bin, WANG Xiu-Yan, BAI Zhi-Peng
In the present work, the total amounts of CH4, SO2, NOx, NH3, EC, OC, NMVOC, CO, CO2, TSP, PM10, PM2.5discharged from biomass burning in Chinese continent region were calculated with biomass consumption combined with emission factors. Spatial distribution of the pollutants and mass contribution of each type of biomass combustion were given. In general , in the year 2007 , the total emissions of CH4, SO2, NOx, NH3, EC, OC, NMVOC, CO, CO2, TSP, PM10, PM2.5was 3332.7, 335.3, 951.3, 7754.9, 783.7, 267.7, 6049.6, 76579.6, 743743.7, 7677.8, 6668.9, 4043.7kt, respectively. Sichuan, Anhui, Guangxi, Shandong, Henan and Jiangsu held high emission amounts while in Beijing, Tianjin, Hainan, Ningxia, Qinghai and Tibet, the pollutants amount was low. Straw and firewood burning were main emission sources, which share 93.8%~98.7% of the total emission. The main substances emitting pollutants differed in different regions as well as the emission intensity per unit area and per capita.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 186-194 [Abstract] ( 379 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 677KB] ( 1938 )
195 VOC emission inventory and its uncertainty from the key VOC-related industries in the Pearl River Delta Region
YU Yu-Fan, LU Qing, ZHENG Jun-Yu, ZHONG Liu-Ju
Based upon the collected activity data and newly available emission factors for the key VOC-related industries, a 2006-based VOC emission inventory from these sources was developed for the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region by source sectors and cities with the use of appropriate estimation methods. The total VOC emission from these sources in the PRD region was about 416.9kt, with uncertainty ranges of 302.5kt to 689.6kt(-31%~58%) on the 95% confidence interval; the furniture-making industries, building coatings use and shoe-making industries were the major key VOC-related industries emission sources contributor in this region, which shared about 23.3%, 21.2% and 17.5% of total VOC emissions from key VOC-related industries emission sources, respectively; Dongguan was the largest contributor in the key VOC-related industries emission sources and then Shenzhen, accounting for 23.6% and 21.9% of total VOC emissions in the PRD region, respectively, with both major sources as furniture and building coating use. Lack of local emission factors and well documented activity data was the major source leading to uncertainty in emission estimation.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 195-201 [Abstract] ( 515 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 387KB] ( 3028 )
202 Monitoring of PM10 from HJ-1 CCD data
WANG Zhong-Ting, WANG Zi-Feng, LI Qing, CHEN Liang-Fu, ZHOU Chun-Yan, ZHANG Li-Juan
AOD (aerosol optical depth) over land surfaces was retrieved by DDV (dark dense vegetation) method, then based on the vertical and RH (relative humidity) correction, the model of PM10 retrieval was established. In order to validate the model, PM10 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area was retrieved from May to August, 2009, and was compared against the ground-based measurements provided by China National Environmental Monitoring Centre. The results showed that, HJ-1 data can meet the requirement of weekly monitoring of PM10, and the correlation coefficient between the retrieved and measured PM10 was 0.58. However, the HJ-1 retrieved PM10 had a negative bias from the ground-based measurements, and further improvement would be conducted to improve the retrieving accuracy.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 202-206 [Abstract] ( 292 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 529KB] ( 876 )
207 The origin of crop residue burning impact on air quality of Nanjing
YIN Cong, ZHU Bin, CAO Yun-Chang, SU Ji-Feng, WANG Xiao-Ying, WANG Hong
The regional transport and local sources of air pollution inducing by crop residue burning was discussed by using satellite remote sensing of fire hot spots data, cloud cover information and back trajectory analysis. The results showed that the polluted air mass could dispersion in regional scale in certain meteorological condition and the relationship between upstream fire hot spots and downstream city Air Pollution Index was obviously. We categorized the air pollution events into three types, which were local(e.g., 31May 2006, 8November 2009), regional(e.g., 28October 2008), and the integration of the two(e.g., 14June 2006, 5June 2007, 2June 2008) respectively. By using fire hot spots and air mass back trajectory analysis, the source of pollutants could be conformed in cloudy days. Weather conditions of air pollution analysis showed that crop residue burning accompanies 500hPa trough (in or in front), low shear and weak convergence in atmospheric boundary layer, sparse isobar, low wind speed/calm wind, are not convenience for air pollutants dispersion. On the other hand, inversion layer confined the pollutants in the mixing layer and high relative humidity was in favor of the formation of haze, intensifying air pollution.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 207-213 [Abstract] ( 301 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1576KB] ( 1559 )
214 Statistical analysis of atmospheric particulate matter sources in Longyan City
FANG Chun-Sheng, CHEN Fen-Ding, CHEN Ke-Hua, XIAO Zhong-Shen, WANG Ju
In order to determine the main pollution sources of atmospheric particles in Longyan City, elemental compositions of 10 kinds of dust samples were analyzed through enrichment factor analysis and R-cluster analysis. Component spectrum of each dust sample were significantly different. However, concentrations of metallic elements contained in those samples all exceeded the normal levels. The enrichment factor (EF) values of W and Bi in kaolin mining respectively were 255.32, 520.12. That of Bi in red soil reached 173.41. And the EF value of Sb in coal ash was 119.98. This is mainly due to the contribution of motor vehicle exhaust, steel mills and coal combustion, etc. This analysis revealed that main origins of atmospheric particles in Longyan City are road and soil dust, cement dust, metallurgical dust, and fodder dust.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 214-219 [Abstract] ( 665 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 302KB] ( 2716 )
220 Changing characteristics of PM initial emission factors for layer soft coal-fired boilers
YAO Zhi-Mao, KANG Hong, ZHAO Xin, LI Jun
The influences of boiler output(W), excess air coefficient(a), coal ash content(w(A)) on particulate matter(PM) initial emission factors in coal combustion were analyzed by statistical analysis method and SPSS13.0 using PM actual test data and coal analysis data from 95 medium and small layer soft coal-fired boilers, actual capacity of boilers￡70 MW. The changing characteristics of PM initial emission factors was also studied. The results indicated the PM initial emission factors EF0C, EF0H, and EF0A based on fuel consumption, coal lower heating value and coal ash content were not related with W under the condition of boiler loads380%, and EF0C, EF0H increased slightly with a and w(A) increasing. Moreover, EF0A decreased with w(A) increasing. The orders from strong to weak of three influencing factors were w(A)> a> W for EF0C, w(A)> a> W for EF0H, and w(A)> a> W for EF0A respectively.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 220-224 [Abstract] ( 274 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 492KB] ( 728 )
225 Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectra analysis of dissolved organic matter in MBR used for restaurant wastewater treatment
HE Lei, WANG Zhi-Wei, WU Zhi-Chao
Through excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra analysis, the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the process of membrane bioreactor used for restaurant wastewater treatment were studied. Meanwhile, the influence of raw water quality and volumetric loading on migration features of DOM and the impact of fluorescent substances on membrane fouling rate were studied. Protein substances had the largest percentage in various fluorescent substances of DOM and SPSS analysis also showed that protein-fluorescent substances in soluble microbial metabolic products (SMP) and bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) had the greatest impact on membrane fouling rate. However, the intensity of protein-fluorescent substances in tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (TB-EPS) showed a strong negative correlation with membrane fouling rate. Humic acid produced by microbial metabolism with fluorescence-based groups was primary source of humic acid in DOM.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 225-232 [Abstract] ( 323 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 675KB] ( 808 )
233 Catalytic ozonation of trace sulfadiazine in water by ZnOOH
ZHOU Ning-Juan, XUE Gang, BU Dan, LIU Ya-Nan
ZnOOH prepared in laboratory was used as a catalyst in the ozonation of trace sulfadiazine (SD) in water. The catalytic mechanism was deduced base on the effect of radical inhibitor t-BuOH on the reaction. The influences of O3dose, water quality parameters (pH, chloride anion concentration), catalyst dose and catalyst reuse on the SD removal were also examined. ZnOOH had excellent catalytic activity in SD ozonation. The hydroxyl groups combined on the catalyst surfaces played a part in the catalytic reactions. The removal of SD dissolved in distilled water increased by 47.7% at reaction time of 30min in ozonation with zinc hydroxide compared to the ozonation without catalyst under optimal conditions. The catalytic reaction process followed a hydroxyl radical reaction mechanism and the SD removal improved with increasing dosage of catalyst. ZnOOH can be reused for several times without obvious reduction of catalytic activity and Cl- in water could greatly decrease the catalytic activity of ZnOOH. The optimal catalytic activity of ZnOOH achieved at weak basic solution.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 233-238 [Abstract] ( 347 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 418KB] ( 847 )
239 Glyphosate adsorption by ferric supported active carbon
XIE Ming, XU Yan-Hua
Ferric supported active carbon was prepared by impregnation-calcination method and the characteristics of its surface were investigated by scanning electron magnification (SEM), and both adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics of Fe-AC were studied. The effects of different factors on the adsorption process were also studied. Freundlich equation fitted well to supported ferric active carbon adsorption isotherm, the maximum adsorption capacity was 5.8mmol/g; and the adsorption kinetics was fitted well by Lagergren equation, so adsorption rate constant can be calculated out 0.088min-1 that can decrease with the temperature increase. According to Kannan & Sundaram internal diffusion model, the internal diffusion constant was higher than 10mg·min-1/2/g, which decreased with the temperature increase. Due to the ionization form of glyphosate and the change of Fe-AC surface characteristics, the adsorption capacity of glyphosate decreased when the pH of solution increased. Antagonistic effect caused the adsorption capacity decrease of Fe-AC due to the existence of NaCl, and when the concentration of NaCl reached 4g/L, salting-out effect became dominant, which increased the adsorption capacity slightly. Because of the steric hindrance of glyphosate and the complex formation between phosphate and supported ferric active carbon surface, the Fe-AC adsorption capacity decreased continuously while the concentration of phosphate increase.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 239-244 [Abstract] ( 320 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 681KB] ( 901 )
245 Effect of biogas recirculation and hydrogen removal on the process of thermophilic anaerobic digestion
HE Pin-Jing, LI Lei, HAO Li-Ping, 吕Fan , SHAO Li-Ming
Two anaerobic sequenced batch reactors (ASBR) fed with glucose and sodium acetate were applied to investigate the effect of biogas recirculation, i.e. recycling the biogas with and without hydrogen removal, on their performance. Acetate metabolic rate, effluent properties and microbial morphologies were studied. Meanwhile, molecular weight (MW) distribution and fluorescence feature of soluble microbial products (SMP) were analyzed by size exclusion chromatography and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy. Gas regulation improved the mixing condition, which accelerated the anaerobic reaction rates such as methanogenesis. The residual volatile fatty acids (VFAs) declined from 238.2mg/L (without hydrogen removal) and 129.6mg/L (with hydrogen removal) to 8.5mg/L and 8.2mg/L, respectively. Biogas recirculation eventually decreased the SMP content, which fell to 36.8% and 59.2% of the initial values respectively after 45days. Hydrogen removal promoted acetogenesis and acetate oxidation, and obviously changed the concentrations of methanogenic precursors and the microbial morphologies. It also promoted the conversion of high MW-SMP to low MW-SMP. Gas recirculation improved the quality of the effluent, while hydrogen removal accelerated the metabolism of acetate, thus is expected to facilitate the release of methanogensis from acidification and enhance the anaerobic conversion of organics.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 245-252 [Abstract] ( 275 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 664KB] ( 722 )
253 Application of compounded microbial inoculants on composting process of excess activated sludge
欧Yang-Jian-Xin , SHI Zhou, CUI Kai-Long, ZHONG Hua, LIANG Yun-Shan
The study focused on the effect of microbial inoculant composite (Bacillus subtili and Phanerochaete chrysosporium) on static composting of excess activated sludge under forced ventilation.According to the temperature change in the composting process (mesophilic(0~5d), thermophilic (6~12d), and maturing(13~28d)), the number of bacterial population of the compost inoculated with the microbes was obviously higher than that of the control, and the population of the thermophilic fungi also significantly increased in the thermophilic stage,effectively enhanceing the degradation of organic matter and accelerateing maturing of the compost.The germination index (GI) of radish seed for the experiment group reached 50% spending 3d less than that for the control one,indicating that addition of the compound microbial inoculant acutely accelerated the decreasing of the compost biological toxicity.However, due to the relative enrichment effect, the Cd (II) content of compost product increased slightly.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 253-258 [Abstract] ( 283 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 467KB] ( 1172 )
259 Carbon emission and its reduction strategies during municipal solid waste treatment
LI Huan, JIN Yi-Ying, LI Yang-Yang
Based on the calculation of carbon emission from municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment processes by using the mass balance model, a low-carbon strategy for MSW management was established by evaluating the relatively low-carbon degree of these processes. Restaurant garbage digestion for methane production, MSW landfill for gas utilization, and incineration for power production had the lowest carbon emission, with low-carbon degrees of 93.7%, 75.3% and 71.0%, respectively. In areas where the above technologies were limited, semi-aerobic landfill and landfill with an aerobic stabilization pretreatment were also effective for carbon emission reduction, and their low-carbon degrees were 61.8% and 56.7%, respectively. According to the present MSW treatment status in China, it was estimated that the CH4 emission was above 6 million tons and the total carbon emission was about 150 million tons per year from MSW treatment. With the implementation of the low-carbon management strategy, in 2015, the CH4 emission and the total carbon emission could be reduced to approximately 5 million tons and 130 million tons, respectively.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 259-264 [Abstract] ( 310 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 393KB] ( 3092 )
265 Effect of fertilizing proportion on the distribution of phosphorus between solid and liquid phase in long term experiment
LI Chun-Yue, WANG Yi, DANG Ting-Hui, WANG Wan-Zhong, LIU Wen-Zhao
It is important to enhance the phosphorus utilization efficiency by the suitable land management to decrease the non-point source pollution in the sustainable and stable of ecological agriculture. The main objective of this research is to declare how the different fertilizer treatments influence the phosphorus distribution between solid and liquid phase. This experiment tested 11nitrogen-phosphorus, 8nitrogen-phosphorus-organic fertilizer ratios in a 25years long-term wheat experiment field in Changwu research station. The distribution coefficient of phosphorus between solid and liquid phase had correlation with Ca2-P and active organic phosphorus. Despite the distribution coefficient appeared reverse trend, the total P, P in solid phase and P in liquid phase all were increased with the P fertilizer application when in the same nitrogen fertilizer level (N90). The nitrogen fertilizer applications can affect the phosphorus usage. The total P was the minimum, the P in liquid phase was the maximum and the available P in solid phase has a decrease trend at N135when P fertilizer at the same level. The distribution coefficient was the maximum at only applying P fertilizer (No nitrogen). The organic matter can trigger the effectiveness of P. Balanced fertilization has magnitude effect on P efficient utilization.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 265-270 [Abstract] ( 232 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 358KB] ( 644 )
271 Effects of plant invasion along a Spartina alterniflora chronosequence on organic carbon dynamics in coastal wetland in north Jiangsu
ZHANG Yao-Hong, ZHANG Fu-Cun, ZHOU Xiao-Dong, XIE Xiao-Jin, WANG Xiao-Wei, LI Qiang, LEI Jun
Spartina alterniflora, an invasive grass, had rapidly replaced native plant Suaeda salsa since its intentional introduction to the coastal wetlands in Eastern China. Impacts of plant invasion along a Spartina alterniflora chronosequence on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics were investigated. The concentrations of SOC in bulk soil increased 70% from 2.89g/kg soil in remnant Suaeda salsa-vegetated soil to 4.90g/kg in 14-year Spartina alterniflora soil, and these values enhanced significantly along its chronosequence. The increase mainly resulted from a high quantity of organic residues incorporated in the soil. Compared with Suaeda salsa-vegetated soil, The SOC concentration increased significantly in coarse fraction (>250mm and 53~250mm) of Spartina alterniflora-vegetated soil, while there was no obvious difference in fine fraction (2~53mm). The δ13C values of SOC for either bulk soil or particle-size fractions were evidently higher in Spartina alterniflora-vegetated soil than in Suaeda salsa-vegetated soil. There was Spartina alterniflora-derived C in all particle-size fraction, however 31%~43% of the Spartina alterniflora-derived C distributed in the coarse fraction (>250mm). It was concluded in this study that Spartina alterniflora invasion significantly promoted SOC accumulation of surface soil in coastal wetland, and new C accumulation profoundly resulted in increasing SOC concentration of the coarse fraction (>250mm).
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 271-276 [Abstract] ( 340 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 459KB] ( 594 )
277 Degradation characteristics of single and mixed PAHs by Polyporellus picipes
DU Li-Na, GAO Da-Wen
Polyporellus picipes, which existed commonly in forest area of northeast China, was used to degrade single and mixed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The accumulated degradations of phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene were measured in 11, 22and 33d respectively. The degradation of single PAHs were phenanthrene > anthracene> pyrene, and the accumulated degradation efficiencies of 33days were 96.56%, 94.76% and 57.53%, respectively. The accumulated degradation efficiencies of phenanthrene and pyrene in the presence of anthracene were 99.46% and 61.09%. In mixed PAHs degradation, adding a bit of anthracene would stimulate Polyporellus picipes to degrade phenanthrene and pyrene, and make the degradation efficiencies of them raise 2.9% and 3.56%. In conclusion, to improve the degradation of high molecular weight (HMW) or refractory PAHs, the low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs could be used as the co-metabolism substrates for HMW PAHs degradation.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 277-282 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 421KB] ( 802 )
283 The vegetation NDVI variation and its responses to climate change and LUCC from 1982 to 2006 year in northeast permafrost region
MAO De-Hua, WANG Zong-Ming, SONG Kai-Shan, LIU Dian-Wei, ZHANG Bai, ZHANG Su-Mei, LUO Ling, ZHANG Chun-Hua
Based on the remote sensing data, GIMMS AVHRR and MODIS datasets NDVI during 1982~2006, the annual dynamic and spatial variability of vegetation NDVI in northeast permafrost region were studied. And combined the meteorological data and land use/cover data the responses of vegetation NDVI to climate change and land use/cover change was analyzed. The vegetation NDVI in northeast permafrost was high and had obvious spatial variability. Forest was the principal vegetation type which NDVI was the supreme and mainly distributed in the zone of Da\Xiao Hinggan Mountains and Yi-Chun. The NDVI of lawn which mainly distribute in the southwest was relatively small. The variation trend of vegetation growth in the 25 years in northeast permafrost region was that vegetation NDVI decreased prominently with the temperature rose significantly and precipitation decreased. Precipitation was the main factor influenced vegetation NDVI compared with temperature (the correlation coefficient is 0.74). The northeast permafrost region vegetation NDVI showed four stages by the influences of climate change and human activities from 1982 to 2006. The different vegetation types showed different annual variation disciplines. The discipline of lawn had the biggest volatility in the 25 years. The change of vegetation NDVI had obvious spatial variability. The climate change and permafrost degradation influenced the vegetation NDVI dynamic in the northeast permafrost region. The risen annual mean temperature and decreased annual precipitation had affected the growth of vegetation. In the scale of pixel, the vegetation NDVI had significant correlation between and temperature as well as precipitation and showed temporal and spatial response to the changing climate. The analysis result of LUCC stated clearly that the changes of land cover type in different areas had leaded to increased or decreased NDVI value. Although the LUCC proportion in northeast permafrost region was small, different transformation between the land cover types caused important influence to the size of NDVI value and spatial distribution.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 283-292 [Abstract] ( 354 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1877KB] ( 1425 )
293 Distribution characteratics of PAHs and OCPs in sediments of Liaohe River and Taihu Lake and their risk evaluation based on sediment quality criteria
LIU Nan-Nan, CHEN Peng, ZHU Shu-Zhen, ZHU Ling-Yan
Surface sediment samples were collected from Liaohe and Taihu.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organic chlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the sediment samples were determined with GC/MS.The concentrations of the total PAHs in Liaohe and Taihu varied in the range of 120.8~22120ng/g (dry weight, dw) and 256.6 ~1709ng/g (dw), with the mean concentrations of 3281ng/g and 829.0ng/g respectively. Tetra and penta~hexa-cyclic compounds were the main PAHs compounds in the sediments of both areas and fluoranthene was predominant. The results of source apportionment indicated that PAHs in both areas were mainly due to the pyrogenic sources. SOCPs in Liaohe and Taihu were relatively lower and were dominated by β-HCH, suggesting no new source of HCHs. Equilibrium partitioning approach was used to derive the sediment quality criterias (SQCs) for PAHs and OCPs. Based on the SQCs, risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the ecological risk of PAHs and OCPs in the sediments. In some sites of Hunhe, the total sediment toxicity unit ?ESBTUFCV was larger than 1for PAHs, HCHs and DDTs, suggesting high environmental risk in Hunhe. The risk in sediment of Tai lake was acceptable for PAHs, HCHs and DDTs.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 293-300 [Abstract] ( 311 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 562KB] ( 1203 )
301 Ecological risk assessment of nitrobenzene in main rivers of China
XING Li-Qun, ZHENG Xin-Mei, LIU Hong-Ling, YU Hong-Xia, ZHANG Xiao-Wei
An ecological risk assessment (ERA) of nitrobenzene exposed to aquatic ecosystem was conducted by quotient method and a probabilistic approach based on the observed nitrobenzene concentrations in different rivers in China. The aquatic toxicity data of nitrobenzene were acquired from USEPA AQUIRE database. The results showed that the potential ecological risk of nitrobenzene in main rivers of China is quite low: hazard quotients (HQ) are all much less than unity; while the probabilities at 1% and 5% of the affected aquatic organisms in the worst case are 1.49% and 0.22%, respectively. However, at the maximum allowable concentrations of nitrobenzene by the national wastewater discharge standard class I, II and III, 35.57%, 48.38% and 64.59% of the aquatic organisms could be adversely affected, respectively.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 301-306 [Abstract] ( 302 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 461KB] ( 1020 )
307 Simulating the transfer and fate of DDTs in Nanjing
FANG Li-Jiang, LIU Min, LI Xiang-Yang, GAO Hong
Taking Nanjing as the research area and three DDTs isomers as the study objects, a level Ⅳ fugacity model of Nanjing area was established. The model was used to simulate the concentrations distribution and transfer fluxes of three DDTs isomers in air, water, soil, sediment, and plants of study area. Moreover, taking the p, p￠-DDT as an example, the model output concentrations were 9.72×10-9mol/m3 in water, 9.87×10-5mol/m3 in soil, 4.61×10-6mol/m3 in sediment, and 8.28×10-6mol/m3 in plant, respectively, which were in good agreement and had same order of magnitude with the observed concentrations with 2.69×10-9mol/m3 in water, 2.41′10-4mol/m3 in soil, 8.15′10-6mol/m3 in sediment, and 2.43×10-5mol/m3 in plant in research area, respectively. The established model was applicable in Nanjing region. In addition, the model was also applied for predicting the concentration variations of each environmental medium in Nanjing from 2000 to 2050. The transfer processes in Nanjing region were similar to those in Hangzhou, in which the main transfer processes in order were as follows: the air-soil deposition, water-sediment deposition, air-water deposition, soil-water outflow(soil erosion), water-air diffusion, but were far different from those in North China, which were the main air-soil deposition, air-water deposition or water-air diffusion. From this study, we could also deduce that agricultural application in early years were the most main source of DDTs in Nanjing area, occupying 97.69% of the total amount in the environment. The degradation in air and soil were the major way of DDTs disappearing from the study area, accounting for 95.44%~95.96%, another disappearing ways included the degradation in water, sediment and plant as well as outflow from air and water. After several decades, the biggest bulk sinks were soil and sediment occupying 99.28%, meanwhile the concentration in plant showed a dramatic decline.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 307-315 [Abstract] ( 330 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 618KB] ( 790 )
316 Inhibition of overwinter cyanobacteria recovery in Taihu water by gamma-ray irradiation
ZHENG Bin-Guo, ZHANG Ji-Biao, LUO Xing-Zhang, ZHENG Zheng, LIU Qun, GUO Fei-Hong
The inhibition of overwintering cyanobacteria recovery in Taihu Water by gamma-ray irradiation from 60Co was studied, the effects of different absorbed doses and additives (methanol, sodium carbonate) on inhibition were investigated. Gamma-ray irradiation significantly inhibited the recovery of overwintering cyanobacteria, the increasing of absorbed dose enhanced the inhibition effect. The ratio of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and phycocyanin, in water with the absorbed dose of 5kGy and 40 days culture, were 8.66%、16.8% and 17.2% to that in control sample, the recovery of overwintering cyanobacteria was inhibited. 0.5% CH3OH、0.22mmol/LNa2CO3 additives restrained irradiation process, with the same absorbed dose and culture time, the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and phycocyanin concentration in water sample contained additives were higher than that in control sample.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 316-320 [Abstract] ( 255 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 377KB] ( 651 )
321 Algicidal effect of an algae-lysing bacterium YZ on Microcystis aeruginosa
NIU Dan-Dan, ZHENG Qing-Song, LIU Zhao-Pu, ZHANG Na, WANG Hui, YAO Yao
For the sake of further research on Algae-lytic effect of YZ which was isolated from a lake in Qingdao, The algae-lytic influences of different content of YZ bacteria-free filtrate on the growth of M.aeruginosa FACHB469, the content of chlorophyll and malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, the actual photochemical efficiency of PS Ⅱin the light (ΦPSⅡ=yield), the maximal relative electron transport rate (Pm), light use efficiency (α) in M. aeruginosa FACHB469were studied. In a certain range, the content of YZ bacteria-free filtrateYZ was in direct ratio with the effect of algae-lying. When more than 10mL bacteria-free filtrate was added into 100mL M.aeruginosa, it did not only inhibit the growth of FACHB469significantly, but also caused the MDA contents increased, the activity of SOD was enhanced in 6and 72hours. Besides, the yield, Pm and α were decreased obviously. Algae lysis of YZ was mainly attributed to the decreased activity of SOD, the enhancement in the liqid peroxidation of the cellular membrane and the photosynthetic inhibition of M.aeruginosa.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 321-326 [Abstract] ( 279 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 506KB] ( 694 )
327 The simulating experiment for the impacts of environmental factors on Spring algae growth in Xiangxi River
LONG Tian-Yu, ZHOU Peng-Rui, WU Lei
Three batches of water samples were collected from Xiangxi River between March to May 2010, and the L9(34) orthogonal experiments of algae growth were conducted in laboratory. Nutrient concentrations in water, water temperature, light intensity and water flow velocity were selected as environmental factors, and the growth rate of Chla was taken as evaluation index. The effects of environmental factors on the growth of preponderant diatoms in spring were studied. The optimal conditions for algal growth under the condition of the orthogonal experiments were 3.5mg/L for total nitrogen (TN), 0.3mg/L for total phosphorus (TP), 20℃ for water temperature, 4700lx for light intensity and 0.1m/s for flow velocity. The degree of impact of environmental factors on the algal growth was light intensity, velocity, water temperature and nutrient concentration in turn. The algae growth rates in flow water with velocity being 0.05m/s or 0.1m/s was significantly higher than that in static water. The increase of TN and TP concentration could obviously promote the algae growth when TN<1.5mg/L, TP<0.1mg/L;the effects of increasing TN and TP concentrations on algae growth was little when TN and TP concentrations respectively reached 3.5mg/L and 0.3mg/L.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 327-331 [Abstract] ( 281 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 421KB] ( 935 )
332 A new method for screening the priority toxic contaminants in reclaimed water
ZHONG Wen-Jue, WANG Dong-Hong, XU Xiao-Wei, YUAN Sheng-Guang, WANG Zi-Jian
A new method for screening priority toxic organic contaminants in reclaimed water was proposed. In the procedure,combination of C18 and HLB solid-phase extraction cartridges and elution conditions were optimized. Toxic contaminants in complex matrix were characterized using both retention time lock (RTL) and deconvolution technology, and identified based on the hazardous chemical database (HCD). The recoveries of 30contaminants with log Kow between 1.48 and 6.41were from 52.1% to 138% (RSD <13.6%). The method was applied for screening the priority toxic contaminants in the reclaimed waters in Tianjin City in 2007and 2008, respectively. A total of 30toxic contaminants were identified, in which 7are regulated and 11are unregulated. Comparing their concentrations in influents, effluents and the receiving waters, it was found that the present treatment processes were not quite efficient regarding to the removal of the toxic contaminants from wastewaters.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 332-339 [Abstract] ( 288 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 388KB] ( 626 )
340 Effects of elevated O3 or/and CO2 on growth in leaves of Quercus mongolica
WANG Lan-Lan, HE Xing-Yuan, CHEN Wei, LI Xue-Mei
To study the responses of photosynthesis and growth in leaves of Quercus mongolica to elevated O3, elevated CO2 and elevated O3+CO2 in urban area, experiment was conducted in Shenyang Arboretum located at the center of the city. Four-year-old trees grown in open-top chambers (OTC) were exposed to control, elevated O3, elevated CO2 and elevated O3 + elevated CO2 for two growing seasons, and the growth (fresh weight, dry weight, leaf, area per leaf ), and diurnal assimilation amounts of Quercus mongolica leaves were measured. Diurnal assimilation amounts were decreased in elevated O3 treatment, the fresh weight, dry weight and area per leaf were also reduced by elevated O3 compared to the control. Under elevated CO2 exposure, the fresh weight, dry weight and area per leaf were increased, significantly in 2007, While, Diurnal assimilation amounts were increased after elevated CO2 exposure in total. When trees were exposed to both elevated O3 and elevated CO2, the fresh weight, dry weight, area per leaf and Diurnal assimilation amounts were all lower than control but higher than only elevated O3 treatment, which indicated that high CO2 can largely relieve the damage of high O3 to photosynthesis of Quercus mongolica leaves, so as to relieve the O3-induced negative effect of leaves growth.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 340-345 [Abstract] ( 270 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 451KB] ( 674 )
346 China urban resident’s willingness to pay for carbon dioxide emission reductions
ZENG Xian-Gang
The factors which affect Chinese urban resident’s willingness to pay (WTP) for CO2 emission reductions were investigated by using contingent valuation method (CVM). China urban resident’s WTP was 132 yuan/year for reducing CO2 emissions by 30% until the year 2050, 216 yuan/year for a reduction of 60%, and 264 yuan/year for a reduction of 85%. Through the general regression model analysis, it was found that the urban resident’s education level, household’s annual per capita income, job type, city location, cognitive level on climate change and environmental awareness were closely correlated with the WTP, and how the costs for reducing CO2 emissions should be shared among countries also had significant impact on the WTP.
2011 Vol. 31 (2): 346-352 [Abstract] ( 303 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 343KB] ( 893 )
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