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2010 Vol.30 Issue.1,Published 2010-01-20
1 Impact of wind direction on atmospheric particulate matter concentrations in Beijing
LIU Xian-De, LI Jun, ZHAO Yue, AN Xin-Xin, LI Bing, YANG Hong-Xia, LI Yu-Wu, DONG Shu-Ping
TSP samples were collected at three sites in southern suburb, downtown and northern suburb of Beijing from September 2005 to September 2006. 29 elements were determined using ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Based on meteorological data as well as air concentrations, spatial distributions and sources of TSP and its characteristics elements such as Al、Fe、Ca、S、Se、Pb、Zn under different wind directions were investigated. The concentrations averaged over sites for TSP as well as Al, Fe varied slightly for three wind directions; and concentrations at 3 sites demonstrated stepwise increasing trends along with the northeastlies. On the other hand, concentrations for typical heavy metals emitted from non-ferrous industry such as Pb and Zn were substantially higher when southwestlies prevail; and concentrations at 3 sites demonstrated stepwise decline trends along with the southwestlies. Pb, Zn and some heavy metals were most likely of atmospheric transport contribution from non-ferrous industrial emission in the region to the south of southern suburb of Beijing; whereas Al, Fe and other crustal elements were mainly from local sources of Beijing.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 1-6 [Abstract] ( 248 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 455KB] ( 1807 )
7 Calculation of SO2 and NOx emission factors of China’s national power grids
CAO Lin, WANG Can
Following the methodology described in the tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system, which was approved by the Executive Board (EB) of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), the emission factors of SO2 and NOx of seven national power grids in China were calculated. The co-benefits in SO2 and NOx emission reductions of CDM projects were then explored by different power grids and different project types. The CDM project in Central China Power Grid had the largest effect on avoiding SO2 emission per unit electricity generation, while in Northeastern Power Grid the effect was smallest. Regarding NOx emission avoided per unit electricity generation by CDM project, the Northeastern Power Grid had the largest impact while the Southern Power Grid had the smallest. The co-benefit of CDM in China could be improved by encouraging the development in grids with higher SO2 and NOx emission factors, given that the existing CDM projects dominanted in Southern Power Grid that had relatively small potential of SO2 and NOx emission reductions per unit power generation. Among the varius type of CDM project, the wind power and solar power generation projects have relatively more cobenefits in pollution reduction.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 7-11 [Abstract] ( 365 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 383KB] ( 1580 )
12 Characteristics and sources of metal elements in PM2.5 during hazy days in Nanjing
YANG Wei-Fen, YIN Yan, WEI Yu-Xiang, CHEN Kui
Fine particular matter (PM2.5) was continuously sampled with a TEOM-1400a (tapered element oscillating microbalance)ambient particulate monitor (Rupprecht and Patashnick Corp.) in Nanjing from 13 June 2007 to 29 May 2008. Thirty metal elements, including K, Al, Ca and Pb etc., were determined using an inductive coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS), and characteristics of these components were analyzed and compared between hazy and non-hazy days. The annual mean concentration of PM2.5 in Nanjing was around 103μg/m3, quite higher than that in clean cities, and that the PM2.5 concentration in hazy days was 1.35 fold higher than that in non-hazy days. It was also found that the concentration of metal elements in hazy days was higher than that in non-hazy days in autumn and winter, but there was no significant difference between hazy and non-hazy days in spring. Enrichment factor (EF) analysis for metal elements showed that metal components from anthropogenic origins (Cu, Se, Hg and Bi) were highly enriched in PM2.5,especially in hazy days. A source analysis further revealed that PM2.5 in hazy days in Nanjing mainly originated from soil dusts, metallurgic emissions, the combustion of fossil fuel, refuse incineration and emissions from construction industries, which contributed 29.21%, 20.15%, 27.15%, 7.09% and 5.10%, respectively, to the total mass of PM2.5.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 12-17 [Abstract] ( 393 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 381KB] ( 1269 )
18 Semi-continuous analysis on the water-soluble inorganic ions of PM2.5 in spring in Jinan City
WANG Jing, GAO Xiao-Mei, SHOU You-Ping, YANG Ling-Xiao, WANG Wen-Xing
A semi-continuous measurement (ambient ions monitor) of water soluble ions in PM2.5 in Jinan was conducted from 31 March to 19 April, 2008. SO2, NO2, O3, and meteorological parameters were also monitored. SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ were the dominant water-soluble fractions, and their proportions were 61.1%, 13.4% and 16.7%, respectively. Compared with other cities in China, concentrations of water-soluble ions, especially SO42-, were much higher in Jinan in spring. The concentrations of sulfates exhibited a diurnal variation that was generally larger in the daytime than in the nighttime. In contrast, the diurnal variations of nitrate and ammonium were small. The concentrations of total water-soluble ions were strongly related to the meteorological parameters, such as temperature, solar radiation, mixed-layer height and wind. The back-trajectories analysis suggested that the mass concentrations of PM2.5 increased while the air masses from northeast-southwest and northeast direction. Additionally, the terrain in Jinan and local pollutants should not be neglected in these polluted events in spring.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 18-24 [Abstract] ( 261 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 622KB] ( 735 )
25 Impact on human health due to different PM10 controlling targets in Pearl River Delta in 2006
XIE Peng, LIU Xiao-Yun, LIU Zhao-Rong, LI Tian-Tian, ZHONG Liu-Ju, XIANG Yun-Rong
Concentration of PM10 was measured at 16 typical sites in Pearl River Delta in 2006. Both Poisson regression model and life table method were used to calculate the health benefits due to controlling PM10 concentration in Pearl River Delta. The annual mean concentration of PM10 was found to reach 73μg/m3. For adults (older than 30), the avoidable deaths would be 2300 person and the life expectancy of residents would prolong 0.13 year, if the annual mean PM10 concentration reduced to the national air quality specification Level II of PM10. If the PM10 controlling targets recommended by WHO could be reached, the avoidable deaths would be 8700 person (70μg/m3), 19700 person (50μg/m3), 32600 person (30μg/m3) and 38500 person (20μg/m3), respectively, and life expectancy of residents would prolong 0.47 year (70μg/m3), 1.1 years (50μg/m3), 1.9 years (30μg/m3) and 2.3 years (20μg/m3).
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 25-29 [Abstract] ( 253 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 338KB] ( 997 )
30 Effect of rainfall characteristics on pollutant removal by road initial runoff settlement
ZUO Xiao-Jun, FU Da-Fang, LI He
By using the free settlement tests of rainfall runoff sampled from a representative of expressway pavement in Nanjing, removal rates of pollutants were evaluated during runoff settling. The influences of rainfall characteristics, seasonal changes, initial SS concentration, temperature and pH on the removal rates by settling were analyzed. Thirty rainfall events were monitored from February 2008 to March 2009.The results showed that SS removal by settlement was the most obvious after 2 hour free settlement. The average removal rate of SS was 33.26%. The average removal rates of other pollutants were about 20%. By cluster analysis, it could be seen that the effect of the rainfall and average rainfall intensity on SS and COD settlement was the greatest. In seasons of summer and winter, the average SS removal rates were 42.13% and 20.76%, respectively. But the removal rates of COD and heavy metals had no obvious variation with season change. There was a better correlation between the initial concentration of SS and the SS removal rate, the correlation coefficient reached 0.6864.The significant level of temperature and SS、Pb removal rates were at 0.01 and 0.05, respectively. Zn, as mostly dissolved, was greatly affected by pH.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 30-36 [Abstract] ( 194 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 524KB] ( 825 )
37 Coefficients of major pollutants in domestic sewage in Shanghai
ZHU Huan, LI Huai-Zheng, YE Jian-Feng, FU Wei
The real data of on-site water consumption per capita and concentration of major pollutants in Shanghai were assayed. The highest coefficient of produced COD was in winter, the coefficient in summer was close to spring and autumn. The lowest coefficients of produced NH4+-N, TN, TP was in summer, the coefficients in winter was close to spring and autumn. Then the coefficients of produced COD, NH4+-N, TN and TP were 54.5, 6.4, 8.8, 0.7g/(person·d), respectively. According to the pollutants discharge load of per unit area, the districts of Shanghai could be divided into four levels. Different mitigation schemes were suggested according to the discharge load.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 37-41 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 604KB] ( 986 )
42 Removal of heavy metal lead(Ⅱ) from micro-polluted waters by modified polyferric sulfate
LI Ming-Yu, CHEN Wei-Ling, REN Gang, LIN Da-Hong, YUAN Yong-Qin
The removal of lead from micro-polluted waters by modified polyferric sulfate(MPFS) was studied. Effects of the pH, the dosage of MPFS, the concentration of lead ion and the turbidity of raw water on the lead removal were investigated. Under the condition of pH>6, the removal efficiency of lead was more than 90% when dosage of MPFS was 3.00mg/L and lead concentration 0.1mg/L in raw water. When the concentration of lead was higher than 0.1mg/L in raw water, lead could also be removed under the condition of increasing the dosage of MPFS.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 42-45 [Abstract] ( 199 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 354KB] ( 691 )
46 Simulation on in-situ air sparging remediation of BTEX-contaminated groundwater
CHEN Hua-Qing, LI Yi-Lian
TMVOC software was used to simulate the migration behaviour of contaminants under “natural” environmental conditions and attenuation process of contaminants during the in-situ air sparging process in a simulated vadose zone which was contaminated by BTEX. The best air injection rate as well as the quantity and distribution of the required aeration wells were determined, and further simulation was performed for remediation results. In the unsaturated zone BTEX mainly migrated vertically by gravity and migrated horizontally by capillary; in the saturated zone, however, the groundwater flow direction became the leading migratory direction of BTEX which dissolved into groundwater at the same time and whose pollution plume could reach the bottom of the vadose zone. It only required 180 days to completely remedy the BTEX contaminants under the condition that the air was injected into the aquifer at the rate of 12 cubic meters per hour through seven aeration holes located at the bottom of the vadose zone. Under these conditions, the effective remediation radius of a single aeration well is about 5 meters; the effective remediation scope is better than that of injecting the air into the vadose zone from the central or the lower part of the aquifer.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 46-51 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 464KB] ( 853 )
52 Adsorption property of fluoride ion on laponite pillared by hydrous ceria and alumina
LIN Ying-Guang, PI Pi-Hui, ZHENG Da-Feng, YANG Zhuo-Ru, WANG Lian-Shi
The laponite pillared by hydrous ceria and alumina was prepared using synthetic laponite as interlayer clay by microwave intercalation reaction method. The micro-structure of pillared laponite was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and its adsorption property of fluoride ion was investigated. Hydrous ceria and alumina could be intercalated into the structure of laponite and a layered microcrystalline structure could be formed. With the increase of mass ratio (Xm) of Ce-Al pillaring agent and laponite, the d001 value of interlayer distance of the structure was enlarged, the crystallinity was improved and the delaminated layer structures were more abundant.As the Xm and sorbent dose were increased, the adsorption rate of fluoride ion was also increased, and the adsorption isotherm of the pillared laponite to fluoride ion could be well fitted by the Langmuir equation.When the Xm was 0.1, with 0.2g/L of the sorbent, the adsorption rate reached to 90%, and the adsorption capacity reached to 13.5 mg/g within 60min,while temperature and pH value had little effects on the adsorption process.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 52-57 [Abstract] ( 275 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 868KB] ( 803 )
58 Influencial factors of extracellular polymer substances in activated sludge hydrolysis and acidification
GAO Yong-Qing, PENG Yong-Zhen, WANG Jian-Long, WANG Shao-Po, ZHANG Jing-Yu
Variation of extracellular polymer substances (EPS) during activated sludge hydrolysis-acidification process and influencial factors including temperature, pH, sludge characteristic and sludge concentration were investigated at ambient temperature by batch experiments. pH and sludge characteristic had an important effect on the EPS composition and amount. Under strong acidic (pH =3, 4) and strong basic condition (pH=11) the yields of EPS was one time higher than that of neutral condition. However, under strong acidic condition, much more biologic cells were broken and DNA accounted for 20% of total EPS, while carbohydrate mass accounted for 80% of total EPS under strong alkaline condition. The yield of EPS produced by A/O sludge was the highest with an average value of 41.1 mg/gVSS followed by SBR sludge, A2/O sludge and OD sludge. The ratios of polysaccharide to protein (φ) for OD sludge was the lowest. When temperature increased from 18℃ to 35℃, the EPS yields grew by 50% and the percentage of polysaccharide in total EPS rised gradually. EPS yields could be 38.1 mg/gVSS when the MLSS increased from 2000 mg/L to 6000 mg/L, however, the EPS yields would decrease to 23.1 mg/gVSS if the MLSS increased to 8000 mg/L.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 58-63 [Abstract] ( 292 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 398KB] ( 1479 )
64 Influencing factors for output power density of microbial fuel cells using excess sludge from wastewater treatment plant as fuel
ZHENG Yao, LIU Zhi-Hua, LI Xiao-Ming, JIA Bin, FANG Li
Some relevant factors which may affect output power density of the microbial fuel cell using excess sludge as fuel were studied. The volume of excess sludge had little effect on the output power density(per anode area)of fuel cell. The larger anode area of the cell made the output power density smaller. When using NaCl as an ionic additive, it had a corresponding increase in output power density with the increased dosage, and the maximum was 173.4mW/m2. But for the ionic additive K2HPO4, the output power density first increased and then decreased, which mainly due to the increase in phosphorus concentration would affect the microbial activity in the system. As the volume ratio of sludge to water equated 1:2, the maximum output power density was 163.35mW/m2, increasing dilution ratio or not would result in the reduction of output power density. When the distance between cathode and anode decreased from 5cm to 0.5cm, the output power density increased from 50.14mW/m2 to 84.02mW/m2, which illuminated the diffuseness of oxygen did not affect the anaerobic bacteria on anode. Finally, the output power density of microbial fuel cell with excess sludge as fuel was successfully raised to 256.12mW/m2 under optimal experimental conditions.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 64-68 [Abstract] ( 218 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 390KB] ( 838 )
69 Nitrifying bacteria structure community of different MBR reactor
CHEN Yi, SUN Bao-Sheng, ZHANG Bin, HUANG Xing
Microbial community structure of nitromonas and denitrifying bacteria of six different MBRs which were in normal operating mode were studied by using PCR-DGGE. The nitromonas were very similar in different MBRs of aerobic area, and the similarity values were 78.7%~92.1%. However, different environmental conditions, influent water quality, operating parameters and other facters resulted in different microbial community in different MBRs. In addition, five kinds of nitromonas and three kinds of denitrifying bacteria were identified in MBRs, alpha-proteobacteria, bradyrhizobium and nitrobacter winogradskyi were the dominant nitromonas, alcaligenes, paracoccus denitrificans and rhodococcus were the dominant denitrifying bacteria, aerobic denitrifying bacterias were found in the MBR systems, there might be several modes of nitrification and denitrification in MBR systems.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 69-75 [Abstract] ( 270 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 446KB] ( 1082 )
76 Effects of the physicochemical factors on autotrophic denitrification by Thiobacillus denitrificans
NIU Jian-Min, LI Rui-Hua
A strain of Thiobacillus denitrificans (T.d.a) was isolated from anaerobic sludge of consecutive running UASB reactor. Based on culture media of Thiobacillus denitrificans, the effects of pH, temperature, NO3--N, NH4+-N, S2O32-, HCO3-, C6H12O6, P, Mg2+ and Fe2+ on the denitrification by T.d.a were studied in batch experiments using sodium thiosulphate as sulfur source. The nitrate removal velocities were high at pH 6.5~8.0 and temperature 20~35℃. The optimal conditions were pH 7.04 and 27.40℃. T.d.a exhibited a good adaptation when the concentration of NO3--N was below 416mg/L. At 554mg/L or above, however, the nitrate removal was markedly inhibited. The denitrification needed NH4+-N and its limiting concentration was 2.62mg/L. The effect of the concentration of S2O32- on the denitrificaion depended on different sulfur to nitrogen ratios. When NO3- was enough, the NO3--N removal efficiency was in similar direct proportion to the S2O32- added . Using HCO3- as sole carbon source, its limiting concentration was 29.05mg/L. The presence of glucose up to 2000mg/L didn’t significantly affect the nitrate removal efficiency. The limiting concentrations of P and Mg2+ were 0.034mg/L and 0.059mg/L respectively. The limiting concentration of Fe2+ was below 0.058mg/L.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 76-81 [Abstract] ( 313 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 497KB] ( 770 )
82 Comparison of degradation kinetics of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol using nanometer- and micrometer-sized Fe0
JIN Sheng-Yang, WANG Yu-Jun, LI Lian-Zhen, ZHOU Dong-Mei, WANG Shen-Qiang
The differences of degradation kinetics of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) by nanometer-and micrometer-sized zero-valent iron (Fe0) with approximate surface area in aqueous solution were studied. The results showed that both degradation equations of TCP by nanometer-and micrometer-sized Fe0 were fitted well to the pseudo first-order kinetics. The observed reaction rate constant (Kobs) values were 0.0165 h-1 and 0.0046 h-1, respectively. The ratio of initial adsorption of TCP on the nanometer- to micrometer-sized Fe0 was 2.9, which was close to that of Kobs (3.6). Therefore, it could be concluded that the differences in degradation and adsorption efficiency between the two kinds of zero-valent iron were attributed to the variation of surface site activity from micrometer to nanometer size. In addition, in the case of the TCP degradation by Fe0, the effects of two sites of Fe0 surface could be distinguished in the TCP adsorption and degradation processes. Initially, adsorption mostly induced by non-reactive sites was more important than degradation induced by reactive sites, and subsequently the degradation was dominative. The pH values increased from 5.7 to 10.5 and 8.2 in the reaction with nanometer- and micrometer-sized Fe0, respectively. Comparatively, the rate of TCP degradation was enhanced in the low pH. The surface oxidation on Fe0 (nano) was also increased during the degradation, and a large portion of oxide was deposited on particle surface, while few ionic Fe was dissolved in the suspension.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 82-87 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 696KB] ( 1042 )
88 Theoretical indicator for dehalogenation reaction pathways conducted by strain Dehalococcoides ethenogenes 195
LU Gui-Ning, TAO Xue-Qin, DANG Zhi, HUANG Wei-Lin
Theoretical validation and proposition of the reductive biodehalogenation pathways for aromatic halogenated compounds conducted by Dehalococcoides ethenogenes 195 were studied. Density functional theory calculations were carried out at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chlorobenzenes, and molecular total energy (ET) of structuraly possible daughter products were adopted as the probe of the dehalogenation reaction activity. ET could indicate the main dehalogenation daughter products of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and chlorobenzenes conducted by strain 195. The dehalogenation reaction favored the formation of daughter product having the lowest ET. In addition, the energy gap between a structuraly possible daughter product and the possible daughter product having the lowest ET (?ET) could be used to estimate the existence of a secondary daughter product: the smaller the ?ET, the more possible to form a secondary daughter product.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 88-92 [Abstract] ( 283 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 307KB] ( 906 )
93 Application of ESEM in the visualization of microbial community of granule sludge and suspended carrier biofilm
FU Bo, LIAO Xiao-Yi, DING Li-Li, REN Hong-Qiang
The structure of the microbial community of suspended carrier biofilms and granule sludge was visualized by ESEM, and the images were compared with SEM. The optimal condition for suspended carrier biofilms was temperature of 5℃, chamber pressure of 5.91×102 Pa, the relative humidity of 75%, accelerating voltage of 15.00kV, and that for granule sludge was temperature of 0℃, chamber pressure of 7.00×102 Pa, the relative humidity of 100%, accelerating voltage of 10.00kV. The partial coverage of the samples by free water and the potential damage to the fragile nature of the wet samples with the electronbeam and air pressure were the main technical constraints to obtain good quality images. ESEM permits the the observation of wet samples without complex sample preparation or conductive coating, which provide a novel tool for characterizing granule sludge and suspended carrier biofilm.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 93-98 [Abstract] ( 414 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1551KB] ( 1886 )
99 Association between skin lesions and 8-OHdG among a chronic arsenic exposure population
MAO Guang-Yun, YANG Zuo-Peng, REN Chun-Sheng, YE Xiao-Lei, WANG Yi, GUO Xiao-Juan
The association between skin lesions and DNA oxidative damage among a chronic arsenic exposure population was studied by investigating 199 cases with skin lesions and 91 without skin lesions (control group). Concentrations of inorganic arsenic (iAs) in urinary, monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanine (8-OHdG) were measured. Multiple logistic regression was performed to discover the association between skin lesions and DNA oxidative damage. Among participants with skin lesions and without skin lesions, median (interquartile range) of 8-OHdG concentrations in urine were 4.9μg/g creatinine (3.5~6.3) and 5.3(4.1~7.2)μg/g creatinine, respectively. There was no significant difference in 8-OHdG concentrations between case and control group (P=0.074). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, such as age, body mass index (BMI), cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and the number of years to high arsenic contaminated water, the results of multiple logistic regression showed that the odds ratio (95% confidence interval, 95% CI) of 8-OHdG in cases with skin lesions was 1.1(0.6,1.9) compared with participants without skin lesions. Skin lesions did not cause significantly increase of 8-OHdG concentrations (P=0.863). There was no significant association between skin lesions and DNA oxidative damage in an arsenic exposure population in Inner Mongolia.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 99-103 [Abstract] ( 204 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 310KB] ( 674 )
104 Daily total exposure amount to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace elements of people living in high lung cancer rate environment
ZHANG Lin-Lin, 吕Jun-Gang , WU Guo-Ping, WEI Fu-Sheng
Air samples were collected to determine the concentrations of the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in some high lung cancer rate area of our country. Total 24 h food and drinking water of the subjects were collected. Daily total exposure to Bap of local people was analyzed through the approaches of air and food. Concentrations of 14 trace elements were determined using ICP-MS and daily total exposure of each element was calculated. The experiment results showed that the PAHs pollution was more serious in indoor air than outdoor. The percentage of five-ring and six-ring PAHs which were considered more carcinogenic in exposure area was higher than that of the background area. The average of daily total exposure amount to PAHs was 3.758μg/d for the exposure group while the control was only 0.257μg/d. Significant differences of the exposure amount of some trace elements were found between the two groups. The daily intake of cadmium and thallium of the exposure group were higher than that of the control group, while daily intake of selenium was lower in the exposure group than in the control. And intake of selenium in this area was severe deficiency. The intake of life elements such as iron, copper and zinc through food and drinking water were much lower than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA).
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 104-109 [Abstract] ( 226 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 375KB] ( 845 )
110 Effect of perfluorooctane sulfonate on intracellular free calcium level in rats’ hippocampus
LIU Xiao-Hui, LIU Bing, JIN Yi-He
Effect of subchronic perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure on free calcium level ([Ca2+]i) in hippocampus in rats and the mechanism of the neurotoxicity induced by PFOS was studied. The adult male Wistar rats were treated with oral PFOS exposure at dosage of 2, 8, 32, 128mg/kg, respectively. After 60 days’ exposure, the rats were sacrificed, and then single-cell suspension of hippocampus was prepared. [Ca2+]i was determined with Fura-2/AM fluorescence probe. The brain and serum were concentrated by liquid–phase extraction and then the concentration of PFOS was determined using HPLC/MS. The cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum were collected for evaluation of histopathology change. PFOS concentration in serum and brain in PFOS treated groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between [Ca2+]i and PFOS concentration in serum and brain. No obvious change was observed in the morphology of the brain in rats exposed to PFOS.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 110-115 [Abstract] ( 237 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 448KB] ( 752 )
116 Residues of polychlorinated biphenyls in agricultural fields of Chongming Island in Shanghai
ZHOU Jie-Cheng, BI Chun-Juan, CHEN Zhen-Lou, SHI Gui-Tao, XU Shi-Yuan
Residues concentration of 8 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners in 101 soil samples collected at Chongming Island of Shanghai were determined by GC-μECD. Concentrations of PCBs were between ND and 261ng/g with average of 56.0ng/g. Concentration and detection rate of low chlorinated homologues of PCBs were higher than high chlorinated homologues. Concentrations of PCBs varied with the changes of agricultural land use. Depended on the residue concentration level, the series of land use appeared as following: paddy soil>green house vegetable and watermelon soil>traditional vegetable and watermelon soil. Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were introduced to investigate source of PCBs. The result showed that lower chlorinated homologues of PCBs were well correlated and implies that they maybe originate from similar sources.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 116-120 [Abstract] ( 227 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 311KB] ( 679 )
121 Effects of bioaugmentation and biostimulation on PAHs degradation in soil
WANG Cong-Ying, WANG Fang, WANG Tao, YIN Chun-Qin, BIAN Yong-Rong, JIANG Xin
Degradation of 13 PAHs in clean agricultural soil and CO2 emission was studied with the measures of (i) bioaugmentation, by adding aged PAH-polluted soil or PAH- polluted sludge; (ii) biostimulation, by introducing nutrition source of (NH4)2HPO4. Meanwhile, the release of CO2 was also determined. 2~5-ring PAHs were well degraded in agricultural soil confirming the degradation capacity of indigenous microorganisms. Additionally, the degradation of 5-ring PAHs was improved significantly after introducing of PAH-polluted soil, which indicated that the microbes in polluted soil were more powerful than those in clean agricultural soil in degrading high-molecular-weight PAHs. In contrast, no significant improvement in PAHs degradation occurred with addition of polluted sludge, possibly due to the aerobic condition in the experiment. With addition of nutrition sources ((NH4)2HPO4), the degradation of PAHs in aged soil increased significantly, except for the 5-ring PAHs with a degradation rate less than 10%. The release of CO2 during the incubation experienced an initial of rapid increase followed by a sharp decrease, then stabilized after a slight increase, highly corresponding to PAHs degradation, which indicated a close relationship between PAHs degradation process and microbial activity.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 121-127 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 450KB] ( 871 )
128 Effect of artificial root exudates on the sorption of phenanthrene in soils
REN Li-Li, LING Wan-Ting, NI He-Wei, GAO Yan-Zheng
The sorption of phenanthrene by three soils with addition of artificial root exudate (ARE) was investigated using a batch experimental method. Phenanthrene sorption isotherms by soils could be significantly described by a liner sorption model irrespective of the addition of ARE. The distribution coefficients (Kd) and the organic carbon-normalized distribution coefficients (Koc) for phenanthrene sorption were significantly lower when ARE present in soils, and Kd and Koc values tended to decrease with increasing the concentrations of ARE in soils. The concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in equilibrium solution for phenanthrene sorption were detected, and DOM concentrations were higher with the addition of ARE. While the soil organic carbon content was observed to be a little lower with the ARE addition. The combination of DOM and phenanthrene in solution was proposed to dominate the decrease of phenanthrene sorption in soils with the addition of ARE. Results of this work indicated that root exudate clearly inhibited the sorption of PAHs, and thus could enhance their availability in soil environment.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 128-132 [Abstract] ( 268 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 344KB] ( 817 )
133 Development of composite environment risk evaluation method for chemical enterprises and its application
JIANG Wen-Yan, TANG Qing-He, LI Huai-Zheng, YU Wen-Xi, LIU Jia-Xin
A new environmental risk evaluation index system made up of 3 first-grade indicators including source indicator, process indicator and receiving indicator, and 14 second-grade indicators was established to overcome the limitation of indicators selecting and uncertainty processing in traditional evaluation methods for chemical enterprises. The evaluation system was further quantified by employing fuzzy-analytic hierarchy process programming to reduce the uncertainty of indicator’s weighted value and fuzzy membership degree to ascertain the indicator’s risk level. The newly developed method was applied to environmental risk evaluation of a given chemical enterprise in Shanghai to prove its availability. It was found that the composite environmental risk value of this enterprise could be reduced from 0.75 (risk rank Ⅳ) to 0.59 (risk rank Ⅲ) by moving it to an industrial area with population density less than 2000 person/km2 and keeping chemicals in equipment with filling ratio lower than 80%.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 133-138 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 634KB] ( 914 )
139 Application of 3MRA model in the decision-making for comprehensive chrome residue treatment
ZHANG Zhao, HUANG Jin-Hui, ZENG Guang-Ming, YUAN Xing-Zhong
Multimedia, multipathway and multireceptor risk assessment model (3MRA), a waste risk assessment model currently used by USEPA, was applied to assess the environmental risks of chrome residue management project in a chromic salt factory. During the assessing process, the environmental risks before and after management in this area were simulated; meanwhile the pollutant exposure pathways and the harm sufferers were also analyzed. The feasibility of the scheduled treatment methods was verified by this model. The simulation results showed that under the condition of 95% protected objects and 95% confidence level, chrome residue stacks brought significant environmental risk to this area; the carcinogenic risk level of neighboring residents came to the order of 10-4, the hazard quotient of aquatic ecology risk was above 1. The environmental risk decreased sharply after the detoxified landfill of chrome residues, which verified the feasibility of such treatment.
2010 Vol. 30 (1): 139-144 [Abstract] ( 233 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 383KB] ( 605 )
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