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2011 Vol.31 Issue.6,Published 2011-06-20
881 A new method of source apportionment of atmospheric particulate matter by exploring origin of mixed source
ZOU Chang-Wu, YIN Hong-Ling, LIU Sheng-Yu, ZHENG Xue-Feng
It is difficult for chemical mass balance model to obtain the apportion coefficient of mixed atmospheric particulate source directly when mixed source and single sources are seriously collinear, so a new method, exploring origin of mixed source (EOMS), was proposed. The new model (EOMS), improved-souce-appointment technique (ISA) and method amending of ISA (MAISA) were used in source apportionment of atmospheric for a city respectively. The computational results showed that the contribution rate of dust was 28.75% according to EOMS model’s calculation, which was lower than 46.3% and 38.38% according to ISA model’s and MAISA model’s calculation respectively, at the same time, the ratio of calculated data and measured data of receptor elements based on EOMS model was closer to 1 than that base on MAISA model.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 881-885 [Abstract] ( 317 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 382KB] ( 1323 )
886 Observational characteristic of aerosol number concentration and size distribution at Shijiazhuang in spring season
DI Qing-Fei, JIN Lian-Ji, LIN Zhen-Yi, WU Zhi-Hui, KUANG Shun-Si
During May, 2010, number concentration of atmospheric aerosols near the ground at Shijiazhuang Meteorological Bureau, China were measured using WPS made by MSP Corporation in United States, combined with corresponding meteorological data, to study the characteristics of aerosol number concentration and size distribution in this observation and possible causes that lead to. The spectra of aerosol were mainly occupied by ultrafine particles(DP0.1μm) number concentration reached the peak value at 7:00 and 23:00.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 886-891 [Abstract] ( 370 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 455KB] ( 1078 )
892 Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on N2O and CH4 fluxes of soil in forest belt
HU Zheng-Hua, ZHANG Han, CHEN Shu-Tao, LI Qi, LI Han-Mao, SHEN Shuang-He
To investigate the effects of elevated nitrogen deposition on forest soil N2O and CH4 fluxes, a simulated nitrogen deposition field experiment was conducted in forest belt from April 2008 to October 2009. Nitrogen treatments included the control (no N addition, CK), low-N [50kgN/(hm2·a), TL], medium-N [100kgN/(hm2·a), TM], and high-N [150kg N/(hm2·a), TH]. N2O and CH4 fluxes were measured by a static chamber-gas chromatograph method. Nitrogen deposition did not change the seasonal and daily variation patterns of soil N2O and CH4 fluxes. Compared to the control, TL, TM and TH treatments had no significant effects on annual average and daily average fluxes of N2O and CH4 in soil. Short-term nitrogen deposition did not alter N2O emission fluxes and CH4 absorb fluxes of soil in forest belt.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 892-897 [Abstract] ( 410 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 466KB] ( 1209 )
898 Experimental study on UV254nm +185nm phtotodegradation of gaseous toluene
ZHANG Chun-Yang, MA Yong-Liang
An UV254+185nm lamp was employed to treat gaseous toluene flow. The toluene conversion efficiency under different conditions was discussed, including relative humidity (RH), oxygen level, initial toluene concentrations and retention time. Toluene conversion efficiency increased with the increasing of oxygen level and retention time, but decreased with the higher initial concentration. Moreover, conversion efficiency increased rapidly at first and then decreased slowly while RH increases, with a optimum RH of 40%~50%. When toluene initial concentration was 16.1mg/m3, RH and oxygen level was 40% and 20% respectively, the conversion efficiency of toluene was 82.2% with conversion rate of 0.44mg/(m3×s), while ozone concentration was 131.13mg/m3, benzene and benzaldehyde yielding concentration was 0.086mg/m3 and 0.135mg/m3. The yielding of ozone and intermediate products during phtotodegradation was discussed to probe the degradation mechanism of toluene under UV254+185nm irradiation. Gas phase Toluene can be directly degraded by UV185nm irradiation, but most of it was degraded by radical initialed reactions.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 898-903 [Abstract] ( 413 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 393KB] ( 1691 )
904 Cryptosporidium inactivated by chlorine dioxide in water and disinfect mechanisms
RAN Zhi-Lin, LI Shao-Feng, ZHU Jing, CUI Chong-Wei, YUAN Yi-Xing
The fluorescence staining method was used to study the effect of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) inactivating Cryptosporidium in water and affecting factors (ClO2 concentrations, inactivating times, pH values, temperatures, turbidities and organic contents). Then the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and protein assay were used to investigate cell ultrastructures variation to shed light on the mechanism of inactivation preliminarily. It could achieve the optimum disinfection effect (the survival rate of less than 1%) when adding 3.0mg/L of ClO2 after 120min (pH=7.0, 25℃ and turbidity 1NTU), the survival rate of Cryptosporidium cysts had a non-linear positive correlation with chlorine dioxide concentration and reaction time. The turbidity on inactivation effects was also found to be statistically significant in artificial water. With increases in turbidity, the inactivating effect decreased. Inactivating rate might rise with the temperature increasing. The inactivating capability was found to be stronger under acidic than that under alkalic conditions. In some extent, concentrations of organic matter could inhibit the disinfecting effect of ClO2. Examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and protein assay showed that the cell surface was damaged, some cells started the cytoplasm leakage, and then caused Cryptosporidium death.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 904-909 [Abstract] ( 354 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 930KB] ( 1441 )
910 Granular activated carbon tailored by organic acid-Fe for arsenic removal
CHEN Wei-Fang, CHENG Ming-Tao, ZHANG Dao-Fang, GU Xue-Qiong
This research attempted to tailor granular activated carbon (GAC) with organic acid (citric acid and EDTA) and iron. Rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCTs) were set up to appraise the adsorption breakthrough behavior of those modified carbons. Amount of iron thus loaded increased with the increase of organic acid and iron concentration. At concentrations of 0.1 mol/L EDTA and iron respectively, the tailored carbon obtained an iron content of 6.18% as compared to that of 0.24% for virgin GAC. There was remarkable improvement in adsorption capacity for arsenic after carbon tailoring. EDTA-Fe tailored GACs showed bed volumes to breakthrough 10 times that of virgin GAC both for As(V) and As(III). In general, As(V) adsorption decreased with the increase of pH. In contrast, adsorption of As(III) was found to be less dependent on pH at pH 6 to 9. Also, the irons loaded onto GAC by this organic acid-Fe method were mostly amorphous and were stable.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 910-915 [Abstract] ( 312 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 427KB] ( 1285 )
916 Removal of HCHs by modified diatomite from water
TAN Ling-Zhi, QI Shi-Hua, YAN Chun-Jie, ZHANG Jia-Quan, SONG Qi, ZHANG Bei-Bei, LIU Meng
Adsorption of α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH和δ-HCH by modified organo-diatomite (OD),which was modified by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) was stadied. The cationic surfactant could bring the better adsorption efficiency of HCHs than using the raw diatomite. According to the partition coefficient (Kow), the adsorption efficiency of the four HCH onto OD followed the order: δ-HCH >γ-HCH>α-HCH>β-HCH. The four isotherms were selected to model the adsorption behavior of HCH onto OD. The best fit for the experimental adsorption data were given by the Redlich-Peterson model.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 916-920 [Abstract] ( 309 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 394KB] ( 1103 )
921 Photocatalytic degradation of azo-dye direct red 4BE aqueous solution catalyzed by phosphatotungstic acid
WEI Hong, LI Ke-Bin, ZHAO Feng, ZHANG Tao, LI Juan
The photodegradation of azo-dye direct red 4BE (4BE) in aqueous solution by phosphatotungstic acid (PW12) as homogeneous catalyst was studied in a batch photoreactor. The parameters such as the concentration of 4BE and PW12were investigated, and the reaction mechanism involved was discussed. 4BE was decolorized effectively in the presence of phosphatotungstic acid under UV irradiation. When PW12 concentration was less than 600mg/L, the photocatalytic decolonization rate of 4BE increased along with the increase of PW12 concentration. The process of 4BE degradation followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics, and a maximum rate constant k of 0.1164min-1could be obtained at pH 2.0, PW12concentration of 600mg/L and 4BE initial concentration of 50mg/L. The photocatalytic degradation rate of 4BE decreased with the increase of dye concentration when 4BE concentration was in the range of 50 to 150mg/L. On the basis of the results of cyclic voltammogram and the UV-vis spectrum of 4BE, the mechanism for the photodegradation of 4BE by phosphatotungstic acid includes three pathways: oxidation by hydroxyl radicals, electron transfer within the complex of the excited phosphatotungstic acid and 4BE, and reduction of dye by the reduced phosphatotungstic acid, in which the oxidation of hydroxyl radicals palys a leading role.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 921-926 [Abstract] ( 368 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 536KB] ( 1309 )
927 Effect of substrates on evaporation and purification of wastewater in constructed wetland
XU De-Fu, LI Ying-Xue, ZHENG Jian-Wei, ZHAO Xiao-Li, FANG Hua
The study investigated the effect of five common substrates (soil, sand, a mixture of soil and sand, a mixture of sand and organic matter, and a mixture of sand, soil and organic matter) on evaporation and purification of wastewater in constructed wetland. The evaporation capacities of wastewater in the substrates were different following the order of mixture of sand, soil and organic matter> mixture of mixture of sand and organic matter> sand > soil > mixture of sand & soil. The evaporation capacity was significantly higher in the mixture of sand, soil and organic matter and the mixture of sand and organic matter than in the other three tested substrates (P<0.05),which was related to the substrate temperature. Temperatures of the five substrates were different and the mixture of sand, soil and organic matter had significantly high temperature compared with soil or sand (P<0.05). The temperature of the mixture of sand, soil & organic matter was 2.2℃ higher than that of the soil. The correlation analysis showed that there was significantly positive correlation between the evaporation capacity of wastewater and the removal efficiency of NH4+-N (P<0.05). The addition of organic matter can increase the temperature and evaporation capacity of wastewater in the substrate, which contribute to the enhanced removal efficiency of organic carbon and nitrogen in the wastewater.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 927-932 [Abstract] ( 342 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 393KB] ( 817 )
933 Transfer behavior of PAHs and PCBs from sewage sludge in the thermal treatment process.
ZHANG Yi-Fei, ZHANG Hui, XU Mei-Zhi
Based on the simulated experiment the behavior and mechanism of the transfer and transform in the process of thermal treatment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) in the sewage sludge were studied. The ratio of removing from the sewage sludge under 800 ℃ temperature condition was 66.28% for Naphthalene, 73.73% for Fluoranthene, 100% for Benzo[b]fluoranthene, 30.7% for Benzo[a]pyrene, and 100% for Indeno(1,2,3)pyrene. PCBs were quickly reduced at the temperature range within 300~400 ℃, and when at 1000 ℃ the ratio of removing reached 89.35% for PCB28, 90.66% for PCB52, 89.43% for PCB101, 93.97% for PCB118, 99.1% for PCB153, 84.7% PCB138, and 95.22% for PCB180. The transfer of these two pollutants in the process was directly related to the temperature of the treating system. The temperature interval for PAHs transfer and release from the sewage sludge was mainly in 300~750℃ (release more than 90% of the total in the sewage sludge), and for PCBs was in 350~900℃ (release more than 85% of the total in the sewage sludge). In the treatment process there were complicated transform reactions respectively between their monomers of the studied pollutants.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 933-937 [Abstract] ( 294 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 366KB] ( 1094 )
938 Capability of zircon as radioactive waste forms for immobilizing tetravalent actinides
LU Xi-Rui, CUI Chun-Long, SONG Gong-Bao, ZHANG Dong, SHU Xiao-Yan
In order to investigate the capability of zircon as radioactive waste forms for immobilizing tetravalent actinides, tetravalent europium (Ce4+) was used as the simulacrum for tetravalent actinides, the waste forms containing 20% Ce4+ were successfully synthesized by high temperature solid reaction and using ZrO2, SiO2 and CeO2 powders as starting materials. Then, the as-gained samples were irradiated using a 60Co γ-ray source with 572.1kGy doses. The phases, structure, microcosmic shape and leaching yield of synthesized waste forms before and after γ-ray irradiation were characterized by the help of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-Mass). The zircon phase was the major phase for the as-gained waste forms although containing 20% Ce4+. The alteration of 10-4 nm magnitude in the crystal cell parameters was measured (cf the standard XRD card of zircon). The crystal cell parameters of samples changed between 10-5 and 10-4nm magnitude before and after irradiation. The equilibrium concentration of Ce4+ in HCI lixivium (pH=6.5) was less than 0.30μg/L.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 938-943 [Abstract] ( 303 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1027KB] ( 875 )
944 Characteristics of heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment in subway dust in Beijing
YANG Xiao-Zhi, CHEN Yang, XU Dian-Dou, HE Ting-Ting, MA Ling-Ling, LI Jie, NIE Chang-Ming
The aims of this study were to examine the concentrations of heavy metal in areas within the Beijing metropolitan subway network A total of 16 subway stations were selected. The contents of 7 trace heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, As and Hg were determined. Their pollution degree,health risk and source were analyzed by using the index of geoaccumulation, US EPA health risk assessment model and spearman correlation coefficient method. The results showed that the average contents of Cd (1.11 mg/kg), Cu (67.33mg/kg), Ni (41.77mg/kg), Hg (mg/kg), Pb (437.41mg/kg), Cr (131.92mg/kg), As (9.09mg/kg) in dust higher than the background values in Beijing more or less. The pollution assessment of heavy metal in subway dust showed that Pb (3.77), Hg (3.12), Cd (2.16) had a certain degree of pollution and their degrees of pollution manifested as Pb>Hg>Cd>Cr>Cu>Ni>As. The order of non-cancer hazard indexes of metals was Pb>Cr>As>Ni>Cu>Hg>Cd, The non-cancer hazard indexes were lower than their threshold values except for Pb. The carcinogen risks of metals of Cr, Cd, Ni and As were lower than their threshold values. Analysis indicated that the heavy meals accumulation of the subway dust were induced by anthropogenic input brakes and wheel–rail interface were the main pollution sources.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 944-950 [Abstract] ( 422 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 443KB] ( 1424 )
951 Compare of different oxytetracycline extraction methods in the three soils
YU Qiang, BAO Yan-Yu, LI Yan-Mei, ZHOU Qi-Xing, LIU Yu-Xia
Recoveries of oxytetracycline extracted were discussed with different extractants and extraction processes in the brown, cinnamon, and red soil. Stable and efficient extracted recovery could be achieved by using Na2EDTA-McIlvaine as a extractant in the shake flask extraction. In addition, a sequential extraction procedure was developed to study the chemical speciation of oxytetracycline in the soils. The soils were extracted by H2O, 0.1mol/L CaCl2, and Na2EDTA-McIlvaine in order. As a result, water-soluble, exchangeable, and adsorbed fractions were obtained. Moreover, it could conclude that the orders of amount of those fractions are as follows: adsorbed> exchangeable > water-soluble fractions in the three tested soils.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 951-957 [Abstract] ( 409 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 483KB] ( 1847 )
958 Screening and metabolism of non- fermentive denitrifying phosphorus accumulating bacteria (DPB)
LIU Hui, SUN Yan-Fu, JIA Xiao-Shan, LI Jun, ZHOU Kang-Qun, XIONG Di-Cheng, QU Xiang-Dong
The activated sludge and bio-membrane system was used to enrich denitrifying phosphorus bacteria (DPB) for removing nitrogen and phosphorus simultaneously. A DPB strain was screened after enrichment and denitrifying phosphorus accumulating experiments were investigated. The change of HAC/phosphate/nitrate/PHB and glycogen were studied in order to analyze the anaerobic and anoxic metabolism and the function of PHB during the process. Strain YB was similar to Paracoccus denitrificans. It was a kind of non-fermentive DPB. Strain YB released 0.11mg P per 1mg PHB during anaerobic stage. As a kind of non-fermentive bacteria, the energy was mostly from the release of poly-phosphate. Strain YB accumulated 0.15 mg P per 1mg PHB during anoxic stage. ATP from the breakdown of PHB was mostly used to accumulate phosphate. The metabolism was different from that of reported phosphate accumulating organisms (PAO). The release of poly-phosphate affected the synthesis of PHB and the impact of denitrifying and accumulating phosphate. It was very important to monitor △P/△PHB and △NO3--N /△PHB, not △P/△COD、△NO3--N /△COD or △P/△NO3--N.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 958-964 [Abstract] ( 313 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 454KB] ( 1101 )
965 Isolation, identification and characterization of a buprofezin-degrading bacterium BF3
LI Chao, PAN Rong-Qing, TANG Chao-Xi, YAN Xin, LI Shun-Peng
A buprofezin-degrading bacterium BF3 was isolated for the first time in this work. Through biochemical- physiological identification and the analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence, BF3 was identified preliminarily as Paracoccus sp.. BF3 could degrade 68.2% of 50mg/L buprofezin in 7 days. The most adaptable pH and temperature for the degradation were 7.0 and 30℃, respectively. BF3 had a better degradation effect at low concentrations (1,10,30,50mg/L) of buprofezin and the degradation rate was related positively to initial inoculation amount. The oxygen consumption experiment showed that the buprofezin degradation rate of good ventilation state was higher than that at relatively poor ventilation state.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 965-970 [Abstract] ( 335 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 481KB] ( 817 )
971 Lysis effect and mechanisum of one bacterial strain on Skeletonema costatum
WANG Hui, LIU Ling, NIU Dan-Dan, LIU Zhao-Pu
A strain of marine algae-lysing bacterium designated as JZ-1 was isolated from Jiaozhou Bay, China. Strain JZ-1 showed highly homology with Alteromonas sp. on the basis of morphological and biochemical characteristics and16S rDNA sequence analysis. Strain JZ-1 showed significant algicidal activity against Skeletonema costatum, it broke the materials structures in membrane and membrane integrity, and the materials leak through membrane to make the cells die. In addition, algicidal activity against S. costatum was detected in the filtrate and after filter through 0.2 μm syringe filter, not in the cells. Strain JZ-1 effects S. costatum by releasing certain algicidal substances, and this point was also confirmed by paper disk method. The metabolite had the highest algicidal activity at this moment when the bacterium transited to stationary phase from logarithmic growth phase. We tested some characteristics of the metabolite and the results were as follows: the molecular weight of metabolite was<5kD; the metabolite had certain acid tolerance but no alkali tolerance; the metabolite had thermal stability.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 971-977 [Abstract] ( 346 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 537KB] ( 1876 )
978 Geochemical characteristics and influence to overlying water of nitrogen in the sediments from Dianchi Lake
ZHU Yuan-Rong, ZHANG Run-Yu, WU Feng-Chang
The distribution characteristics of total nitrogen and bioavailable nitrogen form was analyzed by chemical sequential extraction method in eight representive sediment samples collected from Dianchi Lake. The factors that influence the release of nitrogen form and its potential risk to the overlying water were discussed. The result showed that the concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) ranged from 1888.8mg/kg to 3155.8mg/kg and the relative concentrations of different nitrogen form ranked according to the following sequence: residual nitrogen (Residual-N, 46.2%~66.3%) > strong oxidant extractable nitrogen (SOEF-N, 22.9%~42.9%) > ion exchangeable nitrogen (IEF-N, 4.5%~7.5%) > weak acid extractable nitrogen (WAEF-N, 2.2%~4.0%) > strong alkali extratable nitrogen (SAEF-N, 2.7%~3.8%). IEF-N, WAEF-N, SAEF-N and SOEF-N were the potential bioavailable nitrogen form. The highest content of bioavailable nitrogen in the sediments from HG was consistent with the eutrophication degree of this area. The nitrogen concentration in the overlying water was closely related to the distribution of IEF-N from the sediments. SOEF-N was an important source of nitrogen in the overlying water. Moreover, NH4+-N was the main component of IEF-N, WAEF-N and SAEF-N. However the concentrations of NH4+-N were relatively lower in the sediments from HG where cyanobateria blooms seriously, indicating that the coupling relationship between cyanobateria blooming and the cycle of nitrogen in the sediments.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 978-983 [Abstract] ( 604 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 415KB] ( 2306 )
984 Simulation of multimedia fate of PAHs in Shanghai City
WANG Zu-Cheng, LIU Min, YANG Yi, XIE Yu-杉
The MUM model was used to simulate the concentration distribution of PAHs in air, water, sediment, soil and plants in Shanghai city. Atmospheric emission was the dominant PAHs. The transport processes included diffusion, sedimentation , erosion ect.; while advective transport caused the main loss in the system. Sediment/soil was the main sink of PAHs (up to 94.4% of total mass), and the highest PAHs concentration was calculated in the film above aquifuge. The retention time of PAHs was highest in sediment/soil, and with the increasing rings, the reaction loss proportion of PAHs in water, plant and soil was increasing, while it was decreasing in air. The reliability of the model was verified by the agreement between the calculated and measured the concentrations. The key model parameters were selected by means of sensitivity analysis.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 984-990 [Abstract] ( 377 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 762KB] ( 1866 )
991 Relationship between nitrate and dust record in snowpack of glacier area: A case study of Glacier No.1 at the Headwaters of Urumqi River, Tianshan Mountains
WANG Sheng-Jie, ZHANG Ming-Jun, WANG Fei-Teng, LI Zhong-Qin, LI Ya-Ju
In order to investigate the relationship between nitrate (NO3-) and dust record in snowpack of mountain glaciers, based on the snow samples collected at the east branch of Glacier No.1 at the Headwaters of Urumqi River, eastern Tianshan Mountains from 2003 to 2005, correlation between nitrate and insoluble microparticle was analyzed. During the early period of dust season, nitrate concentration was positively correlated with insoluble microparticle concentration, and negatively correlated with mean diameter of insoluble microparticle, which indicated that nitrate could be transported with fine dust particle. Generally, the relative position of nitrate concentration peaks and dust layers in snowpack kept steadily in the winter half year, but in the summer half year the post-depositional process (especially for the eluviation effect) could significantly change the relationship between nitrate and dust records.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 991-995 [Abstract] ( 455 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 349KB] ( 1268 )
996 Approach of nutrient criteria establishment and application in coastal area of Liaohe estuary
HU Ying-Ying, WANG Ju-Ying, ZHANG Zhi-Feng, ZONG Hu-Min, CHEN Shu-Mei
In-situ observation based approach was important during enacting nutrients criteria in coastal area. Population distribution approach was introduced and applied to build the reference state and establish nutrients criteria on the case of Liaohe estuary. The data of 1995~1999 and 2003~2009 was analysised to build reference state and establish recommended nutrients criteria and data of 1976 was applied to validate the value. The recommended criteria value of DIN, TN, DIP, TP in coastal area of Liaohe estuary was 0.11, 0.19, 0.006 and 0.032mg/L, respectively, Chlorophyll-a and DO was 0.0009, 6.14mg/L, respectively.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 996-1000 [Abstract] ( 409 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 403KB] ( 866 )
1001 Bioturbation effects of Corbicula fluminea on sediment-water interface progresses and its metabolic rate in water
ZHANG Lei, SHANG Jing-Ge, WANG Zhao-De, SHEN Qiu-Shi, FAN Cheng-Xin
A laboratory incubation experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of Corbicula fluminea bioturbation on sediment oxygen uptake and nutrient fluxes across the sediment-water interface, and the respiratory rate and excretion rate of C. fluminea in water. Sediment oxygen uptake rate and SRP, NH4+ and NO3- fluxes from sediment to the overlying water were promoted by C. fluminea bioturbation. The producing rate of NO3- from C. fluminea activities in water was not significantly different from that in the sediment-water system. The respiratory rate of C. fluminea in water was 4.3 times as much as the net oxygen uptake caused by C. fluminea in the sediment-water system. Furthermore, the excretion rates of SRP and NH4+ in water were 7.3 and 20 times as much as their net release rates caused by C. fluminea in the sediment-water system, respectively. The above differences between in water and the sediment-water system may be likely due to different living styles of C. fluminea in the two environments.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 1001-1006 [Abstract] ( 447 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 504KB] ( 1248 )
1007 Key parameters on harvest management of Zizania Caduciflora in Erhai lakeshore
PANG Yan, YE Bi-Bi, CHU Zhao-Sheng, JIN Xiang-Can, CAO De-Ju
In order to confirm key parameters of best time and frequency and position of Zizania Caduciflora harvest management,the experiment was conducted in different months, different times and different positions over ground by outdoor and field simulation,to study the growth and physiological characters of Zizania Caduciflora regeneration rate and stem length and so on. August was better for regeneration of Zizania Caduciflora. In October, compared with August,regeneration rate was decrease 29.6%,the length and diameter of regeneration plant respectively decreased 26.9% and 25.9%. Repeat harvest had inhibiting effect to subject,compared with August and October single cutting,maximum regeneration ratio of repeated cutting for the same pieces of experiment quadrat had decrease 37.1% and10.6%.thus, harvest management should be based on single cutting. On the phytal zone (depth of water50cm), along with water level was better, the regeneration rate was 100%.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 1007-1012 [Abstract] ( 305 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 487KB] ( 750 )
1013 Calculation of environmental dredging depth of contaminated sediments in Zhushan Bay of Taihu Lake
WANG Wen-Wen, JIANG Xia, WANG Shu-Hang, JIN Xiang-Can
According to physical and chemical indexes of sediment, such as color, odor, particle size and viscosity, column sediments of Zhushan Bay were divided into oxide layer(A), polluted layer(B), upper polluted transition layer(C1), lower polluted transition layer(C2)and healthy mud layer(D) from top to bottom. To calculate the environmental dredging layer and depth of Zhushan Bay, vertical distributions of ammonia nitrogen(NH4+-N), total phosphorus(TP), total nitrogen(TN) and loss of ignition(LOI) were analyzed.Nitrogen and phosphorus adsorption/desorption experiments about every layer were also conducted. Concentrations of NH4+-N, TP, TN and LOI decreased with depths, and concentrations of contaminants in layer A and layer B were significantly higher than those in other layers. Adsorption/desorption equilibrium concentrations of inorganic phosphorus(IP) in sediment decreased with depths, and there was an inflection point between C1 layer and C2 layer. Changes of adsorption/desorption equilibrium concentrations of NH4+-N with depths were complex. Combined with concentrations of IP and NH4+-N in overlying water, environmental dredging (env-dredging) layer of Zhushan Bay was layer C1 and environmental dredging depth range from 0.4 to 0.7m.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 1013-1018 [Abstract] ( 384 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 477KB] ( 1930 )
1019 Concentrations and bioaccessibility of polychlorinated biphenyls in animal-based food collected from markets in Shanghai and assessment of associated human daily intake
LI Jun-Ling, ZHANG Dong-Ping, YU Ying-Xin, HAN Shu-Yuan, WU Ming-Hong, SHENG Guo-Ying, FU Jia-Mo
The concentrations and bioaccessibility of PCBs in animal-based food collected from markets in Shanghai were determined. The associated human daily intake of PCBs was estimated. The concentrations of PCBs ranged from lower than limit of detection to 3734.3 pg/g (wet weight). Tri- to hexa-CBs were the predominant congeners. The PCB concentrations in fish were higher than those in livestock, poultry or shellfish. The following sequences of PCB concentrations in fish were observed: seawater fish > freshwater fish; carnivorous fish > omnivorous fish > herbivorous fish. The bioaccessibility of PCBs were determined via simulating the digestion process in human gastrointestinal tract. The fat contents in animal-based food had a significantly linear correlation with the bioaccessibility of PCBs. Thus the bioaccessibility of PCBs was able to be calculated from the fat contents. The human daily intake via ingestion of animal-based food was 24439.3 pg/d, however, it was reduced to 5034.5 pg/d when the bioaccessibility of PCBs was added to the calculation. Fish was the major contributor to human exposure to PCBs, accounting for 60% of the total PCBs intake coming from food, dust and particulates in the air.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 1019-1028 [Abstract] ( 350 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 602KB] ( 1310 )
1029 Carbon accounting for chinese cities—A case of Wuxi City
WANG Hai-Kun, ZHANG Rong-Rong, BI Jun
In order to provide methodology and basic data for evaluating carbon reduction potentials and comparing carbon emission levels among various cities, this study established a city-scale carbon accounting system based on 6 sectors, which include industrial energy consumption, transport energy consumption, household energy consumption, commercial energy consumption, industrial processes and waste. Wuxi city was then selected as a case to analyze the characteristics of carbon emission of the cities in China. The largest three contributors of carbon emissions in Wuxi were industry energy consumption sector, industry process sector and transport energy consumption sector, which contributed 68%~71%, 13%~19% and 6%~10% to the total carbon emissions, respectively. Carbon emissions in Wuxi increased rapidly from 2004 to 2008, and the per capita and per GDP carbon emissions were both higher than the world average levels.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 1029-1038 [Abstract] ( 598 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 607KB] ( 3596 )
1039 Regional land ecological security evaluation in the case of Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir ecological economy area based on the PSR model
ZHANG Jun-Yi, SU Wei-Ci, ZHANG Feng-Tai
Based on the analysis of the characteristics of land resources and problems of ecological economic zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the study established a set of evaluation index system with the help of the development of P-S-R framework model. Entropy weight method used to determine the weight, and the integrated model of land ecological security used to calculate the integrated index of land ecological security in this area in 2003~2006. Comprehensive index of regional land ecological security increased from 0.134 in 2003 to 0.269 in 2006, and the land ecological security was in a state of a “sensitivity level” in 2003, and "critical safety level" in 2006. The overall eco-security situation was improving, and the ecological pressure on the whole land was increased, and the improvement of land ecological security mainly depended on the handling of land ecological problems. The land ecological pressure was still severe. The changes of land ecological security in 2003~2006 revealed that the integrated situation of land ecological security has entered a period of rapid improvement.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 1039-1044 [Abstract] ( 404 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 495KB] ( 2328 )
1045 Quantitative studies on symbiosis evolution of industrial parks
QU Qing-Ling, QIAN Xin, ZHANG Yu-Chao
The maximum flux principle and self-organized feature map(SOM) were applied in the studies of the evolution of immature industrial park with two cases. The order parameter ξ could be used to compare time sequence of symbiosis benefit of a park, but it couldn’t reflect the difference of symbiosis benefit between different parks. Then the calculation was modified and a new ξ was proposed. After being compared with the associate degree indicator and exchange amount indicator ξ was defined as symbiosis evolution efficiency index, and Kalundborg industrial park’s ξ value 2.87 in 2005 was defined as standard value of symbiosis evolution. The suggestion was also put forward that as two industrial parks’ ξ values have rising year after year with little interference of people, from 0.04 and 1.33 to 1.51 and 1.675 respectively. They are still much smaller than Kalundborg industrial park’s ξ value in 2005.Thus leaders of the industrial park should rationally guide the development based on its spontaneous forming process, to promote better and quicker development of the parks in long term.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 1045-1050 [Abstract] ( 391 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 518KB] ( 1372 )
1051 A method for life cycle management of industrial solid waste and its case study
SONG Xiao-Long, XU Cheng, YANG Jian-Xin, 吕Bin , ZHAO Li-Na
Based on analysis of the relationship between industrial solid waste management and industrial process, framework and method for life cycle management of industrial solid waste which integrate the source reduction process was presented. A case study of copper slag management was conducted with this method. The environmental burden of three scenarios for copper slag management was 2800.46 Pt, 2156.00 Pt and 2162.04 Pt, respectively. Although Flash Smelting could promote reduction of copper slag compared with Bath Smelting, it did not relieve the gross environmental impacts in the whole life cycle of fine copper production and copper slag management. In consideration of slag closed-loop recycling process, environmental performance of Floatation Approach excelled that of Electric Furnace Impoverishment when treating the same quantity of copper slag. The case study proved that it is necessary to integrate the reduction process into the whole life cycle of industrial solid waste and make an integrated assessment of industrial solid waste management scheme, rather than to follow priority and hierarchy simply.
2011 Vol. 31 (6): 1051-1056 [Abstract] ( 326 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 369KB] ( 1943 )
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