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2011 Vol.31 Issue.8,Published 2011-08-22
1233 Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particles and the influence of foggy weather conditions during the winter in Nanjing
GU Kai-Hua, FAN Shu-Xian, HUANG Hong-Li, ZHANG Hong-Liang, FAN Yang, ZU Fan, ZHU Bin, LI Hong-Shuang
To study the distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM10 and PM2.5 and the influence of foggy weather conditions, aerosol samples were collected in foggy and sunny days in Nanjing, and the concentrations of 16 priority-controlled PAHs were analyzed by gas chromatography with mass selective detection (GC-MS). The results suggest that the total concentrations of 16 PAHs in PM10 and PM2.5 during foggy days are higher by 34.72ng/m3 and 35.35ng/m3 respectively than those during sunny days. However, the diurnal variation in foggy days isn’t exhibited, compared to sunny days. The proportion of low-ring PAHs in corresponding size ranges gradually decrease, while the high-ring PAHs gradually increase. Benzo(a) pyrene (BaP)-equivalent carcinogenic concentration (BaPE) in foggy days was higher by 1.48 ng/m3 than the regional standard (BaP, 5ng/m3). The analysis of meteorological conditions in foggy days shows that foggy days are characterized by the stable inversion layer and high relative humidity. Furthermore, the mass concentrations of 16 PAHs in particles in the range of 0.65μm to 2.10μm are gradually increases, exhibiting enrichment of accumulation mode. The existence of warm and moisture from southeast and southwest provides a rich source of water vapor and polluted particles which may act as fog condensation nuclei for fog, and at the same time, weak wind conditions are also proper for upper and lower air exchanging, resulting in a thicker fog, maintaining the development of fog, leading to significant increase of the PAHs pollution.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1233-1240 [Abstract] ( 322 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 730KB] ( 1387 )
1241 A mobile integrated platform for monitoring and forecast of emergency air pollution
AN Jun-Ling, XIANG Wei-Ling, HAN Zhi-Wei, ZHENG Yi, WANG Zi-Fa, WANG Xin-Hua, WU Jian-Bin, YAN Ping-Zhong, LI Jie, QU Yu, CHEN Yong, LI Jia-Wei
The first mobile platform for monitoring and forecast of emergency air pollution (IMF) in China has been successfully integrated with the financial support of the 863 Project of Simulations of Emergency Air Pollution Accidents and Their Risk Control Technologies from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and the IMF has provided an efficient platform for decision makers to deal with emergency air pollution accidents in a scientific and regularized way. Over 30-day (from July 5 to August 6, 2010) experiments at Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing indicate that stable and efficient is the mobile integrated system, which runs approximately 5 minutes from the beginning of monitoring oil burning to issuing the emergency planning. The successive bias correction method can improve the forecasted meteorological fields and maximum forecasted concentrations of black carbon near the surface reasonably agree with observations.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1241-1247 [Abstract] ( 303 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 763KB] ( 1890 )
1248 Property of black carbon concentration over outskirts of Lanzhou, Northwest China
ZHANG Lei, ZHANG Lei, ZHANG Ding-Ling, ZHAO Shi-Qiang, HUANG Jian-Ping, ZHANG Wu, SHI Jin-Sen
The characteristics of black carbon (BC) concentration were analyzed using the BC monitoring data of Semi-arid Climate Observatory and Laboratory (SACOL) during the period from January 2007to August 2009. The average daily BC surface concentration was 1568ng/m3, lower than that of some background observation stations in East China. The BC concentration obviously had a seasonal variation from spring to summer, autumn and winter, with respective value of 1234.74, 1290.23, 1669.06 and 2088.73ng/m3. The diurnal variation showed a bimodal distribution with the maximum value at 09:00 (Beijing Time), and the minimum at 17:00. The variation of BC concentration was closely related with the air pollution emission and diffusion condition. The affection of dust events to BC concentration depended on the strength of the dust events, the type and the amount of the anthropogenic aerosols captured by the dust particles, and the mixing state of BC particles with other aerosols. According to the data statistical analysis the BC surface background concentration at SACOL was 1000ng/m3.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1248-1255 [Abstract] ( 354 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 502KB] ( 1588 )
1256 Optimization of parameters for the determination of aerosol benzo[k]fluoranthene by constant energy synchronous luminescence spectrometry
CAI Xiao-Qiong, WANG Bo-Guang, LIU Hui-Xuan
In order to optimize measurement parameters when using constant energy synchronous luminescence spectrometry to determine benzo[k]fluoranthene in atmospheric aerosols, orthogonal experiments were conducted to study the impact of photomultiplier (PMT) voltage, excitation monochromator slit bandwidth (EX-slit) and emission monochromator slit bandwidth (EM-slit) on the precision, sensitivity, detection limit and half-height peak width. The results showed that all the three factors had significant influence on the precision, sensitivity and detection limit, but only EX-slit had significant impact on half-height peak width. Declining of precision and growing of sensitivity were observed when increasing PMT voltage. Detection limits, however, revealed a complex nonlinearity relationship with PMT voltage and reached their minimums with PMT voltage at 800V. With the enlargement of EX-slit, precisions were improved but half-height peak widths were also increased with lower detection limits and worse sensitivities. With the growing EM-slit, sensitivity was improved but detection limit and precision were declining. Based on the orthogonal tests the optimized measurement parameters included PMT voltage of 800V, EX-slit of 2.5nm and EM-slit of 5nm. The lowest detection limit under these optimized conditions was 0.086ng/mL, which is technically suitable for on-line monitoring of benzo[k]fluoranthene. For benzo[k]fluoranthene in environmental aerosol samples, results measured by constant energy synchronous luminescence spectrometry agreed quite well with those by high performance liquid chromatography equipped with fluorescence detector. The differences between them ranged from 1.73% to 10.70%.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1256-1262 [Abstract] ( 304 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 397KB] ( 974 )
1263 Exprimental study on removal SO2 from flue gas using active oxygen species
BAI Min-Di, YANG Bo, WANG Yong-Wei
A new methods for desulfurization was required to overcome problems with desulfurization by gas ionization discharge, including the large size of the plasma source, high energy consumption, and the need for the synergy of a traditional desulfurization method. Active oxygen species (e.g. O2+, O(1D), O(3P), O3) and HO2- initiators were injected under low-flow and high-concentration conditions into a flue to reach with H2O in the flue gas to generate ·OH radicals, which can oxidize micro SO2 from a large number of the flue gas to produce H2SO4 liquid without the use of absorbents and catalysts and other technologies coordination. As the gas temperature was 30℃ and the molar ratio was between 3 to 4, at which point the SO2 removal efficiency was 94.6%, and the SO42- concentrations in the recovered acid liquid was 9.3 g/L.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1263-1267 [Abstract] ( 288 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 417KB] ( 1008 )
1268 Effects of methanol and ethanol on biological phosphorus removal in sequencing batch reactor with single-stage oxic process
DENG Ying, WANG Dong-Bo, LI Xiao-Ming, YANG Fan, YANG Qi, MO Chuang-Rong, ZENG Guang-Ming
The research carried out methanol(for SBR1#) and ethanol (for SBR2#) as the sole carbon source, and investigated the effects of them on the efficiencies of biological phosphorus removal in the single-stage oxic process, respectively. The results showed that the average phosphorus removal contents and its efficiencies respectively reached at 6.56 mg/L, 52.63% in SBR1# and 11.22mg/L, 90.34% in SBR2# during the steady-state operation. For a typical SBR cycle, within aerobic period, the phosphate uptake rates could reach 1.62 and 5.31mgPO43--P/(gVSS×h) in SBR1# and SBR2#, respectively. In addition, the effluent phosphate concentration in SBR2# was below the detection limit. And the internal storage compounds were higher in SBR2# than that in SBR1# during a cycle. The results suggested ethanol as a carbon source seemed to be better for biological phosphorus removal in biological phosphorus removal system. During the idle period, more phosphorus was found to be released in SBR2# than that in SBR1# as more poly-p was degraded, due to the higher activity of PAOs in SBR2#.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1268-1273 [Abstract] ( 293 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 461KB] ( 925 )
1274 Study on liquid phase catalytic hydrogenation of bromate over Pd/CeO2 catalyst
ZHOU Juan, CHEN Huan, LI Xiao-Lu, WAN Hai-Qin, WAN Yu-Qiu, XU Zhao-Yi
CeO2 carrier was synthesized via the sol-gel method, Pd/CeO2 catalysts were prepared using the deposition-precipitation and impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by TEM and Zeta potential measurement. Results showed the isoelectric points(IEPs) of both catalysts were around 5.0, and metallic Pd particles were well dispersed on CeO2 surface, the average Pd particle sizes on the CeO2 surface grown with the increase of Pd loading amount. Bromate with an initial concentration of 0.39mmol/L was removed by 100% over Pd/CeO2 prepared by the deposition-precipitation method and 71% over Pd/CeO2 prepared by impregnation method after reaction for 50min, exhibiting higher catalytic activity for catalyst prepared by the deposition-precipitation method. The catalytic bromate reduction was not influenced by mass transport limitation. Bromate reduction can be described by the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model, indicating that the reaction was controlled by bromate adsorption. Increasing Pd loading amount resulted in enhanced bromate reduction. Decreasing pH was in favor of catalytic bromate reduction.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1274-1279 [Abstract] ( 284 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1205KB] ( 1213 )
1280 Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr in municipal sludge with oxalic acid and HEDTA
TU Jian-Cheng, ZHAO Qing-Liang, YANG Qian-Qian
Ultrasonic was applied to enhance extraction of heavy metals in municipal sludge with oxalic acid and hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine triacetic acid (HEDTA). The effects of ultrasonic radiation time, power intensity and stirring on extraction of heavy metals were investigated. Moreover, the transformation of heavy metal speciation in municipal sludge was analyzed by the application of tessier's sequential extraction procedure. In general, the extraction ratios of Cu, Ni and Cr in sludge were improved with the increasing of ultrasonic time, power intensity and stirring, the extraction ratios of Zn had no obviously improved. After the ultrasonic-assisted chemical extraction procedure, the content of organic compounds and residue forms of Cu, Cr and Ni were decreased. However, exchangeable and carbonate compounds forms of heavy metals were dramatically increased, the speciation of Zn in sludge was hardly changed.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1280-1284 [Abstract] ( 287 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 355KB] ( 1332 )
1285 Effect of potassium ferrate on growth of microorganisms and physicochemical characters of sludge
蓝Hui-Xia , LIU Xiao-Feng, WANG Le-Le, CHEN Yuan-Cai
Biological treatment processes are generally combined with physicochemical process due to toxic or refractory organic pollutants contained in industrial wastewater. In this paper, effect of the potassium ferrate on the growth and metabolism of microorganisms was studied. Particularly, the effects of potassium ferrate concentration in terms of COD removal efficiency and the characteristic of the sludge were investigated, expecting to provide useful information of potassium ferrate oxidation on the following biological treatment. The results showed that potassium ferrate decomposed completely in the early stages of adaptation as its concentration was below 60mg/L, so the microorganisms were not affected by low concentration of potassium ferrate. When concentration of potassium ferrate was 41.5mg/L, COD removal efficiency was the highest and the settling of sludge was better, SV decreased and MLSS and MLVSS increased significantly compared to that without potassium ferrate.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1285-1288 [Abstract] ( 292 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 316KB] ( 785 )
1289 Adsorption removal of phosphorus from aqueous solution using modified polyaluminium chloride sludge
WU Hui-Fang, HU Wen-Hua
The polyaluminium chloride sludge (PACS) was modified by acid and heat in this study, and the corresponding adsorption kinetics models for the modified PACS were investigated. The results showed that an optimal removal efficiency of 97.0% for phosphorus was achieved when the PACS sample was treated using acid method with 0.075 mol/L HCl at 20℃ for 12 h. For the heat modified PACS, the maximum adsorption capacities of phosphorus of 97.8% was obtained for the sample heated at 300℃ for 1h. At the same static adsorption conditions, the phosphorus removal efficiency using acid treated PACS and heat treated PACS was enhanced by 21.4% and 22.2% than that of raw PACS, respectively. Moreover, the adsorption kinetic parameters of PACS and acid or heat treated PACS reviewed that the Simple Elovich model could explain the adsorption data well (R230.97).
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1289-1294 [Abstract] ( 336 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1202KB] ( 1319 )
1295 Study on removal of Phaeocystis globosa with organic modified montmorillonite by quaternary phosphonium
LIU Yu-Fang, ZHAO Ling, YIN Ping-He, LI Song-Tao
L9(34) orthogonal experiments were carried out to investigate the optimum condition of the organic modified montmorillonite by quaternary phosphonium. The removal rate of Phaeocystis globosa with the concentration of 20.0 mg/L of modified montmorillonite, which the prepared conditions, at a temperature of 60.0℃ , at a pH 7.0, at stirring time of 6h, and the mole rate between the cationic exchange capacity of montmorillonite and quaternary phosphonium 1.5:1.0 was 93.2% after 48 h. The results of FT-IR, XRD and SEM characterized the surface structure of modified montmorillonite showed that quaternary phosphonium can be inserted effectively into the interlayer of momtmorillonite , reduced the electrostatic attraction between the momtmorillonite and algal cell, which cause the effect on adsorption of algal cell increasing. The results of compared the removal rate of the montmorillonite and kaolin modified by quaternary phosphonium, and the modified montmorillonite by quarternary ammonium indicate that modified montmorillonite by quaternary phosphonium was superior to others.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1295-1299 [Abstract] ( 317 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 699KB] ( 1126 )
1300 Performance research on arsenic adsorption from aqueous solution by aluminum-modified fly ash cenospheres
XU Xiao-Tian, HUO Lin, ZUO Ye-Ying, HUO Cong, SHENG Luo-Yi, DI Jian-Ping
An environmental material, aluminum-modified fly ash cenospheres, was synthesized by using composite means of wet and dry method. Static adsorption experiments were conducted to examine the effects of adsorbent dosage, pH, ionic strength, competing anions, reaction time and temperature on As(V) removal from aqueous solutions. Results showed that the best As(V) adsorption was observed in the range of neutral and acidic, and the coexisting ions had a large impact on As(V) adsorption in order comprehensive > H2PO4- > CO32-, and ionic strength had little influence on As(V) removal, and the maximum adsorption capacity of aluminum-modified fly ash cenospheres is about 5000μg/g (temperature 298K;adsorbent dosage 2.5g/L;time 24h). Experimental data of As(V) adsorption fitted well with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and indicated the better applicability of the pseudo-second-order model.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1300-1305 [Abstract] ( 352 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 565KB] ( 952 )
1306 Regional characteristics and trend of heavy metals and nutrients of sewage sludge in China
MA Xue-Wen, WENG Huan-Xin, ZHANG Jin-Jun
The sewage sludge samples from 193 wastewater treatment plants in 111 cities were analyzed and the data was counted. Results were compared with data in 2003, and were analyzed in accordance with distribution of north-south and east-west in China. Results showed that, in comparison with 2003, average contents of Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, As, Hg of sludge decreased, and content of Cd increased. Contents of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorous slightly increased, while potassium changed little. Average contents of Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr and Ni of northern sludge were smaller than southern sludge, contents of Pb, As and Hg were higher than southern sludge. Contents of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg and Ni decreased from east to west, and contents of As increased from east to west, and content of Cr of middle sludge was highest. Contents of organic matter and potassium of northern sludge was higher than southern sludge, and contents of nitrogen and phosphorous were smaller than southern sludge. Contents of organic matter and nitrogen increased from east to west, and content of phosphorous decreased, and potassium contents of middle sludge and western sludge were higher eastern sludge.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1306-1313 [Abstract] ( 392 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 394KB] ( 2262 )
1314 Characteristics of norfloxacin sorption on goethite
GU Wei, ZHAO Ling, DONG Yuan-Hua, TANG Li-Li
The kinetics characteristics and sorption amount under different pH conditions (i.e. pH=3.5, 5.0, 5.6 and 6.2) and the thermodynamics characteristics of norfloxacin (NOR) sorption on goethite (α-FeOOH) were determined by batch equilibrium experiments according to OECD Guideline 106 in this study. The sorption mechanisms were also found out. Results showed that the sorption of NOR on α-FeOOH began from a rapid stage with continuing for approximately 6 h, and then followed with a slow stage until a 48 h of sorption equilibrium time. Sorption kinetic curves fit a pseudo second-order kinetic model well at different pH. The sorption amount of different pH corresponded to the decreasing order of 5.6 > 5.0 > 6.2 > 3.5, which depended on the sum of the products concentrations obtained from different species of α-FeOOH and NOR at respective pH value. This result also indicated that the order of sorption amount was mostly attributed to the sorption of NORH2± on the surface of α-FeOOH. The Freundlich model could compatibly describe sorption isotherm of NOR on α-FeOOH. The 1/n of the isotherm fitted by the Freundlich model increased from 0.43 to 0.61 with increasing temperature from 15 ℃ to 35 ℃, which indicated that an increase in temperature could reduce the nonlinear sorption of NOR on α-FeOOH. Results with -39.45 kJ/mol of ΔH0 and less than 0 of ΔG0 revealed that the sorption of NOR on α-FeOOH was a spontaneously exothermic process. The exchange of ion was a dominant sorption mechanism for NOR sorption on α-FeOOH, while the H-bonding and dipole force were other possible sorption mechanisms. Less than 0 of ΔS0 indicated an entropy decrease during the sorption process.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1314-1320 [Abstract] ( 337 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 735KB] ( 2439 )
1321 Effect of citric acid on the sorption of pentachlorophenol in soils.
SUN Rui, LING Wan-Ting, DANG Hong-Jiao, SUN Bing-Qing
The impacts of citric acid on sorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by three typical zonal soils in China, including yellow-brown soil, brown-red soil, and red soil, were investigated by a batch experimental technique. The sorption isotherm of PCP by soils can be well described by Freundlich equation. The sorption capacity of PCP by three test soils was in the order of yellow-brown soil > brown-red soil 3 red soil, which was positively correlated to the soil organic matter contents (foc). The presence of citric acid dramatically affected the PCP sorption. The sorption capacity of PCP by brown-red soil and red soil increased firstly and decreased thereafter with the increment of citric acid concentrations from 0 to 100 mmol/L. The addition of citric acid significantly enhanced the sorption of PCP in yellow-brown soil. However, the enhancement tended to weaken with the presence of citric acid at higher concentrations. It was observed that the pH values lowered and dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations enlarged in the equilibrium solution with the increase of added citric acid concentrations. The sorption of PCP by soil enhanced at the lower pH value and weakened by the higher DOM concentration in solution.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1321-1326 [Abstract] ( 378 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 398KB] ( 1423 )
1327 Characterization and mechanism studies on biosorption of lead onto Hydrilla verticallata
LI Guo-Xin, ZHANG Dan-Dan, YAN Chang-Zhou, XUE Pei-Ying
：The characterization and mechanism of biosorption of lead onto H. verticallata were studied in this paper. The kinetic study showed that biosorption rate of lead(II) onto H. verticallata was fast as about 74.54% of total lead was removed within 10min and equilibrium was established within 20min. The overall sorption rate can be well fitted to the pseudo-second order model, with correlation of determination (R2) of 0.9910. Sips and Langmuir model were the better-fitting models for the biosorption of lead(II) onto H. verticallata than Freundlich model, which indicated that the biosorption of lead(II) onto H.verticallata follows monolayer coverage of lead(II) on the biomass surface and the interaction between lead molecules can be negligible. The FTIR spectra of biomass showed that there are lots of active groups on leaves of H. verticallata, and the possible functional groups responsible for lead(II) binding were carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl groups, C–O and C–N. The concentration of mineral elements in leaves such as K, Na, Ca, Mg decreased after biosorption of lead, which indicated that lead(II) could be absorbed caused by ion exchanging with mineral elements.Furthermore,divalent elements such as Ca and Mg had better ion exchange capacity with lead ions.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1327-1333 [Abstract] ( 280 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 736KB] ( 1139 )
1334 Optimization of Ni(II) biosorption by fruiting bodies of Auricularia polytricha with response surface methodology
YANG Wei-Ming, HUANG Hai-Wei, ZHENG Shu-Ran, WANG Wen-Feng, CAO Li-Xiang, ZHANG Ren-Duo
The effect of initial solution pH values, biomass doses, and initial ion concentrations on the removal efficiency of Ni(II) by fruiting body of Auricularia polytricha was studied using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The biosorption of Ni(II) by fruiting body of A. polytricha was carried out with batch experiments and the optimal experimental condition was determined using the central composite design(CCD). Results showed that the Ni(II) biosorption processes were affected significantly by pH values, biomass doses, and initial ion concentrations (P<0.0001). The optimum parameters of the biosorption of Ni(II) were found to be 5.41, 6.00g/L and 24.0mg/L for initial pH, biomass dose, and initial ion concentration, respectively. At the optimal conditions, the biosorption efficiencies of Ni(II) by A. polytricha were 87%. The value of R2(0.9771) indicates a high correlation between the observed and the predicted values.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1334-1340 [Abstract] ( 238 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 447KB] ( 924 )
1341 The inhibitory effect of isothiazolones on Phaeodactylum tricornutum
YANG Cui-Yun, XIA Chuan-Hai, LIU Su-Jing, ZHOU Shi-Wei
The growth inhibition effect of isothiazolone BIT (1, 2-benzo-isothiazolin-3-ketone) and its analogue X (N-propionyl-1, 2-benzo-isothiazolone ketone-3-ketone) with different concentrations on Phaeodactylum tricornutum were studied. The results of algal cells growth, specific growth rate, algal cells density ratio indicated that the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum could be inhibited at the initial growth phase after the algal cells were treated with high concentrations BIT and X. However the treatment groups with low concentrations BIT and X were not obvious compared with the control. The inhibitory effect of BIT was stronger than X, but the effect could decrease with the treatment time prolonged, the algal cells will proliferate rapidly. The EC50values of BIT and X were 1.95mg/L (R2 = 0.988, P = 0.0013) and 3.26mg/L (R2 = 0.908, P= 0.0279) respectively according to the Logistic curve fitting equation. It further showed that BIT had the better inhibitory effect than its analogue X.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1341-1346 [Abstract] ( 305 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 439KB] ( 1021 )
1347 PAH、OCP and PCB in suspended particular matters (SPMs) in drinking water reservoir from the Taihu Lake basin
NIE Ming-Hua, YANG Yi, LIU Min, WANG Zu-Cheng, YAN Cai-Xia, LI Yong, GU Li-Jun
In May and September 2010, PAH, OCP and PCB concentrations in suspended particulate matters (SPMs) were determined in Taihu Lake basin, an important drinking water resource in Yangtz River Delta, China. The total concentrations of PAH, OCP and PCB in SPMs were 806.9~3815.3ng/g, 10.04~50.86ng/g and 2.20~5.06ng/g, respectively. The temporal distribution showed that concentrations of PAH, OCP and PCB in September were higher than those in May, respectively. In detail, PAH were predominated by HMW-PAHs. The composition characterization, particular ratios of PAH demonstrated that anthropogenic releases of oil products and incomplete combustion of fossil fuels were the main source of PAHs in SPMs, while smaller fraction came from incomplete combustion materials of biomass and coal input. In the present study, DDTs showed higher concentrations than HCHs. Distribution patterns of HCHs and DDTs indicated that DDTs in SPMs were mainly the history residues, however, new inputs of HCHs and Lindane still existed. The relevance ratio of Aroclor 1016 and Aroclor 1260 were the highest, which might be related to the PCB production and use history in China. Compared to other areas in the world, the concentrations of PAH, OCP and PCB in the study area were much lower and the ecological risk was relative low.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1347-1354 [Abstract] ( 390 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 413KB] ( 1352 )
1355 Water quality pollution characteristics in East Taihu Lake
ZENG Qing-Fei, GU Xiao-Hong, ZHOU Lu-Hong, MAO Zhi-Gang
Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to analyze the spatial zoning of water quality and the main water pollution characteristics in East Taihu Lake based on a systematic water environment research. The results showed that there existed a significant spatial pattern and obvious seasonal variations in water quality characteristics among the sites selected in East Taihu Lake. Two main components were obtained from twelve water quality indices, and component I was characterized by total phosphorus total dissolved phosphorus and inorganic phosphate concentration. Components II was associated with Chla and CODMn which represented water organic pollution in East Taihu Lake. Twelve sample plots were classified into four classes by cluster analysis in terms of principal component scores. The water pollution was highly in the river mouths of the north part of East Taihu Lake due to the discharge of urban domestic sewage, especially in the Youchegang mouth. The water quality in the crab’s enclosure culture area was as good as the sites in the south and east parts in East Taihu Lake because of the artificial grown vegetation’s strong purification ability.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1355-1360 [Abstract] ( 312 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 550KB] ( 1761 )
1361 Distribution characteristic of organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments from Lijiang,Guilin City, South China
WANG Ying-Hui, XUE Rui, LI Jie, ZHU Hong-Xiang, XU Yi-Yin, LI Ping-Yang, GUO Song-Jun
The concentrations of 19 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the surface sediments from Lijiang, Guilin City, South China were determined by GC-ECD. The total concentrations of OCPs were 0.94~56.68ng/g (mean value 13.77ng/g), showing a middle content level compared with other areas in China. The highest concentrations of OCPs were found at sampling sites collected from Mahuang Continent (on the upriver) and Wayao (on the downriver). Among 19 kinds of OCPs, the highest concentration was HCB, followed by HCHs, which were corresponding to the local usage history. The ratio of DDD+DDE/DDT suggested that DDT had been micro-biologically degraded well; DDE/DDD ratio implied a domination of anaerobic condition in sediments from Lijiang. HCHs were mainly come from aged residue. There was mass lindane introduced to the Mahuang Continent which should be given more attention.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1361-1365 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 378KB] ( 1221 )
1366 Caofeidian Laolongkou modern sedimentary environments and heavy metal pollution
YU Wen-Jin, ZOU Xin-Qing, ZHU Da-Kui
With the comprehensive measurements, the grain size, sediment dating and heavy metals content was investigated in the seven cores of Caofeidian Laolongkou region of Hebei Province, Which goal was to find the control factors and the deposition of heavy metals in tidal. Laolongkou tidal was composited with the fine sand and silt. According to the isotopic dating, the largest deposition rate was L06, which has 0.90cm/a, but deposition rate of the remaining cores were less than 0.5cm/a. The average deposition rate was 0.32cm/a, Caofeidian tidal deposit rate was slowed. Cores fluctuated severely in vertical direction and were significantly affected by human activities. The content of heavy metals in core samples showed an increasing trend start from the 30~40cm depth to the surface. The pollution of Hg, Cr was serious, but the other elements were basically pollution-free. Although the contamination of most heavy metals which was in the vicinity of the background values does not appear, and the ecological danger was very low, heavy metals ecological risk index (ERI) in the region reaches 158.41, affected by moderate ecological risk of Pb, Hg heavy metals, showing moderate ecological harm. The potential ecological risks in the future can’t be ignored.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1366-1376 [Abstract] ( 321 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 838KB] ( 928 )
1377 Quantitative real time PCR method for detection of metallothionein in Eisenia fetida and application of molecular diagnosis in cadmium exposure
CHEN Chun, ZHOU Qi-Xing
The primers were designed based on previous reported sequence of metallothionein (MT) gene. Selected genes were amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into pEASY-Blunt vector to construct recombinant plasmid. Standard curves of target gene (MT) or reference gene (β-actin) were generated using serial dilution of recombinant plasmids cDNA. And the method of SYBR Green I real-time quantitative PCR was established for the detection of MT mRNA transcript level. Moreover, MT gene expression level was detected in Eisenia fetida after 14 and 28d of exposure to 50,500,1000mg/kg Cd. The results of sequence alignment showed that the sequences of cDNA fragments in recombinant plasmid were confirmed to be correct corresponding to previous known genes, which indicated that MT and β-actin cDNA fragments were cloned respectively. The liner correlation coefficient of two standard curves was 0.994 and 0.999, respectively and PCR amplification efficiencies were both close to 100%. Therefore, the real-time PCR detection of MT gene expression was sensitive, specific and reliable. Furthermore, the expression level of MT gene was significantly (P<0.01) up-regulated in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. The highest (36.8-fold) up-regulation level was found in E. fetida after 28d of exposed to 1000mg/kg Cd compared to controls. These results suggested that MT may be applied as a molecular biomarker provide early warning signs for the stress of Cd exposue in future.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1377-1382 [Abstract] ( 487 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 492KB] ( 1865 )
1383 Metallothionein mRNA expression in wild redeye mullet (Liza Haematocheila) for monitoring marine heavy metal pollution
AN Li-Hui, ZHENG Bing-Hui, FU Qing, ZHAO Xing-Ru, SHANG Jing-Jing, ZHANG Lei
In this study, a 132-bp sequence corresponding to a 44-amino acid sequence of metallothionein gene was obtained, and then a quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was developed for quantification of MT mRNA normalized to β-actin in redeye mullets. The method was applied to detect MT mRNA expression in redeye mullets from Nandaihe and Dashentang in Bohai Bay, and the results showed that MT mRNA expression in redeye mullets was higher significantly from Nandaihe (0.012 ± 0.0064 copies/copy β-actin in males and 0.0099 ± 0.0042 copies/copy β-actin in females) than that from Dashentang (0.0017 ± 0.0011 copies/copy β-actin in males and 0.0014 ± 0.00095 copies/copy β-actin in females) which was consistent with the heavy metals concentrations, indicating that MT mRNA can be a promising biomarker for monitoring metals pollutions in coastal environment.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1383-1389 [Abstract] ( 332 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 491KB] ( 1239 )
1390 Discussion on candidate species of gastropoda organisms in toxicity testing
ZHENG Shi-Mei, ZHOU Qi-Xing, XIONG Hong-Xia
With an attention to the hazard of endocrine disruptors on gastropoda organisms, the pollution-ecological problem of mollusks is being concerned gradually. Based on the current progress in the research area, several typical gastropoda organisms were discussed as the candidate species of testing organisms in the toxicity testing of chemicals. In view of their ecological significance, the four candidate prosobranchia species (Potamopyrgus antipodarum, Valvata piscinalis, Pomacea lineate and Bellamya aeruginosa) and one pulmonata organism (Lymnaea stagnalis) were suggested to develop as the standard testing organisms. Compared with the four other organisms proposed by foreign scholars, Bellamya aeruginosa proposed by Chinese scholars is of indigenous significance. Thus, attentions should be paid to the species in the toxicity testing of chemicals. On the basis of above discussions, the aspects of research on gastropoda organisms as candidate species in the toxicity testing in the future were prospected.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1390-1397 [Abstract] ( 322 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 407KB] ( 1865 )
1398 Assessment on health economic costs of particulate air pollution in Lanzhou during 2002~2009
HOU Qing, AN Xing-Qin, WANG Zi-Fa, WANG Yu, SUN Zhao-Bin
Lanzhou is one of the most polluted cities in China,and the PM10 air pollution could impose harmful effects on local human health. Referencing to the related epidemiological literature published around the world in recent years, this paper screens out the PM10 health endpoints and appropriate exposure-response coefficients, and calculates the health economic loss by PM10 of Lanzhou during 2002-2009. The results show that PM10-related health economic loss is yearly fluctuating, while not a increasing trend from the year of 2002; the loss of every year is generally above one billion RMB, in which the highest amount is 1.66 billion in 2009; and the ratio between PM10-related health economic loss and GDP is declined in the recent years.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1398-1402 [Abstract] ( 368 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 340KB] ( 1139 )
1403 Numerical simulation for the influence of green space patterns on urban thermal environment: Taking Taiyuan City as an example
LIU Yan-Hong, GUO Jin-Ping
The temperature and velocity fields of five common forms for urban green space pattern were simulated by CFD and remote sensing technology, in order to find the influence extent and the influence way of green space pattern on urban thermal environment. The result shows that it is feasible that CFD numerical simulation technology can be introduced to the study of urban thermal environment, with remote sensing technology to modify the parameters of the CFD model. From the simulation analysis of urban thermal environment based on the typical green space patterns, the following results can be got: Wedge-shaped pattern has the best thermal environment effect, in other words, the cooling effect of wedge-shaped pattern is the strongest for urban; the cooling effect of radial and banded pattern follows after wedge-shaped pattern; the cooling effect of point pattern is relatively weak; and the cooling effect of ring pattern is the weakest. Although the cooling effect of point pattern is relatively weak, the local vortex of velocity fields is the most obvious, so it can be used a means to improve the local micro-climate. Base on the study results, some corresponding proposals for urban green space planning and constructing are posed.
2011 Vol. 31 (8): 1403-1408 [Abstract] ( 344 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 564KB] ( 1345 )
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