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2010 Vol.30 Issue.8,Published 2010-08-20
1009 Influence of dust aerosols on cloud radiative forcing over Northern China
JIA Xuan, WANG Wen-Cai, CHEN Yong-Hang, HUANG Jian-Ping, CHEN Jian-Min, ZHANG Hua, BAI Hong-Tao, ZHANG Ping
Influence of dust aerosols on top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative forcing (RF) of clouds over Northern China was analyzed by comparing that of pristine cloudy regions with that of dust contaminated cloudy regions using data from CERES SSF Aqua MODIS Edition 2B/2C, CALIPSO satellite and dust observations from meteorological stations. The results show that for the three episodes of April 16, 2006, May 16, 2006 and March 30, 2007, the TOA net RF over dusty clouds was 7.1%, 17.2% and 3.1% less than that over pure clouds. The cooling effect of clouds was weakened to varying degrees. The comparison of cloud optical properties between pristine cloudy regions and dust contaminated cloudy regions showed that in most cases the particle radius/diameter, water path and optical depth of dusty clouds were less than the same parameters of pure clouds.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1009-1014 [Abstract] ( 333 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 364KB] ( 1446 )
1015 Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 in Nanjing
CHEN Kui, YIN Yan, WEI Yu-Xiang, YANG Wei-Fen
Chemical characteristics and possible sources of fine particular matter (PM2.5) was investigated for 1 year in Nanjing. PM2.5 was collected from June 2007 to May 2008, which carbonaceous species, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), in the samples were analyzed. Seasonal variations of OC and EC concentrations were investigated; the pollution degree and characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols during haze and no haze period were analyzed and compared. Results showed that yearly PM2.5 and carbonaceous concentrations varied in wide ranges with 12.1~287.1mg/m3 for PM2.5, 2.6~47.0mg/m3 for OC and 1.0~33.6mg/m3 for EC. On seasonal average, the highest PM2.5 (109.6mg/m3) and OC (20.8mg/m3) levels occurred during summer. The seasonal average concentrations of PM2.5 and organic carbon levels ranked by the order of summer > autumn > winter > spring, while the seasonal average concentrations of EC were in the order of autumn, spring, winter and summer. The OC/EC ratio and concentrations of carbonaceous species such as,OC, EC and total carbon (TC) in haze days were 1.7 2.0, 1.8, and 1.9 times higher than those in non-haze days. Backward air trajectories indicated that haze formation in Nanjing was attributable to air masses with abundant water vapors and pollutants.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1015-1020 [Abstract] ( 385 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 559KB] ( 1562 )
1021 Concentration and distribution of organic matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on window glass surface
PAN Su-Hong, LIN Tian, LI Jun, ZHANG Gan, LIU Xiang
In order to investigate the distribution of organic matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in organic film of window glass surfaces, samples of indoor and outdoor were collected in pairs with cleaned Kimwipes paper from untinted windows at 6 sites in the urban area of Guangzhou, and 9 sites in Hong Kong, respectively, between Dec, 2007 and Jan, 2008. High levels of organic matter were observed on the window surfaces in the two cities, but ratios of organic matter to total glass film masses were relatively low. The average value was 1.8% and 1.1% for interior and exterior windows at Guangzhou, and 3.9% and 1.6% for interior and exterior windows at Hong Kong, respectively. The highest concentration of total PAHs in the glass films was found to be 1430 ng/m2, which was dominated by phenanthrene, fluorene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. High molecular weight PAHs mostly in particulate phase were significant high in exterior films. The concentrations of 5~6 ring PAHs were about one fold higher in the exterior films than in the interior films at Guangzhou, whereas about 5 to 10 fold higher at Hong Kong. The analysis of correlation between organic matter and PAHs indicated that sources of organic matter and PAHs in indoor and outdoor environment were different from each other. The residence on window surface would be beneficial to photodegradation of PAHs.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1021-1025 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 356KB] ( 723 )
1026 Experimental study of removing elemental mercury from flue gas by MnOx/HZSM-5
CHEN Ling, LI Cai-Ting, GAO Zhao, FAN Xiao-Peng, PENG Dun-Liang, CUI Hua-Fei
A series of HZSM-5 zeolite loading MnOx were prepared by impregnation method to investigate their removal characteristics of Hg0 in experimental flue gas, and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and surface area measurement (BET) methods. These experimental results suggested that HZSM-5 had good activity on removing Hg0 in the presence of 6% O2. After loading active components MnOx on HZSM-5 zeolite, the removal efficiency of Hg0 could be increased, and the best loading amount was 10%. Rising reaction temperature appropriately could enhance the removal efficiency of Hg0, and the optimum temperature was 300℃. O2 in flue gas could promote the oxidation of Hg0 while NO and SO2 inhibited the mercury oxidation due to the competition of active sites on MnOx/HZSM-5 sorbents with Hg0. Additionally, it was verified that Hg0 on MnOx/HZSM-5 adsorbents was mainly oxidized into HgO, which agreed with the Mars-Maessen mechanism to a certain extent.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1026-1031 [Abstract] ( 270 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 460KB] ( 901 )
1032 Influence factors on characteristic parameters of three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of phenol
WANG Huan-Bo, ZHANG Yu-Jun, XIAO Xue, YU Shao-Hui, YIN Gao-Fang, GUO Li-Quan
Characteristic parameters of phenol were investigated at different ion concentration and pH values by three-dimensional fluorescence spectra method. In the meantime, the effect of fluorescence quenching brought by humic acid was also explored. Results showed that nine kinds of ions usually existing in natural water including Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、NH4+、Cl-、HCO3-、SO42-、HPO42- had no effect on the shape of spectra and fluorescence intensity of phenol. However, the presence of NO3- caused the changes of fluorescence intensity, which decreased with the increasing concentration of NO3-. The impact of pH was significant because phenol had different forms in acidic and alkali conditions. The fluorescence intensity remained unchanged in acidic condition; in contrast, only a weak fluorescence signal was found in the alkali condition.The latter phenomena can be explained by the ionization of hydroxyl. In addition, the presence of humic acid may cause the fluorescence quenching. Finally, Stern-Volmer equation was used to fit the quenching results, and good results had been obtained with relative coefficient of 0.9995.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1032-1037 [Abstract] ( 318 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1287KB] ( 1634 )
1038 Occurrence and identification of environmental retinoids in Qing River, Beijing
LIU Jun, SHEN Lu-Lu, WU Xiao-Qin, HU Jian-Ying
In order to investigate RAR agonistic activity in aqueous environment, water samples were collected from Qing River, Beijing in each month from March to July, 2009. Water samples were extracted by solid-phase extract cartridges and their RAR agonistic activities were tested by RARα yeast two-hybrid bioassay. A further identification of environmental retinoids was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography. Samples from some locations both upstream and downstream of the sewage treatment plant exhibited unexpectedly high RAR a agonistic activities, and the variation of agonistic activity was random. Identification of causal chemicals suggested that all-trans-4-oxo-RA and 13-cis-4-oxo-RA contributed a small part to the RAR a agonistic activity, and there are still unknown RARα agonists in Qing River.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1038-1043 [Abstract] ( 207 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 447KB] ( 697 )
1044 Effects of metal ions on the NaNO2-catalyzed wet oxidation of Acid Blue 129
HUANG Mei-Ling, YUAN Xing-Zhong, PENG Yan-Rong, ZENG Guang-Ming, LIANG Yun-Shan
To investigate the promoting catalysis of metal ions (Cu2+,Ni2+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cr3+,Fe3+) on the NaNO2-catalyzed wet oxidation of the anthraquinone dye, the Acid Blue 129 (AB129) was taken as the research substrate, and the initial AB129 concentration of 100 mg/L coupled with the molar ratio of NaNO2 to AB129 at 0.6:1 in acid aqueous media (pH 2.5) under moderate conditions (T=150℃;oxygen pressure=0.5 MPa) was used. The promoting catalysis of the different metal ions was sort by the order of Fe3+>Cu2+>Cr3+>Co2+>Mn2+≈Ni2+ based on the catalytic activity detection when the molar ratio of cocatalysts, NaNO2 and AB129 was 0.2:0.6:1. In addition, the decoloration rate reached 100% after 2 h of catalytic wet oxidation in the NaNO2/FeCl3 system. The variation of COD of the solution showed that the NaNO2/FeCl3 coupling system was better than the Fe3+ or NaNO2 catalysis alone. After 4 h of catalytic wet oxidation, the COD removal rate reached 68% in the presence of NaNO2/FeCl3, and the increment of COD removal rates compared with the Fe3+ and NaNO2 alone were 21% and 45%, respectively. The UV-visible spectrum analysis as well as the COD determination indicated that the final products of the AB129 degradation were CO2 and small molecule organic compounds. As a result, a probable mechanism of the stimulative catalytic oxidation was proposed by the cycle and transformation of M(n+1)+/Mn+、NO、NO2 and ONOOH, while ONOOH and cocatalysts were considered as the most important active oxidants.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1044-1049 [Abstract] ( 303 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 536KB] ( 822 )
1050 Production and properties of bio-flocculant by Aspergillus sojae and Pichia membranifaciens cultured in soy sauce waste
REN Hong-Yang, WANG Xin-Hui, LIU Da-Yu
The conditions of cultivating Aspergillus sojae and Pichia membranifaciens in soy sauce waste to produce bio-flocculants and the flocculation characteristics of the bio-flocculants have been studied. The effects of additional carbon source, additional nitrogen source, initial pH of culture medium and the concentration of soy sauce waste on the yield of bio-flocculants were tested for cultivation conditions optimization. Ethanol (5g/L) was added into soy sauce waste which was diluted 1 time, as complementary carbon source without additional nitrogen source, the pH and cultivation time were 5.0 and 30h respectively. The yield of bio-flocculants was up to 5.92g/L. Bio-flocculants made in experiment has good effect on the water treatment, the removal ratio of kaolin clay suspension was up to 98.3%, other wastewater such as soy sauce waste, liquor brewing waste, the removal ratio of turbidity and COD was 78.2%~92.3% and 64.2%~85.2% respectively.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1050-1055 [Abstract] ( 323 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 423KB] ( 1294 )
1056 Effect of feeding length and dissolved oxygen on biochemical storage under anoxic conditions
HUANG Hui-Jun, WANG Shu-Ying, GUO Jian-Hua, WANG Zhong-Wei, PENG Yong-Zhen
Poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA), as one of internal polymers stored in microorganisms, plays an important role in the enhanced biological phosphorus removal process. Six identical anoxic-aerobic sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were used to investigate the effect of feeding length and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations on biochemical storage of activated sludge. The results indicated that the feeding length had insignificant influence on biochemical storage under anoxic conditions. The storage levels of PHA were decreased slightly with gradual increasing of feeding length from 10min to 60min, 90min and 120min. The maximum difference was 0.21 mmolC/L and the fPHB/HAc was fluctuated between 0.84 and 0.90. Keeping DO to be low concentration in aerobic stage was more favorable for increasing the storage of PHA, compared to high DO concentration. The PHA storage amounts were 3.1 mmolC/L and 5.0 mmolC/L under high DO (2.0 mg/L) and low DO (0.5 mg/L) in two reactors with feed length of 90 min, respectively. The biomass acclimated to long feeding length could store more substrate when feeding length changing from long time into short time. Moreover, the PHA production amount was higher under high DO concentration than that under low DO concentration.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1056-1061 [Abstract] ( 293 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 381KB] ( 962 )
1062 Application of carbon fiber biofilm carriers in two-phase anaerobic biological treatment
MA Zhao-Kun, SONG Hui, LIANG Jie-Ying, LIU Jie
Through comparing immobilization of sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogen on the surface of Polyacrylonitrile based carbon fiber (PAN-CF), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber and polyacryonitrile (PAN) fiber, two kinds of bacterium on PAN-CF showed higher immobilization velocity, better biological activity and higher removal rate for sulfate and COD than on other carriers. Those results were probably concerned with high hydrophobicity and good biocompatibility of PAN-CF. The experiments,treating wastewater with high concentration of sulphate by means of two-phase anaerobic method, showed that PAN-CF as biofilm carrier had an obvious advantage: there was a big increase in COD/SO42- ratio in effluent of acidogenic phase; the COD removal ratio in methanogenesis phase was 1.5 to 1.8 times of the PVA and PAN carriers; the sulphate concentration was very little effect on the removal ability of COD in the two-phase anaerobic reaction, thus it was better to achieve the aim of two-phase separation and to advance biodegradation of COD.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1062-1066 [Abstract] ( 295 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1111KB] ( 802 )
1067 Nitrogen removal characteristics on contact oxidation techniques using filamentous bamboo as biofilm carrier for treatment of recalcitrant wastewater with high concentration and low C/N ratio.
CAO Wen-Ping, ZHANG Yong-Ming, LI Ya-Feng, ZHANG Gai-Hong, GUO Yi-Fei
Recalcitrant wastewater with high concentration and low C/N ratio was treated for its nitrogen removal by contact oxidation technique, in which filamentous bamboo was used for biofilm carrier. Experimental results showed that total nitrogen removal percentage was 26.6%~96.95% when influent COD was 804~5100 mg/L and BOD 45.0~1100mg/L and the ratios of influent and effluent BOD/COD were respectively 0.01~0.46 and 0.07~0.75. Total nitrogen removal percentage was 4.94%~48.8% corresponding to COD of 98~251mg/L, TN of 28.0~105.1mg/L and COD/TN of 1.6~4.6. Above experimental results indicated that better denitrification results were achieved due to filamentous bamboo as a biological nitrogen removal system, which was suitable for treatment of recalcitrant wastewater with high concentration and low C/N ratio. Nitrogen removal fluctuated was due to secretion of bamboo juice secreted from the cavity of filamentous bamboo. The distribution characteristics of the main of bacteria was investigated to show that total number of bacteria at inlet and outlet were same roughly during the wastewater treatment, while bacteria, nitrifying bacteria were distributed in outlet, and nitrifying bacteria accounted for 1.57% of total bacteria, while denitrifying bacteria evenly distributed in the reactor.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1067-1072 [Abstract] ( 333 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 435KB] ( 1062 )
1073 Effect of surfactants on oxygenation capacity in bubbling packed column.
ZHANG Shuo, WANG Dong, JIANG Chun-Li
To study the effect of surfactants on oxygenation capacity, oxygen mass transfer efficiency was investigated in a three-phase aeration reactor where four kinds of granular bio-media as well as surfactants were tested. It was found that the oxygenation efficiency decreased obviously by SDBS and the KLa(20) reached a minimum when the concentration was around 7×10-5mol/L. However, the mass transfer coefficient was enhanced in the presence of CTAB where its concentration was in the range of 3.5×10-5~8.1×10-4mol/L.According to the comparative investigation of effects on oxygenation efficiency among different granular bio-media,it can be regarded that the mass transfer coefficient KLa(20) was enhanced in the presence of bio-medias.The KLa(20) was approximately doubled in the presence of sponge.The results also suggest that double electrical layer mechanism of ionic surfactant molecules and surface tension variations may had influenced the mass transfer efficiency and addition of bio-media should be a method for the mass transfer improvement.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1073-1078 [Abstract] ( 299 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 583KB] ( 1086 )
1079 Feasibility of using hydroponic cultivation as a pretreatment process for constructed wetland.
WANG Chao, REN Yong-Xiang, ZHANG Hai, YANG Yong-Zhe
A pilot scale hybrid constructed wetland was employed to investigate the feasibility of using hydroponic cultivation as a pretreatment unit for the constructed wetland system treating the effluent of primary sedimentation tank in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Xi’an. Canna indica Linn was raised both in hydroponic ditch system and constructed wetland system. Organic loading rate and the clogging risk of the constructed wetland were reduced significantly, which was due to the fact that 64.8% of COD and 88.7% of SS were removed in the hydroponic ditch system. The water depth was an important parameter for DO in the aqueous phase and pollutant removal efficiency of the hydroponic ditch system. The DO was increased from 0.75 to 2.61 mg /L when the water level decreased from 0.60 to 0.10 m. As a result, the pollutant removal performance was increased. Additionally, it was found that the pollutant removal efficiency of the hybrid constructed wetland was improved using hydroponic ditch system as pretreatment process. The concentrations of COD and SS in the effluent of hybrid constructed wetland were lower than requirement for 1B level while the concentration of NH4+-N and TP were reached the requirement for level 2 in the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1079-1085 [Abstract] ( 259 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 556KB] ( 1150 )
1086 Screening, identification and degradation characteristics of a dominant fluorene-degrading strain.
TANG Yu-Bin, WANG Xiao-Chao, CHEN Fang-Yan, MA Shan-Shan, YANG Xu
A dominant strain (named W-2) which can utilize fluorene as carbon and energy source for growth was isolated and screened from activated sludge of a coking plant. On the basis of morphological observation and physio-biochemical test, the strain W-2 was identified as Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila by 16S rDNA gene sequence and phylogeny analysis. The biodegradation efficiency of fluorene by strain W-2 (S. acidaminiphila) in solution culture was further investigated. Results indicated that the strain could effectively degrade fluorene and the biodegradation efficiency reached 86.0% after 11 days under the conditions of initial fluorene concentration 40mg/L, inoculation amount 10% (V/V), pH 7.0 and temperature 30℃. The results showed that strain W-2 had a good application prospect in control of fluorene pollution.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1086-1090 [Abstract] ( 271 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 529KB] ( 1183 )
1091 Effects of biofilm growing methods on start-up and performances for simulated river bioreactor.
XU Jing, ZHU Liang, DING Wei, FENG Li-Juan, XU Xiang-Yang
Effects of two biofilm growing methods on the start-up and performance of simulated river bioreactors were studied. The river bioreactor operated by enhanced biofilm growing method performed better than the natural biofilm growing one, reducing the start-up period for its earlier maturation indicated by 70% removal efficiency of NH3-N. In the steady running stage, the removal efficiencies of NH3-N and CODMn in two bioreactors both reached 92% and 82%, respectively. The biomass and EPS concentration of the enhanced growing biofilm were 1.38 and 1.41 times more than the natural one, and its biofilm structure was more compact as well. The removal efficiencies of NH3-N and CODMn in both bioreactors fluctuated when aeration condition changed, and the enhanced biofilm growing method made the ecosystem of biofilm steadier compared with the natural one. T test showed that P(NH3-N) 0.001, which suggested that there were significant effects of the biofilm growing methods on the community structure of biofilm and stability of bio-system.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1091-1096 [Abstract] ( 222 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 693KB] ( 1222 )
1097 Effects of exogenous nitrogen on methane oxidation at different plant growth phase from Deyeuxia angustifolia marsh.
GE Rui-Juan, SONG Chang-Chun, HOU Cui-Cui, YANG Gui-Sheng, LI Ying-Chen
The abilities of CH4 oxidation changing with time were studied by using pot-culture method at different growth stages of D.angustifolia. The time variation of CH4 oxidation rate showed smart volatility after nitrogen input at each growth phase. From the perspective of the mean CH4 oxidation rate of growing season (June 7~August 24), only the medial nitrogen level promoted CH4 oxidation, and there existed significant differences between medial and high nitrogen level (n = 4, P < 0.05). The effect of different nitrogen input level on the CH4 oxidation rate was obvious at different growth stages. The first stage, moderate nitrogen input promoted CH4 oxidation, but excessive nitrogen input suppressed CH4 oxidation. The second phase, only medial nitrogen level promoted CH4 oxidation. The third and fourth stages, nitrogen input both suppressed CH4 oxidation. After nitrogen inputted, there were differences in dynamic relationships between soil microbial biomass C and N (MBC, MBN), soil basic respiration (BR), soil metabolic quotient (qCO2), soil induced respiration (SIR), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), plant biomass and CH4 oxidation. Through correlative analysis, CH4 oxidation was significantly related to MBC (P < 0.01).
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1097-1102 [Abstract] ( 245 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 464KB] ( 823 )
1103 Relationship between heavy metals speciation and microbial community structure in surface sediments of Xiaofu River.
LIU Ai-Ju, WANG Hong-Hai, PAN Jia-Fen, LI Meng-Hong
BCR method was used to study speciation of heavy metal in surface sediment of Xiaofu River. The results indicated that Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni existed mainly in sediment for crystallization and oxidation, little for weak acid extraction and reduction. The microbial community structure and its distribution characteristics in surface sediment of Xiaofu River were studied through phospholipid fatty acids analysis, which indicated that the microbial community structure was different among various sampling sites. The correlation between the heavy metals speciation and microbial structure were analyzed by various statistic methods at the same time. The results indicated the various speciations of heavy metals had different impacts on microbial community structure, in comparison with the total element content. That is, there was a negative relationship between the total content of heavy metals and biomass, fungal group, total bacterial group or the gram-positive group; but for the various speciations of heavy metals, the role metals played in influencing microbial communities was apparently complex and paradoxical.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1103-1109 [Abstract] ( 213 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 399KB] ( 1250 )
1110 Heavy metal concentration in agricultural soils around the upper-middle reaches of Huangpu River.
XIE Xiao-Jin, KANG Jian-Cheng, YAN Guo-Dong, ZHANG Jian-Ping, ZHU Wen-Wu
Based on 729 topsoil samples collected from the agricultural lands around the area of upper-middle reaches of Huangpu River, the content, distribution and sources of the heavy metals in the agricultural soil were analyzed with the methods of combining multivariate statistics and geo-statistical. The results showed that the average concentrations of the Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Pb, Cu and Zn in agricultural soil of the upper-middle reaches of Huangpu River were, respectively, 0.163, 0.144, 7.54, 86.3, 24.9, 31.4, 98.8mg/kg, they were lower than the secondary criterion of the state soil environment; but the average concentrations of the Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn were higher than background values of Shanghai physical soil, especially the Hg, which was 1.44 times higher than the background values. If taking Shanghai physical soil background value as an evaluating indicator, the over-limit ratios of the Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn in agricultural soil were, respectively, 59.7%, 68.2%, 19.3%, 67.1%, 44.9%, 58.4%, 76.7%, with the scale order: Zn> Hg> Cr> Cd> Cu > Pb> As. The spatial distribution of the metallic elements showed that the concentrations of Cd, Hg, As in the agricultural soil in the Qingpu and Songjiang districts were higher than that in Fengxian and Minhang districts, and the concentrations of Zn, Cr, Cu were highest in the Minhang district, which is near the urban areas. Differences of the concentrations of Pb in all areas were not obvious. Source Analysis of Heavy Metals showed that the sources of As, Cd, Hg were mainly influenced by the structural factors, such as soil parent materials, agricultural production activities; but the accumulation of Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb were mainly affected by random factors, like as industrial production, people's living and transport activities. The content of Cd was quite different in each type of agricultural lands, and the remaining elements were not significantly different.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1110-1117 [Abstract] ( 271 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1011KB] ( 2082 )
1118 Leaching and vertical transference of radioactive nuclide cobalt-60 in soils.
ZHAO Xi-Yue, FAN Guo-Hua, CAI Zhi-Qiang, CHEN Qiao-Li, YANG Bai-Ke, WANG Shou-Xiang
Leaching characteristics and vertical transference of radioactive nuclide cobalt-60 in two representational soils (paddy soil, yellow-red soil) were studied by using isotope-tracer techniques for soil columns simulation installation. The results showed that the specific activity of cobalt-60 in collected leaching water was low after passing through soil column. The amount of cobalt-60 in leaching water of paddy soil and yellow-red earth was 5.61%, and 5.25%. In paddy soil and yellow-red earth, 69.74%~78.63% and 75.77%~86.84% radioactivity of cobalt-60 was concentrated in the 0~1.0 cm upper layer soils respectively, which illustrated that most of cobalt-60 remained in the surface soils. The specific activity of cobalt-60 in soil present was an individual exponential declining with depth of soil.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1118-1122 [Abstract] ( 255 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 343KB] ( 793 )
1123 Changes of soil properties and microorganism characteristic during bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated saline soil in microscal simulation study.
GUO Ting, ZHANG Cheng-Dong, ZHANG Qing-Min
Bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated saline soil was investigated via biostimulation (BS) and biostimulation-bioaugmentation (BS+BA)in a microscale simulation system. The removal of hydrocarbon and 16 PAHs, changes of soil pH, surface tension, dehydrogenase activity and microbial community structure were monitored during incubation. The results showed that soil properties were changed by the addition of humic acid, NovoGro and biological organic calcium. With the accumulation of acidic metabolites the soil pH decreased from 8.1~8.2 to 6.6~7.0 after remediation. Due to the microbial activities the surface tension of soil had decreased from 72.2 mN/m to 64.9 mN/m in BS+BA treatment and from 71.8 mN/m to 67.2 mN/m in BS treatment, respectively. Thus the bioavailability of petroleum hydrocarbons may be enhanced. The higher removal efficiency was obtained in BS+BA treatment in which 50.8 % of TPH and 69.2 % of total PAHs were degraded, whereas in BS treatment only 40.5% of petroleum hydrocarbon and 61.2% of total PAHs were degraded. Particularly, exotic microorganism showed high efficiency on removal of 5~6 ring PAHs. Different remediation strategies affected soil microbial activity notably, indicated by the dynamic changes of soil enzyme activity and bacterial community structure.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1123-1129 [Abstract] ( 294 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 490KB] ( 1906 )
1130 Combined effect of enhanced UV-B radiation and straw addition on CO2 emission from soil-winter wheat system.
HU Zheng-Hua, YANG Yan-Ping, CHEN Shu-Tao, LI Han-Mao, LI Cen-Zi, SHEN Shuang-He
To investigate the combined influence of enhanced UV-B radiation and straw addition on CO2 emission from soil-winter wheat system, field experiments were carried out during winter wheat growing season. CO2 fluxes were measured by static chamber-gas chromatograph method. Enhanced UV-B radiation and straw addition did not change the seasonal pattern of CO2 emission. Enhanced UV-B radiation (U) had a negative effect on mean CO2 emission (MCE), which declined by 15.48% (P=0.055) during jointing-booting stage. During turning-green and jointing-booting stage, straw addition (S) had a positive effect on MCE, which increased by 59.52% (P=0.005) and 13.10% (P=0.092), respectively. Straw addition and enhanced UV-B radiation treatment (SU) increased MCE by 30.95% (P=0.083) in turning-green stage. Significant relationship were found between CO2 emission and air temperature under the control, U, S and SU, and the fitting equation determined coefficients R2 were 0.56、0.60、0.45 and 0.51. The Q10 (temperature sensitivity coefficients) were 1.83、1.97、1.55 and 1.70, respectively.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1130-1134 [Abstract] ( 234 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 484KB] ( 752 )
1135 Evaluating the non-use value of biodiversity of the Hongze Lake Watershed
DUAN Bai-Ling, HUANG Lei, BAN Jie, BI Jun
The contingent valuation method (CVM) was used to evaluate the nonuse value of the Hongze Lake’s biodiversity. The nonuse value includes option value, bequest value and existence value. The study was based on a survey in which 520 questionnaires was distributed in the three counties: Hongze, Xuyi, and Sihong and 484 were return as valid ones. The statistical results showed that the non-use value of biodiversity was 2.14 million RMB per year which was about 4.35% of the total GDP of the three counties in 2007. The willingness to pay (WTP) of the respondents decreased with the increase of ages, and went up with the increase of income. At the same time, it playd an important role in improving WTP for respondents to improve their environmental consciousness and their belief in the enforcement of environmental policies. The higher the environmental consciousness was, the more they were willing to pay. The more confident on the policy enforcement, the more they were willing to pay.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1135-1141 [Abstract] ( 284 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 443KB] ( 1700 )
1142 Calculation on energy-related CO2 emissions in China (2010~2050)
ZHOU Wei, MI Hong
On the basis of MARKAL-MACRO model of “Energy-Economy-Environment” system and Keyfitz model of demography, energy demand in China in the future was calculated. Three scenarios were put forward taking into account of energy efficiency, energy structure and restriction of climate change. CO2 Emissions in China will reach peak value 11.85 Gt in 2042 in reference scenario; 10.75 Gt in 2036 in optimized scenario; and 9.47 Gt in 2031 in restriction scenario of climate change. Compare with reference scenario, carbon emissions in restriction scenario of climate change will decline by 2.38 Gt, and peak time will be 11years earlier. With the development of urbanization and industrialization, carbon emissions from electric power, cement, steel will rise gradually then go down; but emissions from traffic will go up continuously because of the increase of vehicle fleet.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1142-1148 [Abstract] ( 317 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 591KB] ( 1707 )
1149 Relating emission characteristics for domestic sewage of household scale and structure
XU Zhen-Cheng, WANG Jun-Neng, PENG Xiao-Chun
Taking thirty middle-income urban families in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Lanzhou and Kunming as the research object, relationships between household scale, household structure and emission characteristics of domestic sewage were investigated. The results showed that environmental impact increased with increasing household scale. Due to scale economic effect, pollutant indicators of COD and BOD presented marginal decrease. While the results of TN,TP were mainly influenced by individual factors of family members. Taking both household scale and household structure into account, household equivalence factor method was firstly proposed for estimating pollutant emission in different household types.
2010 Vol. 30 (8): 1149-1152 [Abstract] ( 234 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 353KB] ( 827 )
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