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2009 Vol.29 Issue.3,Published 2009-03-20
225 Evaluation model for the effectiveness of air pollution control and its application.
ZHANG Yu-Fen, ZHU Tan, FENG Yin-Chang, HAN Su-Qin, LI Xiang, LIU Cai-Xia
A model for evaluating the effectiveness of air pollution control was presented based on wavelet analysis theory and backpropagation neural network. The influence of source emissions and meteorological factors on ambient air pollutant concentration in Tianjin was analyzed. Fluctuations of 24h average SO2 concentration were mainly attributed to seasonal changes in source emissions, and weather-related short-term variations could not be neglected. Whereas variations of 24h average PM10 concentration were mainly due to short-term changes in source emissions and weather conditions. Meteorological conditions had adverse effects on atmospheric diffusion in 2002~2003, which led to an increase of 3μg/m3 in long-term SO2 concentration. While beneficial meteorological conditions in the year of 2004 accounted for a reduction of 5μg/m3. Meteorological conditions had similar effects on long-term PM10 concentrations, as the concentration of PM10 had a more significant increase of about 10μg/m3 in 2002~2003.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 225-230 [Abstract] ( 210 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 643KB] ( 1051 )
231 Speciation and distribution of sulfur in size-fractionated particulate matters in industrial district of Shanghai.
BAO Liang-Man, ZHANG Yuan-Xun, LI Xiao-Lin, LI Yan, LIU Wei, ZHAO Yi-Dong, MA Chen-Yan, HAN Yong
Airborne particles were collected at industrial district and suburban area in Shanghai using a 13-stage Dekati low pressure impactor covering a size range from 28nm to 9.92μm. Synchrotron radiation techniques of X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) were employed. Sulfate was the dominant form of sulfur in both coarse and fine particles. In addition, a small amount of sulfur was also present as metal sulfide and thiophenic forms in ultrafine particles. Mass concentration of sulfur in fine particle was higher than that in coarse particle, and it constituted up to 70% of the total sulfur. Size distribution of sulfur in particle from industrial district showed multimode: ultrafine particle mode with peak at 0.091~0.154μm, accumulation mode with the peak at 0.38~0.611μm, and two coarse particulate modes with peaks at 1.59~3.98μm and 6.57~9.92μm. In contrast, ultrafine particle mode was not present in particles from suburb area, and two sub-modes of fine particles could be observed: condensation mode with the peak at 0.261~0.380μm and droplet mode with the peak at 0.611~0.945μm. Moreover, coarse particulate mode had a peak at 2.38~6.57μm. Differences in sulfur mass distribution of particles between industrial district and suburb could be attributed to local and regional sources, weather conditions, formation and conversion mechanisms of particles. Contribution of the sea to particles in industrial district was greater than that in suburb.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 231-236 [Abstract] ( 228 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 410KB] ( 1011 )
237 Catalytic oxidation of elemental mercury in flue gas on MnOx/a-Al2O3.
QIAO Shao-Hua, YAN Nai-Qiang, CHEN Jie, QU Zan, JIA Jin-Ping
Manganese oxide impregnated on a-alumina (MnOx/a-Al2O3) was employed as catalyst on the catalytic oxidation of Hg0 in the presence of hydrogen chloride. The optimized temperature of the catalytic oxidation reaction was around 300℃, where the Hg0 oxidation efficiency was up to 91% in the presence of 20mL/m3 HCl. Hg0 oxidation efficiency was kept over 90% when the space velocity was in range of 8000 h-1 to 32000 h-1. However, it decreased quickly when the space velocity was increased from 32000 h-1 to 96000 h-1. SO2 inhibited the mercury oxidation by occupying the activity sites on the catalyst, and the oxidation efficiency was reduced by about 20% in the presence of 500mL/m3 SO2. Meanwhile, the main reaction mechanism of catalytic oxidation was discussed.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 237-241 [Abstract] ( 237 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 502KB] ( 650 )
242 Measurement and simulation of N2O emissions from a alder and cypress mixed plantation in hilly areas of the central Sichuan Basin.
WANG Xiao-Guo, ZHU Bo, GAO Mei-Rong, WANG Yan-Qiang, DUAN Wen-Xia
Soil N2O efflux in a mixed forest plantation of Alnus cremastogyne and Cupressus funebris was measured by closed chamber chromatographic technique from 2005 to 2006 in the central Sichuan Basin. Simulations of N2O emissions revealed that field observations and model predictions fitted well for seasonal patterns of both years. The simulation of mean soil N2O emission rate were 15.02mg/(m2×h) and 14.03mg/(m2×h), which accounted for 85.7% and 87.5% of field measurements in 2005 and 2006, respectively. There were no significant differences between predicted and measured N2O fluxes both in 2005 and 2006. The modeling efficiency was 0.56 and 0.51 in 2005 and 2006, respectively. The results obtained from both sensitivity analysis and validations with field data sets indicated that Forest-DNDC could be successfully used to predict N2O emissions in this forest sites. In comparison with the precipitation and air temperature in 2005, changes in precipitation by ±30% could only change the N2O fluxes by less than 25%, and changes in air temperature by ±3℃ could only change the N2O fluxes by less than 10%.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 242-247 [Abstract] ( 252 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 490KB] ( 623 )
248 Concentrations and migration features of dissolved organic carbon in the soils of slope lands in Karst area.
LIU Tao-Ze, LIU Cong-Qiang, ZHANG Wei, TU Cheng-Long
In order to understand the mechanism of carbon cycle in karst areas, surface soils and soil profiles were collected at the different topographic locations of two typical slope lands in a Karst area near Dacai township, Guangxi Province. Clay, pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and stable carbon isotope (δ13C) were analysed. Fresh leaves and litters of dominant plants were also sampled for δ13C determination. Higher SOC and DOC concentrations in surface soils were measured in the slope land with shrub vegetation (113g/kg and 188mg/kg) than with grass vegetation (55.6g/kg and 173mg/kg), however, increased DOC, decreased SOC was observed in surface soils down the slope lands. δ13CDOC of the surface soils with shrub vegetation, varying in -15.1‰~-22.1‰, were close to their δ13CSOC (-14.3‰~-21.9‰) while δ13CDOC with grass vegetation varied in a narrow range of -20.0‰~-21.0‰. However, δ13CDOC and δ13CSOC of surface soils were apparently different from those of plant leaves (-11.3‰~-13.9‰) and litters (-26.7‰~-28.9‰). These results proved that soil DOC in this karst area was mainly originated from SOC. DOC in soil profiles from different topographic locations varied similarly, with high DOC in top 30cm, and decreasing sharply with depth. However, variation of δ13CDOC in the soil profiles was complicated, and peak δ13CDOC was observed at 20~30cm depth in the profile with shrub vegetation while at 20cm depth with grass vegetation. Decomposition degree of SOC was supposed to be responsible for variation of δ13CDOC with depth in soil profiles, which could be a good indicator for DOC migration in soil profiles.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 248-253 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 402KB] ( 896 )
254 Quantitative estimation of phycocyanin concentration using MODIS imagery during the period of cyanobacterial blooming in Taihu Lake.
MA Rong-Hua, KONG Wei-Juan, DUAN Hong-Tao, ZHANG Shou-Xuan
On the basis of the spectral characteristics of cynobacteria, a robust semi-empirical model was developed to estimate phycocyanin concentration (Cpc) using MODIS imagery with a spatial resolution of 250m. The floating neonatal cyanobacteria could be identified well and truly by the estimation model of Cpc. So it was easy to retrieve the coverage of floating neonatal cyanobacteria from MODIS imagery by the model, where there was not any actual meaning to quantitatively estimate Cpc and it was certainly not necessary to pay attention to its estimation precision. In the outside of the newly cyanobacterial blooms-covered area, the Cpc estimation precision was highly determined by phycocyanin pigment content and the ratio of Cpc to chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a). When Cpc was less than 35μg/L, the relative estimation error of the model was about 134% on average; and when it was more than 35μg/L, the relative error was reduced to 31%. However, when Cpc was more than 35μg/L and the ratio of Cpc to Chl-a was less than 8, the relative error was only up to 29% on average.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 254-260 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2179KB] ( 965 )
261 Spatial-temporal distribution of CDOM molecular weight and its ultraviolet absorb coefficience characteristics in Taihu Lake.
HUANG Chang-Chun, LI Yun-Mei, SUN De-Yong, LE Cheng-Feng, WANG Li-Zhen
Field measurements were carried out in Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake on 16th August, 2006, 28th March 2007 and in whole Taihu Lake from November to December 2007 to analyze the spatial-temporal variation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) molecular weight and its influencing factors. High molecular weight CDOM was mainly collective in Meiliang bay. However, distribution of CDOM in whole Taihu Lake was more complicated. The high molecular weight CDOM hold the leading position in northern Taihu Lake, while in the east and west was mainly low-molecular-weight CDOM; The content of high and low molecular weight CDOM in South were in relative balance. The sensitivity of S in different wavelength range to the molecular composition had a certain difference. S in the UVR wavelength range was most sensitive to the CDOM’s molecular composition, followed by UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C. Terrestrial sources were the primary influencing factors of CDOM in Meiliang Bay. The influencing intensity of terrestrial sources varied with season, and the greatest and weakest influence occurred in August and November, respectively.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 261-268 [Abstract] ( 222 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 930KB] ( 899 )
269 Concentrations and composition of organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments from Hong Lake.
GONG Xiang-Yi, QI Shi-Hua, 吕Chun-Ling , HU Li-Song, SU Qiu-Ke
Surface sediments of Hong Lake were divided into upper (0~2cm) and lower part (2~10cm) through sampling process. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the sediments were determined using GC-ECD, and their distribution, composition and source were discussed. HCHs concentration in the upper and lower part sediments were 2.05~19.0ng/g and 0.66~11.3ng/g, respectively. DDTs concentration were 2.39~25.8ng/g and 1.22~27.5ng/g, respectively. Concentrations of OCPs in the lower part were less than those in the upper, which might be some of OCPs in the lower part transported upward. Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in the sediments were higher in the mouth of a river flowing into the lake, and they were lower near Yangtze River. The concentration trend of HCHs and DDTs showed that they were mainly derived from the river input, industrial and agricultural pollution of Honghu City. Their compositional characteristics indicated that HCHs mainly originated from the application of Lindane, and DDTs mainly from aged environmental residue.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 269-273 [Abstract] ( 229 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 330KB] ( 826 )
274 Inhibition on algae of fatty acids and the structure-effect relationship.
ZHANG Ting-Ting, ZHENG Chun-Yan, HE Mei, WU An-Ping, NIE Liu-Wang
Inhibition of 17 different fatty acids on toxic Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick and Scenedesmus obliquus Kütz were studied, and the structure-effect relationship was compared. All the 17 different fatty acids could inhibit the three algae but the strongest inhibition occurred on toxic Microcystis aeruginosa. The inhibitory effect of fatty acids correlated with their chemical structures, the more unsaturated linkages in fatty acid, the stronger the algal growth inhibited; the shorter the carbon chain of fatty acid, the better the algal growth inhibited. And the inhibition of fatty acids with odd carbon atoms on the algal growth was better than that of fatty acids with even carbon. The collective activity of multi-fatty acids showed synergistic growth inhibition on the three species of algae.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 274-279 [Abstract] ( 216 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 349KB] ( 1031 )
280 Determination of trace Fe3+ in water samples based on N-(2-pyridylmethyl)-naphthalimide.
LI Hui-Xia, ZENG Guang-Ming, NIU Cheng-Gang, QIN Pin-Zhu, RUAN Min
A new fluorescent probe, N-(2-pyridylmethyl)-1, 8-naphthalimide(PMN) was synthesized and its application for detection of trace Fe3+ in water samples was investigated. The fluorescence intensity of the probe decreased with increasing concentration of Fe3+, while other cations had little or no response on the fluorescence intensity of PMN. In a certain range of 1×10-7~8×10-5mol/L, the fluorescence intensity was linear dependent on the concentration of Fe3+.The method was verified having the advantages of high sensitivity, good selectivity and easy to operate. It was successfully applied to determinate Fe3+ in tap water, well water and domestic sewage samples.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 280-283 [Abstract] ( 222 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 531KB] ( 662 )
284 Influence of aerobic bacteria on corrosion inhibition of oil bushing steel in the oilfield stratum water.
LI Jin-Bo, GAN Li-Li, ZUO Jian-E
The influences of aerobic bacteria on corrosion behaviors of oil bushing steel J55 in the stratum water were investigated by Tafel plots, linear polarization curves and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The microstructure and composition of the corrosion scale formed on the J55 steel were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The scale composition changed, the scale compactness enhanced and the adherence between the substrate and the corrosion scale increased with the addition of the aerobic bacteria. The experimental results of electrochemical corrosion rate indicated that the bacteria could significantly decrease the corrosion rate of the J55steel by 60% in the oilfield stratum water. The mechanism of corrosion inhibition of oil bushing steel J55 by aerobic bacteria in the oilfield stratum water was discussed.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 284-289 [Abstract] ( 197 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1296KB] ( 524 )
290 Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectra analysis of dissolved organic matter in membrane bioreactor.
TANG Shu-Juan, WANG Zhi-Wei, WU Zhi-Chao, WANG Xin-Hua, LU Ji-Lai, XIA Ming-Fang
Fluorescence spectrum of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in domestic wastewater and membrane foulants during membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment process was analysed and the comparison of DOM between MBR and traditional anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process was also carried out. The fluorescent components in domestic wastewater DOM were mainly protein-like (Peak A and Peak B) and humic-like fluorophores (Peak C). The fluorescent intensity reduced by 16%~35% and the structure of protein-like fluorophores changed during the MBR treatment process. Decrease of the number of conjugated bonds and the molecule size in the protein-like structure had been observed in dissolved membrane foulants. And the membrane foulants contained less humic-like matter than the filtrate from aerobic zone. Compared with MBR process, the anaerobic zone increased the reduction of fluorescence intensity of Peak A and Peak C and the change of protein-like structure was different in the AAO process.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 290-295 [Abstract] ( 234 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 707KB] ( 957 )
296 Desorption equilibrium and kinetics for dyes absorbed on immobilized inactive Aspergillus fumigatus.
WANG Bao-E, HU Yong-You
The choice of desorbent, desorption equilibrium and desorption kinetics for reactive brilliant blue KN-R and reactive brilliant red K-2BP, which was absorbed on inactive Aspergillus fumigatus immobilized by caboxymethyl- cellulose sodium (CMC), was investigated. The desorption abilities for reactive brilliant blue KN-R and reactive brilliant red K-2BP absorbed on inactive Aspergillus fumigatus immobilized by CMC were good by 75% ethanol at pH 12.0. The first-order exponential decay equation could describe well the desorption kinetics for reactive brilliant blue KN-R and reactive brilliant red K-2BP adsorbed on inactive Aspergillus fumigatus immobilized by CMC. Their desorption equilibrium data fitted well with the Freundlich desorption equilibrium model.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 296-299 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 379KB] ( 620 )
300 Preparation of BTX degrading composite microorganism agent.
YE Feng, ZHANG Li-Li, WU Shi-Jin, XIANG Zheng-Xin, CHEN Jian-Meng
The activated sludge with high efficiency for the removal of benzene, toluene, and o-xylene (BTX) was inoculated on a specific carrier and enriched via a fermentation process. The composite microorganism agent applied for BTX degradation was then successfully prepared. In the microorganism agent, the active organisms was more than 109 CFU/g, and water content was less than 5%. The microorganism agent, instead of the acclimated activated sludge, could be employed for the start-up of the reactor to purify BTX without substantial loss of removal capacity. The effect of several operating parameters, including pH, drying temperature and the carrier proportion, on the performance of microorganism agent was investigated in detail. With an initial pH of 9.0, drying temperature of 35℃, and the carrier proportion of 85%: 10%: 5%, the best microorganism agent were obtained. Compared with the activated sludge, the microorganism agent had higher stability when it was stored for three months or more at 4℃.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 300-305 [Abstract] ( 232 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 565KB] ( 1120 )
306 Kinetics and optimizing operation of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal under the atmosphere of trace NO2.
REN Hong-Yang, ZHANG Dai-Jun, CONG Li-Ying
The effect of trace NO2 on the kinetic characteristics of coupling aerobic and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) in granular sludge was investigated by batch experiments. With trace NO2, aerobic ammonium oxidation process was enhanced by increasing the activity of O2, which was described by Andrews’s model. Half saturate coefficient and inhibition coefficient of NO2 were 1.32μmol/L and 7.11μmol/L, respectively. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation process was also enhanced by NO2. The maximum ANAMMOX enhancing coefficient was 43.5, while half saturate coefficient and inhibition coefficient of NO2 were 16.9μmol/L and 0.348μmol/L, the basic rate coefficient was 0.024 as well. Based on the kinetic analysis under trace NO2, completely autotrophic nitrogen removal process in an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor was simulated. It was revealed that nitrogen removal efficiency reached the maximum when DO and NO2 were 0.6mg/L and 3.0μmol/L. Based on the stimulation, the operation of reactor was optimized. The nitrogen removal efficiency increased from 26.86%~31.65% to 58.83%~63.08%, as well as the removal rate increased from 0.113 kg/(m3·d) to 0.234kg/(m3·d).
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 306-311 [Abstract] ( 174 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 731KB] ( 603 )
312 Factors optimization of rapid start-up for partial nitrification in SBR process.
LI Ling-Yun, PENG Yong-Zhen, YANG Qing, GU Sheng-Bo, LI Lun
Factors of rapid start-up for partial nitrification were investigated in the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treating real domestic wastewater with low COD/TN ratio. It was concluded that the optimal conditions consisted of temperature 30℃, dissolved oxygen (DO) 2.0mg/L and sludge retention time(SRT) 7 days. Partial nitrification to nitrite was achieved under real-time control in 32 cycles. The nitrite accumulation rate (NO2--N/NOx--N) was over 90% when the TN elimination efficiency was above 95%. In the subsequent 64 days, the system was also successfully operated at room temperature (20~24℃). Fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed that the population of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) increased by 38.9% while nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB) decreased by 53.2% after 32 cycles. NOB could be gradually washed out by the online control of DO and aerobic duration, so steady partial nitrification and nitrogen removal efficiency could be achieved and enhanced, respectively.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 312-317 [Abstract] ( 201 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 414KB] ( 1023 )
318 The start-up of dealing with reject water by ANAMMOX inoculatd with mixed sludge.
MENG Fan-Neng, ZHANG Shu-Jun, 吕Jian , GAN Yi-Ping, WANG Hong-Chen, PENG Yong-Zhen
Under the condition of reactor in (30±0.2)℃, influent pH of 7.3 to 7.9, reject water of nitritation as influent, and initial ammonia and nitrite nitrogen loading of 0.07 and 0.10kg/(m3·d), respectively, simultaneous removal of ammonia and nitrite nitrogen were occurred in 24d in UASB reactor inoculating with mixed sludge consisted of aerobic granular sludge, anaerobic granular sludge, oxidation ditch sludge and nitritation sludge, and TN removal up to 0.99 kg/(m3·d)was obtained in 186d. At the initial period of start-up, influent concentration of ammonia and nitrite were 20, 30mg/L, and the highest up to 157, 216mg/L. The system could be resumed about 10d when it was inhibited by dissolved oxygen or about 30d by both dissolved oxygen and high nitrite during the start-up. ANAMMOX and denitrification happened simultaneously. The volume of biogas was in direct ratio with TN quantity removed and it could directly and timely indicate the operational state of the system, and what is more, the N2 percent of the biogas was about 99.8%. At the steady period, the pH was incremental but alkalinity was appreciably reduced. The stable simultaneous removal of ammonia and nitrite nitrogen were realized in less than one month and ANAMMOX started up successfully for about 180d through inoculating mixed sludge and low loading rate of ammonia and nitrite nitrogen.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 318-324 [Abstract] ( 246 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 448KB] ( 1035 )
325 Nuclides migration prediction in heterogeneous media in disposal site.
GUO Min-Li-Wang-Jin-Sheng, TENG Yan-Guo, TIAN Hao-
Homogenous media assumption and average parameter model are common methodologies to predict the migration of nuclide. However, these kinds of methods will bring obvious deviation to that of typical heterogeneous media. Heterogeneity was solved by constructing a function between hydrogeologic parameters and fractal dimensions of the porous media in the projected radioactive waste disposal site. The hydrogeologic papameters identified in this way were further applied to predict the migration of the representative nuclides 3H and 90Sr in the radioactive waste disposal site. The prediction of nuclide migration based on fractal method was more accurate than that based on regression method. The predicted concentration was also a function of distribution coefficient of the nuclides.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 325-329 [Abstract] ( 192 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 471KB] ( 584 )
330 Dynamic simulation of regional sustainable development under the restriction of eco-capacity—a case study in Boao Planning Area.
WEI Jing, ZENG Wei-Hua
A concept of virtual ecological footprint and amendment were presented to overcome the limitation in traditional ecological footprint calculation framework. In order to accommodate the long range, variation and uncertainty in regional planning, the planning environmental impact assessment of the special planning area for Boao Forum for Asia was used as examgle, an SD model for regional ecological footprint under the restriction of bio-capacity was built based on the system dynamic method. Restriction of bio-capacity was expressed by bio-capacity occupation coefficient, k. Regional sustainable development strategies were brought forward according to the scenario simulation results. The study demonstrated that the investigated area developed under low intensiveness and had abundant resources by far. In 2004, the planning area had 0.44gha ecological reserve per capita. Remarkable ecological deficit would appear after the planning implemented due to the decrease of productive land and the increase of population and consumption. It was predicted that ecological deficit per capita would rise to 0.49gha and 2.36gha in 2010 and 2020, respectively. To reduce adverse impact on environment, measures should be taken to enhance land productivity, to establish virtual ecological footprint strategy and to reduce the regional development scale. Resource exporters should be compensated as well.
2009 Vol. 29 (3): 330-336 [Abstract] ( 181 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 482KB] ( 820 )
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