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2009 Vol.29 Issue.7,Published 2009-07-20
673 Seasonal variations and sources of monocarboxylic acids in the atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5 of Beijing.
LIU Chen-Shu, LI Xing-Ru, ZHANG Shan-Shan, GUO Xue-Qing, WANG Yue-Si
Monocarboxylic acids in the atmoshperic PM10 and PM2.5 of Beijing were determined by GC-MS from September 2006 to August 2007. 21 n-alkanoic acids (C10~C30) and 3 alkenoic acids including oleic(C18:1), linoleic(C18:2) and eleostearic acid(C18:3) were detected, among which C16 and C18 were the most abundant. Total concentrations of monocarboxylic acids in PM10 varied from 61.7 to 1652.3ng/m3, annual averaged 426.2ng/m3, while in PM2.5 the concentrations ranged from 34.5 to 992.1ng/m3, annual averaged 319.6ng/m3. 75% of those monocarboxylic acids distributed in the fine particle. Concentrations of monocarboxylic acids in spring, summer, autumn and winter were (625.1±403.8), (200.0±95.3), (263.0±201.1), (659.9± 433.5)ng/m3 (PM10) and (431.7±211.0), (194.4±95.8), (207.9±160.8), (463.6±262.1)ng/m3 (PM2.5), respectively. They were apparently higher in winter and spring than in summer and autumn.Source apportionments implied that coal burning for heating was the most important anthropogenic source in winter, while automobile exhaust contributed most in other seasons.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 673-678 [Abstract] ( 248 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 350KB] ( 677 )
679 The measurement of vertical distribution of airborne VOCs mixing ratios in Beijing.
WANG Si-Yuan, SHAO Min, WANG Wei
The whole air samples at ground level and in the layer between 900m and 3100m over Beijing City were collected in August 2007. Up to 50 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) species were quantified by using GC-FID/MS. Vertical profiles of VOCs and their chemical speciation were analyzed and influence of local emissions and regional transport on the measured VOCs was studied. VOCs concentration decreased significantly with the increase of altitude. The different vertical patterns of VOCs species were due to their atmospheric chemical reactivities, while atmospheric diffusion and long range transport might also affect the vertical distribution of VOCs. By investigating the backward trajectories and the variation of the relative abundance of long-lived VOCs species, the airborne VOCs were found to be mainly from the diffusion of local emissions, and also influenced by the plume transported from eastern and southern regions, e.g. Tianjin and Langfang cities, under some conditions.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 679-684 [Abstract] ( 235 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 690KB] ( 930 )
685 Application of land use regression to simulate ambient air PM10 and NO2 concentration in Tianjin City.
CHEN Li, BAI Zhi-Peng, SU Di, YOU Yan, LI Hua-Min, LIU Quan
Land use regression (LUR) model was employed to simulate the spatial distribution of PM10 and NO2 based on environmental air quality monitoring data and Arcgis. LUR predictor variables included density of population, wind index, distance to sea shore, as well as 2 buffer indices: total length of road and areas of 5 different land use patterns within a buffer. Radii of buffer area were chosen of 1, 2, 3, 4 km, respectively. The PM10 and NO2 annual average data from 7 national ambient air quality monitoring sites were chosen as dependent variables, data from another 3 sites were chosen for LUR model validation. PM10 and NO2 were highly correlated with total length of road within a buffer of 1km (R2=0.560) and population density (R2=0.414), respectively. Top five predictor variables without wind index were chosen based on the correlation coefficients for PM10 and for NO2, respectively. The 2 multi linear regression equations were established based on above five predictor variables with wind index for PM10 (R2=0.980) and NO2 (R2=0.849), respectively. Grid was established by 5 km ′ 5 km in Tianjin central districts. Concentrations of PM10 and NO2 at intersection points were calculated using 2 equations, respectively. The spatial concentration distribution of PM10 and NO2 were interpolated by Kriging approach and showed: PM10 concentration is highest in center of the studying area, and decreased gradually from center to surrounding area; while NO2 concentration is lowest in center of the studying area, and increased gradually to surround area. The final models predicted well at study area.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 685-691 [Abstract] ( 285 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 433KB] ( 1584 )
692 Wastewater treatment performance of a pilot-scale airlift oxidation ditch.
PANG Hong-Tao, SHI Han-Chang, SHI Hui-Ming, YIN Yi-Ming
The wastewater treatment performance of a pilot-scale airlift oxidation ditch (AOD) was studied in a wastewater treatment plant near the Taihu Lake. The main process parameters that can satisfy the current discharge standard were obtained. It was possible to achieve a COD effluent concentration <50mg/L at the maximum loading rate of 0.88kg/(m3·d). The ammonium nitrogen concentration of the effluent could be lower than 5 mg/L with a loading rate less than 0.06kg/(kg·d). After the dissolved oxygen in the straight part was maintained between 0.6~1.0mg/L, total nitrogen (TN) concentration in the effluent was less than 15mg/L and kept steadily for over 14 days. The average TN concentrations of the influent and effluent were 30.7mg/L and 11.3mg/L, respectively. When air flow rate was 30m3/h, a velocity of 0.19m/s in the bottom of straight part was sufficient to prevent the settling of activated sludge. Liquid velocity in the top of straight part was only 0.03m/s, but it did not interfere with the removal of organic pollutants. Technical and economic evaluation showed that a large-scale AOD will save at least 25% land area compared with the conventional oxidation ditch.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 692-696 [Abstract] ( 236 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 330KB] ( 693 )
697 Effect of temperature on performance of ammonia nitrogen removal with aerobic granular sludge and granule stability.
BAO Rui-Ling, YU Shui-Li, WANG Yu-Lan, ZUO Xing-Tao, WANG Juan
The experiment was carried out in a sequencing batch airlift reactor (SBAR) using mixture of sodium acetate and glucose as carbon source. Start-up of the aerobic granular reactor and effect of temperature on the removal characteristics of ammonia nitrogen and granule stability were investigated. Aerobic granule with compacted structure and smooth surface could be obtained at 20℃ using the disintegrated granules as inoculated sludge. The average diameter, density and SVI of the obtained granules were 3.2mm, 1.029g/mL and 70mL/g, respectively. When temperature directly increased from 20℃ to 26℃, the ammonia concentration in effluent was reduced from 10.6 to 0.2mg/L. At the same time, nitrite accumulation in effluent was observed with a nitrite accumulation ratio (NO2--N/NOx--N) of 93.9%. However, granules disintegrated gradually due to the decreased ratio of protein to polysaccharide in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) during the following 47d tests.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 697-701 [Abstract] ( 203 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 683KB] ( 544 )
702 Photocatalytic degradation of phenol with hydrogen peroxide.
TANG Chun-Ran, XU Zhong-Jian, TANG Guo-Feng, TIAN Ge, ZENG Yun-Long
Removal of trace phenol in wastewater was investigated by hydrogen peroxide-induced photocatalytic degradation process. Mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of phenol was proposed on the base of the change of H2O2 concentrations during degradation process detected by electrochemical sensors. The optimum conditions determined by intensive analysis of parameters affecting photocatalytic degradation were as follow:H2O2 dosage 0.075~0.30 mmol/L, Fe3+ 0.1~0.15 mmol/L and pH of waste water 4~5. Under the optimum conditions, phenol degradation and mineralization rates could reach 95 % and 77 %, respectively when initial phenol concentration was 50mg/L and degrade time lasted 2 h.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 702-706 [Abstract] ( 228 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 381KB] ( 1615 )
707 Removal efficiency of organic matter in raw water with a magnetic ion exchange resin.
CHEN Wei, HAN Zhi-Gang, LIU Cheng, XU Hang, YUAN Heng
A pilot-scale experiment was employed to evaluate a magnetic ion exchange resin for the removal of organics from raw water. Treatment with the magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX) was effective in removing organic carbon. 82% UV254, 66%DOC and 50%CODMn removals were obtained respectively by the use of MIEX alone. Combination of MIEX and coagulation-settlement process enhanced removal of organics, algae and turbidity.90% UV254, 71%CODMn and 99% algae cells were removed by the combined process. Using MIEX as a pre-treatment before coagulation could reduce 56% PAC demand. Fractionation and molecular weight distribution were also investigated. MIEX process was shown to be effective in removing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic DOC, while conventional process could only remove hydrophobic DOC. MIEX process was highly effective at removing small molecular weight organics and coagulation was shown to preferentially remove large molecular weight organics. MIEX process followed by coagulation could reduce 88%THMFP and 87%HAAFP.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 707-712 [Abstract] ( 210 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 460KB] ( 1081 )
713 Modified organobentonite with DMG adsorb for nickel ion in wasterwater.
ZHANG Dong, SONG 恩Jun, ZHANG Li-Li, REN Guang-Jun
A sort of cheap sorbent was prepared through modifying organobentonite with dimethylglyoxime (DMG). The adsorption behavior of the modified organobentonite with DMG for nickel ion in water was investigated. The nickel ion in water could be adsorbed on the DMG modified organobentonite. The adsorption quantity was affected by the pH value of medium, temperature and time. The adsorption behavior followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The enthalpy changes (△H) of the adsorption process was 58.759 kJ/mol. At various temperatures, Gibbs free energy changes (△G) were negative, and entropy changes (△S) were positive. The reaction of adsorption was an endothermal and spontaneous process. The nickel ion adsorbed on the sorbent could be completely eluated by using 0.1mol/L HNO3.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 713-717 [Abstract] ( 237 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 443KB] ( 1445 )
718 Influence of chitosan coagulation aid on floc form and strength.
WANG Li-Kun, WANG Qi-Shan, SUN Xiao-Ming, YANG Jian-Kang, LIU Yan-Fang
With FeCl3 used as coagulating agent, and CTS as coagulant aid, the influence of chitosan coagulation aid on floc form and strength was studied. Under the FeCl3 dosage was 29mg/L, CTS dosage was 0.1mg/L, the effect of chitosan coagulation aid on floc form and strength was obvious. The fratal dimension and SF increased from 1.1855 and 50~60 when FeCl3 was dosed only, to 1.3028 and 60~70 when chitosan was used as coagulation aid. Chitosan coagulation aid had marked influences on floc form and floc strength, chitosan coagulation aid helped to make the floc dense and easy settlement, to make the floc strength and not easily broken. In addition, the removal efficiency of TOC, chroma, UV254 and turbidity were improved obviously.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 718-721 [Abstract] ( 211 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 327KB] ( 729 )
722 Source apportionment of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments of Haihe Estuary.
WANG Tai, HUANG Jun, YU Gang
Principal component analysis and multiple linear regression were applied to apportion sources of PCBs and OCPs in surface sediment of Haihe Estuary, China, based on the concentrations of PCBs and OCPs in 29 surface sediment samples. For PCBs, two factors were identified representing: unintentional produce and long-range air transmission. The contributions based on multiple linear regression of major sources were quantified as 55% for unintentional produce and 45% from air transmission. The mean contribution concentration of the two sources were 6.94ng/g and 9.42ng/g, respectively. For OCPs, two factors were identified representing used residue and input of new OCPs. The contributions based on multiple linear regression of major sources were quantified as 13% for used residue and 87% for new input of OCPs, and the mean contributions concentration of the two source were 21.18ng/g and 171.97ng/g, respectively. It is concluded that PCBs and OCPs in the surface sediment have close relations with the commercial production in the area, which means the improvement of the industrial structure and treatment of the produce waste residue are the keys to reduce the PCBs and OCPs pollution in surface sediment of Haihe estuary.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 722-726 [Abstract] ( 244 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 378KB] ( 947 )
727 Character of algae bloom in Chaohu Lake base on NOAA/AVHRR.
ZHANG Hong, HUANG Yong
Remote sensing data of NOAA/AVHRR from 2002 to 2007 was used to analyze temporal and spatial characteristics of algae bloom. And then the meteorological condition was studied, and to find the key meteorological factor and interrelated parameter which can control the algal growth. The temporal and spatial variation of algae bloom were significant. During the spring and summer, it occurred frequently, and the maximum probability were 19% and 39%, respectively. In the western region of Chaohu Lake, the algae bloom occurred frequently and the probability was over 8%. Atmospheric temperature, sunlight and wind are the main meteorological factors those effected the algae bloom.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 727-732 [Abstract] ( 333 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 494KB] ( 3611 )
733 Estimation of the amount of livestock manure and its environmental influence of large-scaled culture based on spatial information.
YAN Bo-Jie, ZHAO Chun-Jiang, PAN Yu-Chun, WANG Yan
To obtain statistical data on livestock and poultry, the large-scale culture of spatial information and the area ratio method was used. Based on this result, the amount of livestock manure and pure nutrient was estimated, the environment influence of livestock manure to soil was studied, and livestock manure to soil environment pollution was explained by the content and variation of available phosphorus in topsoil and subsoil. Finally, the accuracy and rationality of this method used in Daxing District in Beijing was confirmed. Phosphorus load of farmland was 93.72kg/hm2 in Daxing District in 2005, which 57.56kg/hm2 contributed by large-scale culture. The content of available phosphorus in topsoil and subsoil was higher than background value, the coefficient of variation in available phosphorus in topsoil and subsoil respectively was 72.66%, 79.12%, and the enrichment coefficient was 2.31, which proved the influence degree of livestock manure by large-scaled culture to soil environment pollution.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 733-737 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 467KB] ( 2070 )
738 Optimization on bioleaching factors of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash using response surface methodology.
WU Ting-Ji, WANG Qun-Hui, YANG Jie, MA Hong-Zhi
The effectiveness of bioleaching is highly dependent on many biological factors. Four factors were investigated: sucrose concentration, spores concentration, fly ash concentration, and the time of fly ash addition. By using the central composite design, the non-linear equations, which described the relationship between the concentration of extracted heavy metals and the four factors above were obtained. Besides, the range of optimal bioleaching conditions were determined as follows: the concentration of sucrose, spores, fly ash was 114~126g/L, 1.6×107~2.1×107 spores/mL, 29~39g/L, respectively, and the time of fly ash addition was 3.6~4.4d. The trial was carried out in the optimum conditions by bioleaching 70g/L fly ash for 20 days. The concentration of extracted heavy metals was up to 901mg/L, which was 41% of the total heavy metals in fly ash.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 738-744 [Abstract] ( 318 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 706KB] ( 721 )
745 Zooplankton species richness and impact factors in a compound aquaculture system.
ZHANG Shi-Yang, ZHOU Qiao-Hong, CHENG Shui-Ping, WU Zhen-Bin-
A compound aquaculture system, consisted of constructed wetland and culture ponds, was used to rear Ictalurus punctatus. Differences in water quality in the recirculating ponds was obtained by setting different stocking densities. The whole process of fish rearing was separated into two successive stages: juvenile and adult. Zooplankton species richness and water quality parameters were investigated during the two stages. Species richness of Rotifera increased with the increasing stocking densities, while species richness of Cladocera and Copepoda decreased with the increasing densities in the recirculating ponds. Among the adult stage, species richness of Rotifera in the control was higher than those in pond P1 and P2, which was adverse to both Cladocera and Copepoda, while species richness of the three types of zooplankton were all higher in the control than in pond P3. PCA and RDA analysis unraveled that zooplankton species richness depended on trophic status of water body strongly, while weakly on physical characterizations of the water quality.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 745-750 [Abstract] ( 263 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 508KB] ( 915 )
751 HQSAR study of acute toxicity of a set of nitro aromatic compounds to Scenedesmus obliquus.
LUO Kun, GAO Shi-Xiang-*, WANG Lian-Sheng
Hologram quantitative structure activity relationships (HQSAR) were performed on acute toxicities of 25 substituted nitro benzenes to Scenedesmus obliquus. Quantitative models were obtained using the partial least square (PLS) technique. The most significant HQSAR model (Q2=0.921, R2=0.992) was obtained using atom, bond and connection as fragment distinction and 1~7 as fragment size. Dataset was divided into training set and testing set in order to examine the predictability of the model. The predicted values of the testing set were in good agreement with the experimental values, suggesting that the model had a fine predictability. In addition, the contributions of different atoms to toxicity were explored with colour coding figures.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 751-755 [Abstract] ( 242 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 327KB] ( 838 )
756 Quantification of denitrifying bacteria and denitrification process in surface sediment at adjacent sea area of the Yangtze River Estuary in summer.
LI Jia-Lin, BAI Jie, GAO Hui-Wang, WANG Xiao-Dong, YU Jiang-Hua, ZHANG Gui-Ling
The role of denitrifying bacteria and the influence of environmental factors such as temperature and salinity on the denitrification process in summer in surface sediment at adjacent sea area of the Yangtze River Estuary, China was evaluated. The quantities of denitrifying bacteria at the eight sampling sites ranged from 3.9×105 cells/g to 110.0×105 cells/g, which were significantly correlated with salinity and dissolved oxygen. The average denitrification rates measured using the acetylene inhibition technique ranged from 101.3μmol/(m2·h) to 731.9μmol/(m2·h). Their significant correlationship with the quantity of denitrifying bacteria (P=0.950) indicated that denitrifying bacteria was the determining factor. The denitrification rate was also primarily affected by the salinity and the concentrations of DO and ammonia. The nitrogen flux by the denitrification process was calculated to be 8.19×105kg/d, which was equivalent to nearly one-third of the inorganic nitrogen consumption amount during primary production process at the corresponding area. Thus, bacteria denitrification played a significant role in the cycling and removal of nitrogen at study sea area.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 756-761 [Abstract] ( 247 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 493KB] ( 1242 )
762 Comparison of two machine learning models for non-point source pollution load of watershed.
YANG Jue, QIAN Xin, ZHANG Yu-Chao, QIAN Yu
To find good and practical methods for predicting watershed non-point pollution load, two watershed machine learning models for non-point source pollution were established by using radial basis function ( RBF) network and support vector machines (SVM) based on rainfall deduction method. Correlation of the two models’ results for the Weihe Basin were analyzed. By analyzing runoffs and the standard deviations of corresponding point source pollution loads of the Weihe Basin in 9 years, SVM model was proved more accurate and reasonable than RBF.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 762-766 [Abstract] ( 193 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 529KB] ( 653 )
767 Modeling effects of regional industrial structure adjustment on water resource balance and water quality improvement.
SU Qiong, QIN Hua-Peng, ZHAO Zhi-Jie
An integrated model (coupling system dynamics model with water quality model (SD-WQM)) was developed to describe the interactions among social development, economical development, water resource and water quality and apply to a catchment in Shenzhen river. The model was used to analyze the effects of adjustment of industrial structure of GDP and internal structure of secondary industry as well as industrial technology improvement on water resource balance and water quality improvement in the catchment. The adjustment of industrial structure of GDP might relieve water resource shortage but had little influence on water quality improvement. Decreasing the proportion of labor-intensive type in secondary industry, improving technology of labor-intensive type in secondary industry and that in tertiary industry had significant effect on water resource balance and water quality improvement. A comprehensive adjustment based on the results of sensitivity analysis was proposed and testified by SD-WQM simulation to satisfy the water resource balance and the requirement of water quality standard in Shenzhen river catchment.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 767-772 [Abstract] ( 234 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 502KB] ( 866 )
773 Environmental impact estimation of Al-PE-Pa complex package using life cycle assessment.
XIE Ming-Hui, LI Li, HUANG Ze-Chun, ZHU Xue-Mei, SUN Ti-Chang
The environmental impact of complex packages made of aluminum, polyethylene and paper board (Al-PE-Pa) and plastic packages were estimated using life cycle assessment (LCA) and compared. The input and output streams of mass and energy, as well as the environmental emission, were obtained from literatures and field investigation. Environmental impact of Al-PE-Pa and plastic package were 5.225Pt and 4.670Pt, respectively. In the entire life cycle of these two selected packages, the environmental impact raising from raw materials supply was highest, accounting for 80% of total environmental impact of their life cycle. The environmental impact of plastic package on fossil resources consumption was two times as that of complex package. However, it could be hard to decrease the environmental pressure from plastic packages because the fossil is a non-renewable resource and confronted with exhausted circumstances. Comparatively, Al-PE-Pa complex package caused more environmental impact because of lower recovery and reuse, which can be improved by developing material recovery or other appropriate recycling technology to improve the cyclic materials flows and recycling ratio.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 773-779 [Abstract] ( 223 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 390KB] ( 1133 )
780 A temporal and spatial model of material flow management and its application.
LIU Ling-Xuan, BI Jun, YUAN Zeng-Wei
The economic, environmental and social system could be only described, neither optimized nor oriented, by material flow analysis (MFA). Thus, material flow management (MFM) based on the result of MFA, is the oriented optimization of material and energy flows involved in the whole process of production, currency, consumption and service. Conception and connotation of MFM, was introduced and a temporal and spatial model of MFM was set up with technology, economic structure and social system become crucial factors. The different characteristics and strategies of MFM for the enterprises’ level, the industrial-park level and the national or regional level were then analyzed. The by for optimization of MFM was with the importance of regulating the environmental impact of MFM curve with market-based and policy tools.
2009 Vol. 29 (7): 780-784 [Abstract] ( 178 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 400KB] ( 697 )
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