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2009 Vol.29 Issue.9,Published 2009-09-20
897 Sources of g-HCH in Chinese air at near-surface level and deposited to Chinese soil.
TIAN Chong-Guo, REN 南Qi, MA Jian-Min, LI Yi-Fan
CanMETOP model was employed to assess the contributions to g-HCH in Chinese air and soil from four major g-HCH residual regions, including India, the former Soviet Union (FSU), Europe (excluding the FSU),and China itself in 2005. Modeled annual average air concentrations of g-HCH at 1.5 m height above ground surface ranged for 10~100 pg/m3 in eastern region, and 1~10 pg/m3 in western region of China. The former was mainly due to Chinese source (30%~80%), while the major of the later was attributable to Indian source (> 50%). The European and FSU sources both mostly contributed to the Chinese northwestern region (10%). The contributions of deposition in China were also different in different area. Chinese source dominated the deposition of g-HCH in the northeastern area (75%), while Indian source made the largest contribution in northwestern (63%) and southern (67%) areas of China. For whole China, annual total deposition of g-HCH in 2005 was 691 t, among which, 55.1% was from India, 31.6% was from China, 3.6% was from Europe, and 2.5% was from the FSU.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 897-901 [Abstract] ( 250 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 466KB] ( 508 )
902 Monitoring of aerosol optical depth over land surface using CCD camera on HJ-1 satellite.
WANG Zhong-Ting, LI Qing, TAO Jin-Hua, LI Shen-Shen, WANG Qiao, CHEN Liang-Fu
The potentiality of the retrieval of aerosol optic depth over land using CCD camera aboard on HJ-1A/B satellite was studied. It is very difficult to use CCD data to retrieve aerosol optic depth due to the lack of near infrared band. By using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to search for the dark pixel, a modified dark dense vegetation (DDV) method was developed to retrieve the aerosol optical depth (AOD) from CCD data. Firstly, the CCD images was re-sampled and calibrated, and then the AOD was derived using a look up table (LUT) which was built based on “6S”with the features of HJ-1 CCD taken into account. The retrieved AODs were validated using ground-based observation by a CE318 sunphotometer and compared with the MODIS aerosol products. The retrieved AODs from HJ-1 CCD was in a good agreement with the MODIS AOD products when the AOD was larger than 0.2. Finally, the AOD thematic maps was obtained after smoothing AOD image.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 902-907 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 625KB] ( 1464 )
908 Impact of wall heating effects on pollutant dispersion in urban street canyon.
HU Wei, ZHONG Qin
The software Fluent was used to simulate wind field and pollutant concentration distribution under different wall heating condition in the urban street canyon. Under the ratio of the street height to width (H/W) was 1.33 and the low wind speed conditions (u=1m/s), when there was no temperature difference between the wall and the ambient air, a big stable clockwise vortex was existed in the street canyon, and pollutant accumulated on the leeward side. If the leeward side was heated or the ground surface and leeward side were heated together, the air flow distribution was similar to the case of no temperature difference in the canyon, and the pollutant concentration decreased due to the increased turbulence intensity in the canyon. While the windward wall was heated, the single vortex structure in the canyon was changed into double-vortices structure. There was high pollutant concentration in low of the canyon and low pollutant concentration in upper of the canyon. When the ground surfaces and windward wall were heated simultaneously, the flow structure in the canyon was changed from single vortex into double-vortices structure under small temperature difference in the street canyon (Δθ=2℃). While increased the temperature difference to 5℃, the double-vortices in the canyon were broken down into three vortices, and the pollutant distribution was similar to windward wall heated condition. The simulated result of Fluent was reasonable through the comparison of measured concentration and simulated concentration.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 908-913 [Abstract] ( 219 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1778KB] ( 660 )
914 VOC components in the air caused by the local polyurethane synthetic leather industries in the Pearl River Delta region.
WANG Bo-Guang, FENG Zhi-Cheng, ZHOU Yan, LIU Hui-Xuan
Two-stage thermal desorption and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to investigate air pollutants emitted from three major factories among many local polyurethane (PU) synthetic leather industries in the Pearl River Delta region. 15 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected, which were mainly halogenated hydrocarbons, chlorobenzene, aromatic hydrocarbon, esters, amides and ketones. The average concentration of total VOCs was the highest (15.300±0.964) mg/m3 at the manufacturing departments, (12.047±0.977)mg/m3 at semi- finished raw materials departments, (1.912±1.281)mg/m3 at the resin warehouses and the lowest (1.980±0.522) mg/m3 in the outside of the factories. The major components of the VOC spectrum were similar between manufacturing department and semi-finished raw materials department, and were mainly 2-butanone, toluene and ethyl acetate; while toluene, benzene and styrene were the major components in the resin warehouses. Ethyl acetate was found to be a remarkable molecular marker in the VOC source profile of PU synthetic leather industry with the highest percentage of total VOCs up to 36.32%±16.62%.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 914-918 [Abstract] ( 290 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 334KB] ( 1283 )
919 Numerical simulation of emergency response to atmospheric pollution accident in Tianjin.
HAN Su-Qin, CAI Xu-Hui, LI Pei-Yan, JIE Yi-Yang, WANG Xue-Lian
Based on the numerical weather prediction model and automatic weather station data, random-walk particle-puff model was used to simulate the emergency response to atmospheric accident. The model for atmospheric diffusion could simulate the atmospheric diffusion in case of emergency accident occurred in 10min, both distribution of the particle and concentration calculated by the model could describe the variation of the diffusion route and affected area. Random walk model, as atmospheric diffusion module of the emergency accident decision support system, could provide more actual information for early emergency and consequence assessment.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 919-923 [Abstract] ( 193 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1760KB] ( 955 )
924 Catalytic performance of precious metal-substituted LaCoO3 over soot.
MING Cai-Bing, YE Dai-Qi, YI Hui, FU Ming-Li
LaCo0.96X0.04O3 (X=Pt、Pd、Rh、Au、Ag) catalysts were prepared by citric method. The catalytic activity of catalysts on soot was determined by thermogravimetry (TG). Catalysts were characterized by temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectrograph (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The catalytic perfomance of LaCo0.96Ag0.04O3 on soot was the most activated with the ignition temperature of 449℃, lower than 504℃ of LaCoO3. TPR patterns of precious metal-substitued LaCoO3 differed. Diffraction angles of XRD characteristic peaks moved to high angles, meaning the entering of various precious metals in LaCoO3 phase. And energy dispersive spectra showed the contents of various precious metal in perovskite phase varied.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 924-928 [Abstract] ( 230 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 439KB] ( 973 )
929 Pilot study on oil refinery wastewater advanced treatment and desalination.
HONG Bin, ZHU Guan-Nan, ZHANG Dong-Yu, TANG Xian-Chun, HE Qun-Biao, FENG De-Xin
As oil refinery wastewater advanced treatment devices gradually lost their function one or two years after operated in some petrochemical companies, a combined advanced treating process of “integrated suspended carrier biological oxidation, sand filtration, ozone-biological activated carbon filtration”and desalination process of “ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (UF+RO)” were developed. Seven-month pilot-test showed that main contaminants of outlet in the advanced treatment plants could be removed thoroughly, COD, NH3-N, BOD5, oil and turbidity of the reclaimed water were better than the standard of reclaimed water; furthermore, the desalted water had the electric conductivity of 35~40μS/cm during the running of UF and RO which could be used as fresh water of power workshop. During the pilot test, the pollution and clogging of the membranes of UF and RO had not happened. The combined advanced treating process could resist the loading shocking and keep high removing efficiency and stable running.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 929-934 [Abstract] ( 202 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 478KB] ( 765 )
935 Partial nitrification via nitrite at ordinary and low temperatures in an SBR treating domestic wastewater.
ZHENG Ya-Nan, LONG Chuan-Zhe-Fu, GUO Jian-Hua, WANG Shu-Ying, HUANG Hui-Jun, WANG Zhong-Wei, PENG Yong-Zhen
Through real-time aeration duration control, partial nitrification was carried out in a lab-scale SBR at normal temperatures and maintained for a long time even at low temperatures. The specific ammonia oxidation rate would be reduced with decrease of the temperature. The average specific ammonia oxidation rate at 27℃ was 1.68 times of that at 13℃. The temperature coefficient of ammonia oxidation reaction in the reactor was ascertained 1.501 according to the Arrhenius expression. When nitrite accumulation ratio was steadily kept over 90%, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to detect the sludge population structure, which showed the proportion of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was 8%~9% and lower than 0.5%, respectively. The real-time control strategy had a positive effect on the enrichment of AOB and the limitation or wash-out of NOB. An advisable start up strategy to operate a partial nitrification system at low temperatures could have two steps, obtaining firstly the selective enrichment of AOB as well as the washout of NOB by real-time aeration duration control under ordinary temperatures, and then making the biomass slowly adapt to low temperatures.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 935-940 [Abstract] ( 211 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 690KB] ( 634 )
941 Biodegradation of nitrobenzene by a strain immobilized on granular activated carbon.
SUN Ling, LI Yi, HU Hong-Ying
Effects of nitrobenzene biodegradation enhanced by Pseudomonas putida immobilized on granular activated carbon (GAC) was studied. The biodegradation time was shortened for 200mg/L nitrobenzene from approximately 34h to 29.5h with biological activated carbon (BAC) present. Nitrobenzene with concentration at 400mg/L could not been directly biotransformed by the bacteria due to the intense inhibition before the bacteria was immobilized within GAC. However, nitrobenzene at the same concentration was biodegraded in 46h by the BAC. In addition, BAC was reused for nitrobenzene biodegradation for 4 times with a slowly decreased degradation efficiency. At the end of biodegradation, the BAC at the final stage of 200mg/L nitrobenzene degradation was scanned by SEM. And Pseudomonas putida was the only bacteria effective for the biodegradation.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 941-945 [Abstract] ( 274 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1044KB] ( 768 )
946 Effect of pH value and light on La-modified bentonite adsorption of phosphorus and nitrogen in water.
SI Jing, LU Shao-Yong, JIN Xiang-Can, CAI Min-Min, DENG Jian-Guo
The effect of various pH values and light conditions on the La-modified bentonite removing nitrogen and phosphorus in simulation river water at agricultural zone was studied. The adsorption of the phosphorus and nitrogen were better when the pH value between 4 and 8. Average removal rate of TN by La-modified bentonite was 82% and the maximum removal rate of TN by La-modified bentonite was 93%. When the pH value was 4~6, the removal rate of phosphorus after 3 days maintained higher than 95%, maximum rate was as high as 99%. La-modified bentonite absorption effects of nitrogen and phosphorus were better when light intensity was 10 and 20μmol/(m2·s), bentonite removal rate on TN during the first 14 days remained higher than 72%, when light intensity was 20μmol/(m2·s),the maximum removal was 93% at the 7th day. The average removal rate of phosphorus during the whole process remained higher than 90%.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 946-950 [Abstract] ( 248 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 471KB] ( 733 )
951 Kinetics model of extracellular polymeric substances extraction.
DUAN Liang, XIA Si-Qing, SONG Yong-Hui, Slawomir W Hermanowicz
To evaluate the relations between some factors in extract process of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and optimize EPS extract methods, EPS extraction kinetics about EPS concentration change with extract time in EPS extract process was deducted using a newly developed modeling framework. Some data from this study and other researches were used to verify the model. It could acquire some satisfied linear fitting results when used data were from some classic references, with R2 more than 0.94 in every model validation. Some EPS extract experiments were also completed to check the model, where the concentrations of MLSS and MLVSS in activated sludge were (1064.47±298.70) and (822±147)mg/L, respectively. It also could acquire some good fitting results for TOC and protein, but just passable results for DNA and carbohydrate. The EPS extraction kinetics model could be used to rough estimate the high EPS yield concentration and EPS concentration at anytime in the whole extract process.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 951-954 [Abstract] ( 161 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 384KB] ( 618 )
955 Simulation of lake water environment trends in Tangxun lake of Wuhan under rainfall uncertainty.
CHU Jun-Ying, QIN Da-Yong, WANG Hao, XIAO Wei-Hua, HUANG Tian-Rong, WANG Huai-Qing
Focus on the quantity and quality process in the whole basin, TXHwater model was developed to evaluate water environment trends of Tangxun Lake in Wuhan. Through Monte Carlo techniques, characteristics of watershed pollution loads, water flows and water quality trends under rainfall uncertainty were presented. The uncertainty of simulated COD and TP was largest and smallest, respectively, while uncertainty of simulated NH3-N and TN in the medium level. Rainfall conditions had significant impacts on the runoff yield and stream inflow of Xunsi river mostly during the flood season. If no further pollution control measures were planned, degradation of water quality will be aggravated to V category in 2010 and 2020 year. TN and TP were the key pollution factors, and will reach their maximum value from June to August during the year, and almost exceeded the required water environment standard for total rainfall possibilities.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 955-961 [Abstract] ( 246 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 552KB] ( 847 )
962 Parameters identification of water quality model in branch backwater reach based on genetic algorithm.
LUO Gu-Yuan, ZHENG Jian-Feng, XU Xiao-Yi, CAO Jia, SHU Wei-Qun
Taking Linjiang River which is a branch of Yangtze River as the research object, one-dimensional water quality model of its backwater reach was created. Finite difference method (FDM) was applied to disperse the variational items of model, water quality model parameters were obtained by adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA). The dispersion coefficients of COD and NH3-N were 0.5227, 0.5196km2/h, the degradation coefficients of COD and NH3-N were 0.0342, 0.0367h-1. The model’s simulated values were in agreement with the experimental value, suggesting the method of FDM-AGA can be used in water quality model parameter identification of branch backwater reach.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 962-966 [Abstract] ( 195 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 469KB] ( 849 )
967 Degradation of dipyrone in water by advanced oxidation processes and evaluation of the toxicity for the degradation products.
TONG Jun, XIONG Zhen-Hu
Dipyrone was depredated by UV, H2O2, UV/H2O2, Fenton, UV/Fenton and other advanced oxidation process in the laboratory scale, and the toxicity of the degradation products was evaluated. On the basis of optimized parameters (pH, H2O2 dosage, Fe2+ dosage, illumination time), the degradation effect was evaluated using removal effect of TOC and degradation of dipyrone. The toxicity of dipyrone and its photocatalytic intermediates in aqueous solution were assessed by the growth inhibition of Chlorella vulgaris and was showed by the 96h half effect of concentration (EC50). The degradation effect of UV/Fenton for dipyrone was most efficient, the optimized parameters were pH 3, Fe2+ 2mg/L and H2O2 140mg/L. Biological test showed that the intermediates were of more toxicity than the matrix compound because the EC50 value was minimum (13.65mg/L) when the reaction time reached 30min. With the reaction time increased the value of EC50 gradually increased, and reached 44.07 mg/L at 180 min, and the chlorella was grew well in good condition, which showing that photo-Fenton reaction was fit for degradation of low concentrations of dipyrone in aqueous solution and the treated water didn¢t have biological toxicity for chlorella.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 967-971 [Abstract] ( 373 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 443KB] ( 652 )
972 Effect of NO2--N on the physiology characteristics of Microcystis aeruginosa.
CHEN Wei-Min, ZHANG Qing-Min, DAI Shu-Gui
The growth and physiological change of Microcystis aeruginosa were studied under different initial NO2--N concentration, adopting the standard method of algal bioassay. Compared with BG11 (without NO2--N), M. aeruginosa grew well under low initial NO2--N concentration (1 and 10mg/L), however, the growth slowed down and even ceased under high initial NO2--N concentration (from 20 to 40mg/L). The nitrite reductase (NiR) activity and catalase (CAT) activity tended to increase from initial NO2--N concentration of 10 to 30mg/L. The content of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) and malondiadehyde (MDA) also showed an increase with initial NO2--N concentration increasing in the range of 20 to 30mg/L and 20 to 40mg/L respectively. The nitrate reductase (NR) activity was constant under initial NO2--N concentration (from 0 to 30mg/L). These observed phenomena indicated M. aeruginosa could maintain definite growth in initial NO2--N concentration rage of 10 to 30mg/L, due to the increase of Chl-a content and the enhancing of enzymic activity of NiR and CAT.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 972-976 [Abstract] ( 255 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 416KB] ( 539 )
977 Distribution of heavy metals during co-processing hazardous wastes in new dry cement kilns.
YAN Da-Hai, LI Lu, HUANG Qi-Fei, CAI Mu-Lin, ZHANG Zeng-Qiang
Distributions of 13 heavy metals in different phases produced by co-processing obsolete pesticides, contaminated soil and spent bleaching clay were studied on three new dry cement kilns respectively. Through analysis of the distribution ratios of heavy netals in stack emissions and cement clinkers, both ratios were steady no matter whether the hazardous waste was fed to the kiln or not. Moreover, the distribution ratios of non-volatile and semi-volatile heavy metals in stack emissions were far less than that in clinkers. The concentrations of Hg and several heavy metals in stack emissions were low or below the detection limit. In particular, the distribution ratio of As in stack emissions was high. Some As compounds would be volatile due to their chemical form in cement kilns. In order to control heavy metals concentration in stack emissions to comply with emission limitations of correlated standards, both maximum allowable feeding rates and concentrations of heavy metals during co-processing waste were determined at last.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 977-984 [Abstract] ( 283 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 327KB] ( 1227 )
985 Effect of co-cropping Sedum alfredii with different plants on metal uptake.
JIANG Cheng-Ai, WU Qi-Tang, WU Shun-Hui, LONG Xin-Xian
Plants with different root system such as maize, ryegrass and soybean were respectively co-cropped with Sedum alfredii, a Cd and Zn hyperaccumulator, in a pot experiment with heavy metal contaminated soil, aiming to investigate the effect of different combined system on metal uptake by the two co-cropped plants. Under the conditions of the pot experiment, co-crop with maize and soybean increased Zn uptake by S. alfredii from 15345mg/kg for mono-crop to 18673, 17266mg/kg, respectively for the two co-crops. Co-crop with ryegrass had no significant effect on Cd, Pb and Zn uptake by S. alfredii. Co-crop with S. alfredii significantly decreased Cd and Zn uptake by maize and ryegrass. Considering with biomass production, Cd/Pb/Zn total uptake (per half pot) by the hyperaccumulator co-cropped with maize and soybean was 1.68~1.87 times of that mono-crop. The metal uptake by the hyperaccu- mulator can be improved by co-cropping.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 985-990 [Abstract] ( 235 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 385KB] ( 1562 )
991 A toxicological study based on DNA damage of inhalable particulates collected in Macao during winter.
SHEN Rong-Rong, SHAO Long-Yi, WANG Zhi-Shi, DENG Yu-Hua, YANG Shu-Shen
Plasmid DNA assay was applied to study oxidative capacity of the winter PM10 in Macao. The PM10 samples were collected at three sites, including the Sun Yat Sen Municipal Park site (SYSP) and the Av. de Horta e Costa site (AHC) in the Macao Peninsula as well as the Macao University site in the Taipa Island (TI). The TD30 values (the dosage of PM10 that caused 30% DNA damage) of the PM10 were relatively lower at the SYSP site, followed by the AHC site, with the TI site to be the highest, demonstrating that the PM10 in the Macao Peninsula had a higher toxicity than that of the Taipa Island. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and image analysis were used to analyse the morphology and size distribution of individual particles in PM10, and these microscopic characteristics were further combined with the oxidative capacity of PM10. A higher proportion of secondary particles and unknown ultrafine particles were associated with the lower TD30 values of PM10. The secondary particles and unknown ultrafine particles might be the important components responsible for the observed plasmid DNA damage. The water-soluble fractions and intact whole particle solutions of Macao airborne particles produce a similar plasmid assay, demonstrating that the oxidative damage by the particles in Macao was mainly sourced from the water-soluble fraction.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 991-996 [Abstract] ( 289 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 470KB] ( 655 )
997 Effect of benzidine on mitochondria isozymes of liver of mice.
MEI Qi-Ming, ZHOU Pei-Jiang
By injecting different concentrations of benzidine (0, 50, 100, and 200mg/kg) into rats, the effect of benzidine on the expression of SOD, GSH-Px, COX and Ca2+-ATPase in liver mitochondrion were investigated by using polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis. COX-L and Ca2+-ATPase-L were expressed at 50mg/kg of benzidine. The liver mitochondrion was induced to express COX-L and Ca2+-ATPase-L by metabolizing benzidine at low concentration while the expression of the four isozymes was suppressed at higher concentration of benzidine (3200mg/kg).
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 997-999 [Abstract] ( 268 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 561KB] ( 634 )
1000 Acute toxicity difference of metolachlor and its S-isomer on earthworms.
XU Dong-Mei, XU Xiao-Lu, LIU Wen-Li, LIU Wei-Ping
The acute lethal effect of metolachlor and its S-isomer on earthworms with the chiral difference was analyzed by using the methods of standard OECD filter paper test, artificial soil test and natural soil test. The confidence interval of filter paper toxicity test was the widest and therefore the method was not so reliable. The acute toxicity of Rac- metolachlor and S-isomer on earthworms in the natural soil test was larger than that in the artificial soil test. According to the classification criteria of the toxic chemicals, Rac-metolachlor and S-isomer should belonged to the low poisonous pesticides. There were little differences in LC50 of Rac-metolachlor and S-isomer on earthworms, which showed that the chiral difference of the two pesticides on the acute toxicity of earthworms was insignificant.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 1000-1004 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 332KB] ( 1012 )
1005 Characterization and assessment of exposure to PM2.5 and CO for a cardiovascular elderly panel in summer in Beijing.
WANG Ai, HUANG Wei, WANG Tong, CHEN Ya, SU Yu, ZHANG Li-Wen
Exposure levels of PM2.5, CO of a panel including 33 cardiovascular elderly subjects in summer in one community of Beijing was studied. Concurrent fixed site, outdoor and indoor pollution were monitored, and time-activity data were collected from each subject. Twenty-four hour averaged exposure concentrations of PM2.5, CO for the elderly were 89.6μg/m3 and 1.9×10-6, respectively. The outdoor and indoor concentrations of PM2.5 showed temporal variation, and were affected by meteorological conditions, as well as indoor and outdoor emission sources. The correlations of indoor, outdoor and fixed site concentrations showed that outdoor and fixed site CO was more affected by local sources, while PM2.5 was not. PM2.5 might be the main pollutant contributing to the adverse health effects on cardiovascular elderly in Beijing.
2009 Vol. 29 (9): 1005-1008 [Abstract] ( 243 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 318KB] ( 972 )
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