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2012 Vol.32 Issue.5,Published 2012-05-20
769 An observation study of the scattering properties of aerosols over Shijiazhuang City in spring
ZHANG Yong, YIN Yan, XIAO Hui, KUANG Shun-Si, WU Zhi-Hui
The data measured by a three-wavelength integrating nephelometer, a PCASP-X2 and a visibility meter over Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China, from May 7~23, 2010, were used to investigate the scattering properties of aerosol particles and the relationship with particle size spectra, visibility and meteorological conditions. The results show that the scattering coefficients were (257±293), (199±237), and (143±173) Mm-1, respectively, for the three wavelengths, 450, 550 and 700 nm, and that the values varied significantly from day to day, while the microphysical property of aerosol is stable. It was also found that the daily variation of the aerosol scattering coefficient was a tri-peak shape, with the coefficient reaching peak values at about 8, 13 and 0 o’clock, respectively, and higher values were measured during nighttime. There was also a significant difference in the mean scattering coefficient under different weather conditions, with the mean value (524.9Mm-1) of overcast days was 4.7 times higher than that of fine days (112.3Mm-1). The ratios of backscattering coefficient to the total scattering coefficient of three wavelengths were all larger than 0.15, indicating that a significant fraction of the particular matter in Shijiazhuang was attributed to fine mode particles. There existed a positive correlation between the scattering coefficient and the volume concentration of aerosol, but sometimes when the volume concentration was large, the scattering coefficient was small, maybe because of the local emission source or meteorological condition. There was a negative correlation between the scattering coefficient and visibility. Our results also find that the scattering coefficient would exhibit two different trends when the relative humidity increases, and the local wind direction and speed could also influence the scattering properties of aerosol.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 769-779 [Abstract] ( 389 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 988KB] ( 1180 )
780 Pollution characteristics of phthalate esters derived from household dust and exposure assessment
WANG Fu-Mei, CHEN Li, JIAO Jiao, ZHANG Lei-Bo, JI Ya-Qin, BAI Zhi-Peng, ZHANG Li-Wen, SUN Zeng-Rong
The 26 indoor dust samples from 13 households were collected during winter and summer in Tianjin. Using CH2Cl2 and ultrasonic extraction for extraction and separation, gas chromatograph–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was applied to analyze DMP, DEP, DBP, BBP, DEHP, DOP. And then the pollution characteristics and assessment of human exposure to phthalate esters from indoor dust were studied. The results were as followed: The concentration for DEHP was the highest, and then came DBP in household dust in winter and summer, collectively accounting for more than 80% of the total concentrations in the samples. In winter, the concentrations of ∑PAEs were from 1.498 to 32.587 μg/g, the average concentration was (6.772±8.154) μg/g; While in summer, ranging from 1.981 to 40.041μg/g and (13.406±12.911) μg/g, respectively. The PAEs concentrations in household dust varied significantly, which were higher in summer than those in winter. The total exposures of PAEs (DBP, DEHP, DEP, BBP) for children and adults in summer were higher than those in winter, and also through the mouth than the skin. The exposures of phthalate esters for children were about 10 times higher than those for adults. For adults and children, the highest exposure of PAEs (DBP, DEHP, DEP, BBP) were both found in summer. The PAEs pollution in indoor dust and human exposure in Tianjin were lightly less than in Germany and USA; And in the same level with 6 Chinese cities for total exposure, except DEHP. The importance of young children’s exposure to PAEs in indoor environment should be paid more attention.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 780-786 [Abstract] ( 314 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 507KB] ( 1271 )
787 Sources and health risk assessment of aromatic hydrocarbons in the indoor of Guangzhou hotels
PENG Yan, ZHANG Yan-Li, WANG Xin-Ming, CHEN Di-Yun, CAO Xiao-An
With stainless-steel canisters, indoor air samples were taken from guestrooms of 20 different hotels in Guangzhou. The aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) levels of these samples were later analyzed by a gas chromatography-mass selective detector (GC-MSD) coupled with a pre-concentrator. Total concentrations of eight AHs, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m/p-xylene, styrene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, averaged 273.1 μg/m3 and ranged 2.3~1058μg/m3. Average levels of Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in rooms of the 20 hotels were 22.9, 151.6, 46.4 and 60.5μg/m3, respectively. Average benzene levels ranged 0.7~72.2μg/m3, all below the guideline level set in China’s Indoor Air Quality Standard (GB/T 18883-2002). However, its cancer risks for hotel room-keeping workers and frequent dwellers were higher than 1′10-6. Average toluene levels ranged 1.4~841μg/m3, with 24% exceeding the GB/T 18883-2002 guideline level. No significant relationships were found between indoor AHs levels and hotels’ star ranks or time intervals after its latest decorations. Some most recently renovated hotels had relatively lower AHs levels probably due to the usage of environment friendly materials and products. As for the hotels the highest indoor AHs levels, focused on those had the last decoration occurred 2~5 years ago, and in the meantime reflected a rather low benzene to toluene ratios (B/T), suggesting that indoor emission as the major AHs source. Though outdoor air quality can impact indoor AHs levels in hotels via ventilation, our results indicated that the most important factor to lower indoor AHs levels of the hotel guestrooms was to use environment friendly materials and products for the decoration or renovation.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 787-794 [Abstract] ( 323 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 651KB] ( 1301 )
795 Study on characteristic of aerosol extinction at Tianjin City in the spring
YAO Qing, HAN Su-Qin, CAI Zi-Ying, ZHANG Min
Based on the aerosol scattering and absorption coefficient, PM2.5 mass concentration, visibility and other observation data at Tianjin city, the characteristic of scattering and absorption coefficients and the relationship between aerosol extinction coefficient and PM2.5 mass concentration and visibility were analyzed. Two methods of calculating extinction coefficient were compared. The results indicated that mean aerosol scattering coefficient was 369.93Mm-1 and accounted for 86.7% of the extinction coefficient. Mean aerosol absorption coefficient was 36.32Mm-1 and accounted for 8.5%. The single scattering albedo was 0.91. Daily variation of aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients presented double-peak distributions corresponding to morning and evening rush hours. Aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients in haze days were highest and in dust days and rain days were middle and in sunny day were lowest. There was a good linear correlation between scattering or absorption coefficients and PM2.5 mass concentration and a typical negative exponential correlation with the visibility. The mean mass scattering efficiency was 2.95m2/g during observation period. The extinction coefficient retrieval from visibility with Koschmieder’s formula was consistent with the sum of observation aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients and gas scattering and absorption coefficients. The extinction coefficient retrieval value was higher than the observation when the relative humidity was higher than 80%.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 795-802 [Abstract] ( 435 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 687KB] ( 2346 )
803 Greenhouse gases emission from paddy fields under different rice straw treatments
HOU Xiao-Li, LI Yu-E, WAN Yun-Fan, SHI Sheng-Wei, LI Ming-De
A field experiment was conducted in double rice area to figure out the influence of different rice straw treatments (rice straw removing +NPK, rice straw incorporated into the soil(RS)+NPK, rice straw burned in situ(BIS)+NPK) on the greenhouse gases emission from paddy fields. The results showed that RS+NPK treatment increased the CH4 emission and decreased the N2O emission significantly compared with NPK treatment, while BIS+NPK treatment reduced CH4 and N2O emission during the double rice growing season. N2O emission of RS+NPK and BIS+NPK treatments had no significant difference. CH4 emission from burning activity was equivalent to that from rice field, while N2O emission accounted for a great proportion of total N2O emission during the growing period, 90.1% and 53.4%, respectively. The total GHG emission of different treatment is RS+NPK>NPK>BIS+NPK. A similar order was found for emission intensity (CO2 e/t grain yield).
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 803-809 [Abstract] ( 308 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 448KB] ( 976 )
810 Analysis of atmospheric particles and heavy metals character at the area of Lanzhou City in summer and winter.
LIN Hai-Peng, WU Xiao-Yan, ZHAN Jing-Ming, LU Wen-Fang, ZHANG Yan-Ping, WANG Sheng-Li, XIE Man-Ting, LIU Zhan-Qi
The TSP, PM10, PM2.5 particles were sampled at Xi Gu Area and Yu Zhong County (in Lanzhou City) in July 2010 and January 2011. The contents of TSP, PM10, PM2.5 particles and heavy metals(Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn) in TSP, PM10, PM2.5 particles were analyzed. The result indicated that the average concentration of TSP in winter in research area was 0.36 times higher than national standard level-II, while concentration was lower in summer. In research area, the average concentration of PM10 both in winter and summer increased 1.18-fold and 0.19-fold respectively, in comparison with that of national standard level-II. In comparison area, the average concentration of PM10 in winter was 0.05 times higher than national standard. Compared with American daily mean value standard, the average concentration of PM2.5 in research area and in comparison area in winter increased 1.94-fold and 1.0-fold, while the value increased 0.31-fold in research area in summer. In condusion, average concentration of TSP, PM10, PM2.5 in winter was higher than that in summer, and the concentration in research area was higher than that in comparison area. An order of potential ecological risk inedx of heavy metals in atmospheric partiles was Cd>Cu>Ni>Zn>Pb>Cr, in which the potential ecological risk degree of Cd reached terribly strong. While the potential ecological risk index of TSP, PM10, PM2.5 were all reached the terribly strong level, in which the PM2.5’s potential ecological risk index was highest.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 810-815 [Abstract] ( 368 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 492KB] ( 1075 )
816 Experimental research of removing elemental mercury from simulated flue gas by CeCl3-loaded activated carbon fiber
ZHANG Xing, LI Cai-Ting, FAN Xiao-Peng, LU Pei, TAO Sha-Sha, ZHAO Wei-Wei, FAN Chun-Zhen, ZHAO Qian-Ru-
ACF impregnated with CeCl3 was developed and some related experiments including reaction temperature, CeCl3 loading value and flue gas component on Hg0 removal efficiencies were conducted. In addition, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) analyses were used to characterize the samples. The results showed that CeCl3 significantly improved the mercury removal capacity of activated carbon fiber in the simulated flue gas. In this experimental condition, the optimal loading value of CeCl3 was 5% (mass fraction); when the temperature was below 140°C, the removal efficiency of CeCl3/ACF for Hg0 was enhanced with the increase of the temperature and then decreased above 140°C; moreover, the effect of NO, SO2 and water vapor on the removal of mercury were studied. It has been found that NO had a certain facilitating role on removal of elemental mercury, and there was a positive relationship between the concentrations of NO and the removal efficiency of Hg0; SO2 inhibited the removal of Hg0, and the removal efficiency decreased with the increase of SO2 concentrations; the Hg0 removal efficiency of CeCl3/ACF was hindered by the water vapor.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 816-821 [Abstract] ( 311 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 364KB] ( 1012 )
822 Study on dioxin emission inhibition effect by addition of two inhibitors in iron ore sintering process
DAI Fan, TAN Yan, LI Xian-Wei, YU Yong-Mei, HE Xiao-Lei, CHEN De-Zhen
The inhibition effects on dioxin emission from iron ore sintering process were compared for two inhibitors through a series of sintering-pot experiments. The additions of the two inhibitors, namely urea and carbohydrazide, in the sintering iron ore mixture were arranged as 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05% and 0.1% (ω) respectively. The results showed that both inhibitors can reduce dioxin emission significantly. For the case of urea inhibitor, the reduction efficiencies of dioxin emission fluctuated with its addition with the highest efficiency 67.74% appeared at the addition of 0.02%; while for carbohydrazide inhibitor the reduction efficiencies of dioxin emission increased with its addition and the highest efficiency reached 78.79% as 0.1% of carbohydrazide was added. Both inhibitors did not change the finger print of dioxin homologues. The inhibition effect on all dioxin homologues formation by urea was coincident with that by carbohydrazide, namely, the isomer distribution of dioxin emissions were not essentially changed except that OCDD and OCDF behaved different for the two inhibitors. Both inhibitors did not change sintering indexs significantly.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 822-828 [Abstract] ( 289 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 535KB] ( 1085 )
829 Interaction of cadmium and stibium with dissolved organic matter from different sources
WANG Feng, HUANG Qing-Hui, XIAO Yi-Hua
The interaction of DOM from four sources (plant, soil, sediment, and water) with two kinds of metal (Cd and Sb) was investigated by UV-Visible absorbance spectroscopy and fluorescence quenching titrations combined with excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Spectral slope (S275~295) and spectral slope ratio (SR) of DOM from four sources decreased obviously with increasing Cd concentration; however, no obvious changes were observed in DOM-Sb binding. It indicated that binding mechanisms of DOM and the two kinds of metal were different. The DOM-Cd binding made DOM transform from the small molecules into macromolecules, while DOM-Sb binding didn’t change molecular weight of DOM. In treatments with the same metal addition, fluorescence intensity of DOM components from different sources varied significantly. It suggested that DOM from different sources had different active components when binding with metal, and the active components showed different binding properties. In addition, larger fluctuations in the quenching curves of protein-like component (Ex/Em= 301nm/346nm) were observed in presence of Cd, suggesting that the complexation stability of some protein-like substances was weaker compared to that of humic-like ones.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 829-836 [Abstract] ( 378 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 534KB] ( 1781 )
837 Performance of trapping mercury combined with organic coordination agent in water by novel macromolecule flocculant
WANG Gang, CHANG Qing
A novel macromolecule flocculant polyethyleneimine-sodium xanthogenate (PEX) was synthesized by grafting a dithiocarboxylic group onto polyethyleneimine. The effect of pH values on the removal efficiency of mercury was investigated for the mercury-containing water sample. The performance of PEX trapping mercury was also studied for the water samples containing both mercury and some organic coordination agents, such as EDTA salt, ammonium citrate and aminoacetic acid. The experimental data show that the PEX had the strong binding capability with Hg2+ at all of pH values studied, and the removal rate nearly reaches 100% for some pH values. More dosage of PEX was needed at low pH values to reach the high removal efficiency obtained at high pH values. The coexistence of EDTA salt in water sample could affect the removal of Hg2+ to a certain extent, but this effect would be reduced or eliminated by the increased dosage of PEX. The coexistence of ammonium citrate in water sample could promote the removal of Hg2+. As far as the coexistence of aminoacetic acid was concerned, it could promote the removal of Hg2+ at low pH values, but depress the removal of Hg2+ with the increase in pH values. The lower Hg extraction rate obtained in the leaching experiment indicated that the flocs of PEX—Hg had the very good stability, and therefore it would not be easy to cause secondary pollution by the sludge produced in this treatment.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 837-842 [Abstract] ( 293 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 338KB] ( 1128 )
843 Start-up of anammox in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR)
YU Ying-Cui, GAO Da-Wen, TAO Yu, CHEN Chun-Hong
A sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) was applied to start up anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) under anoxic condition in short period. Some characteristics of the anammox SBBR were investigated, including nitrogen removal efficiency, anammox activity, biofilm characteristic and variation of microbial community. Anammox phenomenon was observed after 60 days and the maximum total nitrogen loading rate reached to 0.67 kg-Nm-3?d-1 with the removal rate of 87.3% after 100-day start-up. The thickness and colour of biofilms obviously changed and the relative abundance of anammox bacteria reached to 40%, being the dominant species. This study demonstrates that a SBBR is an efficient bioreactor for starting up anammox process.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 843-849 [Abstract] ( 466 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 820KB] ( 1721 )
850 Characterization of biofilm in denitrification biofilter based on microelectrode technique
SONG Hui-Min, ZHOU Xiao-Hong, ZHANG Yong-Ming, SHI Han-Chang
In order to study the impact of dissolved oxygen (DO) on denitrification process in denitrification biofilter, microelectrodes with tip diameters of 30μm were fabricated to determine the microprofiles of O2 and NO3- in biofilms. Based on the profiles, a diffusion-reaction model was established to evaluate the microbial activities in terms of utilization rates of oxygen and nitrate. The results showed that the concentration of DO decreased rapidly along the depth of biofilm, which decreased from 1 mg/L in the bulk solution to almost 0 mg/L at 300μm depth of biofilm. Denitrification occurred in the depth zone of 300~600μm in the biofilm, and the ratio of oxygen uptake rate constant to denitrification rate constant was 1.46, which indicated the remarkable impact of DO on the denitrification process in biofilms.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 850-854 [Abstract] ( 309 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 453KB] ( 1074 )
855 Studies on the degradation of methylene blue wastewater with sono-electrochemical oxidation
MA Wen-Jiao, DAI Qi-Zhou, WANG Jia-De, CHEN Jian-Meng
A novel lead dioxide electrodes co-doped with rare earth (La2O3) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were prepared by the electrochemical deposition and applied as anodes for the degradation of typical dye wastewater (methylene blue) in the sono-electrochemical system. The sono-electrochemical syngestic factors are respectively 1.29 and 1.36 by using PbO2/Ti and La-PbO2/Ti as anode. Further different effects containing vary electrodes, ultrasonic frequency, power, pollutant concentration, electrolyte concentration, current intensity were investigated, the result showed that the removal of 200mg/L methylene blue reached to 89.51% under the condition of 49.58W/cm2 power, 50Hz frequency, La-PbO2/Ti used as the anode, 71.43mA/cm2 current density, 14.2g/L sodium sulfate after reaching 2h. The intermediates were monitored by the methods of GC-MS, IC, and then the degradation pathways were proposed.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 855-862 [Abstract] ( 382 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 475KB] ( 1394 )
863 Hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2/PPY/Fe3O4 and its photocatalytic activity and magnetic recovery
REN Xue-Chang, NIAN Juan-Ni, WANG Xue-Jiao, WANG Zheng, LIU Peng-Yu, CHANG Qing
Hard magnetic composite photocatalytic particles—titania (photoactive shell)/polypyrole (intermediate layer)/ ferroferric oxide (magnetic core) (TiO2/PPY/Fe3O4TPF) were prepared by hydrothermal methods. The prepared composite particles were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Zetasizer. The photocatalytic activity of the catalysts were evaluated by photocatalytic degradation of phenol,and the magnetic recovery rate were studied by self-made recovery equipment. The results indicated that the samples were mix-crystal TiO2with anatase phase (95.2%) and rutile phase (4.8%), and its particle size was 4~7nm; PPY could promote TiO2loading on the surface of the magnetic core, as a result, TiO2was strongly loaded on the surface of PPY/ Fe3O4. The catalyst TPF with the mass ratio of TiO2:PPY:Fe3O4of 30:2.1:1exhibited good shell/shell/core structure and superparamagnetism, and its magnetic induction intensity was 40emu/g. The degradation of phenol followed psudo-first-order reaction kinetics and the reaction rate constants (K) of pure TiO2, P25, TPF were 0.0279, 0.0264, 0.0252, respectively, after recycling for 5times, the activity of TPF reduced a little (K=0.020), and the average recovery was 90.35%. The magnetic composite photocatalyst had high activity and magnetic recyclability, which showed good application foreground.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 863-868 [Abstract] ( 402 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 593KB] ( 1199 )
869 Optimization and comparison of two improved methods of algae- bacteria immobilized
MAO Shu-Duan, ZHANG Xiao-Ping, NIU Man
Two methods have been used to improve the performance of immobilized algal-bacterial beads: replacing the fixative and coating chitosan. Effect of improved ways on immobilization and removal efficiency has been discussed .The results show that the immobilized beads were improved on stability and mechanical property. After four weeks, the removal rate of COD, NH3-N, PO43--P were 75.8%, 42.5%, 47.5% with the former immobilized beads, respectively, the removal rate of the three pollution were 73.8%, 51.8%, 54.5% with the latter, respectively. It shows a lower pollutant removal efficiency on the former and little effect on the latter compared with that before improved. The impact of the concentration, pH and coated time of chitosan solution on the pollutant removal efficiency has been studied. The optimal concentration, pH, coated time were 1%, 5.5, 15min, respectively.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 869-874 [Abstract] ( 288 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 434KB] ( 927 )
875 The effect of light intensity on the cell density and chain length of Anabaena flos-aquae
WU Juan, CHEN Xue-Chu, KONG Hai-南, AN Yang, WU Chen, HE Sheng-Bing
In order to discover the relation between the light availability of Anabaena flos-aquae and the key factors in its sinking and floating which were cell density and chain length, pure culture experiments were conducted under different conditions of illumination. In addition, the relation between sinking loss ratio and light availability was also studied. With culture period of 35d, (25±1)℃, the results showed that: The cell density of Anabaena flos-aquae increased under higher light intensity, after reaching its maximum at 10th day the cell density decreased and became stable. The length of Anabaena flos-aquae decreased with the increase of light intensity, and the trend over time was that it reached the maximum then decreased. The higher the light intensity, the sooner it reached the maximum. Under high light intensity the sinking loss ratio of Anabaena flos-aquae remained very low which was under 10%, while under low light intensity it was generally higher than 20% with the maximum 57.3%.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 875-879 [Abstract] ( 326 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 477KB] ( 1452 )
880 Inhibitory effects of a-linolenic acid on the red tide microalgae Heterosigma akashiwo
XIA Yu-Mei, SUN Xue, XU Nian-Jun, QIAN Wei
The inhibitory effects of a-linolenic acid on the red tide microalgae Heterosigma akashiwo were studied. The possible algicidal mechanism was investigated through the membrane permeability, antioxidant enzymes, and photosynthesis of the microalgae cells. Results showed that the growth of H. akashiwo was inhibited obviously by high concentrations of a-linolenic acid. The 7-day IC50 was 2.4μL/L. The membrane permeability was destroyed by the a-linolenic acid treatment with the intracellular concentration of Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ decreased significantly after 36h. The soluble protein content of algal cells decreased during the experimental process with the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) content elevated at 8h, then decreased significantly gradually until 24h, and finally lower than the control group at 36h. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content indicated the lipid peroxidation stress and the membrane damage degree by the a-linolenic acid treatment. It significantly elevated at 12h, and then decreased gradually until 36h. The photosynthetic oxygen evolution decreased during the period of 8h. The results of this study revealed that the a-linolenic acid could destroy the structure of red tide algal cells by changing the cell membrane permeability and free radical reactions, and in this way the inhibitory effects on the algae were achieved.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 880-885 [Abstract] ( 281 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 472KB] ( 1496 )
886 Toxicity of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid to Scenedesmus obliqnus
DUAN Lian, DU Yao, LU Qiu-Lin, CAI Wei-Dan, FANG Zhi-Guo, LIU Hui-Jun
The toxicity of ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) to Scenedesmus obliqnus was studied in different concentration by using the standard toxicity test. Five different test endpoints were determined such as the growth inhibition rate (IC50), the content of chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb), the superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and the catalase activity (CAT), the permeability of algae cell, and the ultrastructural morphology of cell. The results indicated that the inhibition rate of algae growth increased and the content of Chla and Chlb in algae cell decreased with the [BMIM] Cl concentration. The 48h IC50, 72h IC50 and 96h IC50 were 103.77、76.44 and 68.49mg/L, respectively. The results also indicated that the activities of CAT and SOD decreased due to the oxidative stress and the permeability of algal cell decreased due to the cell membrane being destroyed with the increase of [BMIM] Cl concentration. Also, the ultrastructure of algal cell was affected by 80mg/L [BMIM] Cl, resulting in plasmolysis, chloroplast lamellae fractured and the number of crest in mitochondria reduced.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 886-891 [Abstract] ( 340 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 771KB] ( 1231 )
892 Effects of cadmium stress on DNA polymorphism of genome in Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings
吕Jin-Yin , DI Li-Jun, YE Qing-Fu
Effects of cadmium (Cd) stress on DNA polymorphism and some physiological characteristics in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings were studied in present hydroponic experiments by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. The results showed that in the case of 7 days stress time, with the Cd concentration increased from 0 to 80mg/L, the malondialdehyde (MDA) and Cd content increased; the total soluble protein content, proline content and GSH content raised at low concentration condition (20mg Cd/L) whereas decreased under moderate and high concentration conditions (40 and 80mg/L Cd, respectively). A total of eight oligonucleotide primers (10bp) were found to produce unique polymorphic band patterns, and subsequently used to produce 46 bands in the normal leaves genomic DNA of Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings. The RAPD map showed obvious differences between control and Cd-exposed treatments. Compared with the control, the RAPD map of Cd-stressed leaves present appearance of new bands, disappearance of normal bands, increase or decrease of band intensities. So the genomic DNA template stability was significantly affected by Cd pollution, and the DNA polymorphisms detected by RAPD technique could be used as an analytic approach for detecting the genotoxic effects of Cd stress on plants, and is also used as a valuable index for breeding vegetables varieties of Cd-resistance and evaluating Cd toxicity in Cd pollution area.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 892-899 [Abstract] ( 332 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 734KB] ( 1271 )
900 Characteristics and depositional fluxes of heavy metals in aerosol of the Yangtze Estuary
ZHAN Wen-Jing, ZHANG Yan, MA Wei-Chun, LU Shi-Qiang, CHEN Li-Min
Atmospheric aerosol at the Qingcaosha Reservoir and Changxing Island, in the Yangtze Estuary, were collected, and its heavy metals measured. Concentrations of PM10were from 109to 197μg/m3. The elemental concentrations followed the order Zn > Cr > Mn > Cu > Ti > Ni > Pb > V. Zn, Cr, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Pb were significantly enriched relative to crustal contributions. The average concentrations of Zn, Cr, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Pb were estimated to be 297, 241, 186, 181, 52, and 32ng/m3. Average daily dry-depositional fluxes to the Yangtze Estuary were estimated to be 0.14, 0.09, 0.08, 0.08, 0.02, and 0.02mg/(m2×d), respectively. Dry deposition accounted for about 25% of the Cu in the Qingcaosha Reservoir.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 900-905 [Abstract] ( 392 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 601KB] ( 1775 )
906 A Study on the mechanisms of eutrophication of a shallow upstream lake in the Jiulong River Catchment
LI Ying, CAO Wen-Zhi, ZHANG Yu-Zhen, LI Wen-Quan, SU Cai-Xia, WANG Fei-Fei, CHEN Ke-Hua
Based on site monitoring chemical data of lake water and sediments during an algal bloom in the Longtan Lake, causes and mechanisms of eutrophication in shallow upstream lakes were discussed by comparing the Longtan Lake in upstream of the Jiulong River with deep eutrophic lakes and large shallow downstream eutrophic lakes in China. The shallow upstream lake is characterized as relatively simple nutrient inputs and high susceptivity to climatic variability (such as temperature), redox conditions, and strong lag effects of the external total phosphorus inputs. Therefore, attention must be paid to the sediments nutrient releases, especially, the bound phosphorus of sediments when remediating eutrophication in shallow upstream lakes.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 906-911 [Abstract] ( 312 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 460KB] ( 1832 )
912 Monte Carlo simulations of ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Guangzhou reach of the Pearl River
WU Yan-Yang, WU Qun-He, YE Jia-Xin, HUANG Shan, ZHANG Ren-Duo
Based on concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) measured in the surface sediment samples collected from 24 locations along the Guangzhou reach of the Pearl River, Monte Carlo simulation method modified with the Logistic chaotic iterative sequence was used to analyze the ecological risk probabilities of PAHs in the sediments. Results showed that the risks of seven PAH species were in the order of phenanthrene > pyrene > fluoranthene > chrysene > benzo(a)anthracene > benzo(a)pyrene > dibenzo(a,h)anthracene. It should be paid more attention that phenanthrene, pyrene, and fluoranthene could pose higher ecological risks for aquatic organisms. In addition, except phenanthrene, the contributions to the total ecological risk of the exposure concentrations of the other six PAHs were all over 90%, indicating that the ecological risk of the PAHs in this region was determined by the exposure concentrations.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 912-920 [Abstract] ( 327 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 631KB] ( 1082 )
921 Concentrations and sources of soil PAHs in various functional zones of Fuzhou City
NI Jin-Zhi, CHEN Wei-Feng, YANG Hong-Yu, WEI Ran, YANG Yu-Sheng
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in 50 soil samples collected from various functional zones including gas stations, industrial areas, cultural and educational areas, parks and residential areas in Fuzhou City. Meanwhile, the PAHs pollution was evaluated and the sources of soil PAHs in various functional zones were analyzed by using factor analysis/multiple linear regression method. The results showed that the average concentration of total PAHs was 595.9 μg/kg in surface soil samples of Fuzhou City, which was a moderate level in cities at home and abroad and indicated a mild level of PAHs pollution. The major source of PAHs in surface soils was the combustion of fossil fuel, in which the proportion of coal combustion and oil combustion were 63% and 47%, respectively. The soils of all the functional zones had a certain degree of PAHs pollution and the total PAHs concentrations were in the order of gas stations > industrial areas > residential areas > cultural and educational areas > parks. Though the soil PAH sources of various functional zones were different, all of the main sources of them were the combustion of fossil fuel.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 921-926 [Abstract] ( 320 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 591KB] ( 1115 )
927 Noise prediction of wind turbines
DI Guo-Qing, XU Jing, ZHENG Yue, LI Zheng-Guang
Based on the blade shape and the radiated noise frequency spectrum of wind turbines in China, the noise prediction model for wind turbines with blunt trailing edges is modified. Noise of wind turbines of three kinds is measured at 13 sampling points, which is also predicted using the modified model. The results show that the modified model could well reflect the noise attenuation of wind turbines. When the distance between rotor center and receiver is greater than 1.5 times the rotor blade diameter, the difference between the measurement values and the predicted values of the modified model is within ±2.5 dB(A). Using the modified model, sound power level and directivity index of different kinds of wind turbines can be calculated. So the noise prediction model can be simplified if the distance between rotor center and receiver is greater than 3 times the rotor blade diameter.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 927-932 [Abstract] ( 334 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 610KB] ( 1348 )
933 The application of system dynamics method in environmental impact assessment of planning in airport zone
LIU Hui, GUO Huai-Cheng, SHENG Hu, DU Xiao-Shang, LI Na, YANG Yong-Hui
As connection area of airport and city, the socio-economic-environmental development of airport zone is affected by multiple factors and changes rapidly, which makes the environmental impact assessment of its planning difficult to predict. An integrated methodology framework, including system dynamic simulation model for airport zone, parameter analogy and scenario analysis, was developed to predict and assess the socio-economic-environmental impacts of different developing modes. Specifically, the framework consists of several steps: analysis of regional development, identification of environmental impacts, model constitution, zero/planning scenario simulation, alternative scenarios design and mitigation measures, with dynamic feedbacks among steps. The Zhengzhou Airport Zone was taken as a case, and results show that planning scenario had advantages of more growth and less pollutants discharge, which were still beyond environmental capacity; 3 alternative scenarios were designed and mitigation measure such as adjustment of industrial and energy structure was proposed.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 933-941 [Abstract] ( 251 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 554KB] ( 1078 )
942 Study on air pollution abatement efficiency of China by using DEA
WANG Qi, LI Ming-Quan
Taking the number of waste gas treatment facilities and its operation cost as the inputs, with the outputs of the abatement amount of industrial sulfur dioxide、industrial smoke and industrial dust, super-efficiency DEA model was applied to study the efficiency of air pollution abatement in China's 29 provinces from 2004 to 2009. The results show that there was no significant change in the pattern of the abatement efficiency among the provinces during our studied period. The provinces in the central region, such as Jiangxi and Inner Mongolia, had relatively high air pollution control efficiency. The provinces in the eastern region, such as Beijing and Tianjin, and in the western region, like Sichuan and Xinjiang, had relatively low efficiency. China should increase air pollution control investment in the central and western regions in order to improve air pollution control efficiency.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 942-946 [Abstract] ( 347 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 305KB] ( 975 )
947 Greenhouse gas emissions reduction from battery electric automobile: a study based on EIO-LCA model
HUANG Ying, JI Jun-Ping, MA Xiao-Ming
It was still controversial that whether fuel-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from battery electric automobile (BEA) are lower than that from gasoline automobile (GA). For analyzing the fuel-cycle GHG emissions reduction from BEA in China, this article accounted fuel-cycle GHG emissions of general BEA and GA based on "China 2007 GHG Emissions EIO-LCA" model. The results showed that the fuel-cycle GHG emissions were 124 gCO2,e/km for BEA and 265 gCO2,e/km for GA. Therefore, compared to GA, BEA could reduce GHG emissions by 53%. Furthermore, the results showed that the main sectors that affect the GHG emissions of BEA included "Production and Supply of Electric Power and Heat Power" and "Mining and Washing of Coal", etc. The GHG emissions of BEA could be reduced by primary energy structural optimization and efficiency improvement of electric networks, etc.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 947-953 [Abstract] ( 339 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 453KB] ( 1642 )
954 Research on the method for city air quality assessment based on fractal model
CHEN Hui, LI Qing, YANG Yi-Peng, SHEN Wei, ZHAO Xiang
This paper researches on the method for city air quality assessment based on fractal model. Firstly,the fractal summation model is used to describe the character of the random distribution of the air pollutants in order to get the atmospheric background value and the standard for the study area. Then the air quality assessment method for anthropogenic resource is established with SO2, NO2 and PM10 indexes base on the ORAQI model. Finally, the method is used to assess the air quality for Xi’an City in 2010. The results shows that the air quality appears as a "U" shaped distribution with a character of seasonal variation. The air quality of Xi’an city in 2010 is good generally, with 83 percent of non-pollution days even affected by the dust storm. The air quality changes with the alternating seasons apparently, it’s better in summer and autumn than that of winter and spring.
2012 Vol. 32 (5): 954-960 [Abstract] ( 363 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 784KB] ( 2130 )
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