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2012 Vol.32 Issue.8,Published 2012-08-20
1345 Characteristics of black carbon aerosol and carbonaceous gases and their emission sources in semi-arid region
CHEN Lin, ZHANG Lei, ZHANG Lei, CAO Xian-Jie, HUANG Jian-Ping, ZHANG Wu, ZHANG Bei-Dou
Adopting observational data of multi angle absorption photometer (MAAP-5012) and the gas composition mixing ratio data of CO and CO2 of Semi-Arid Climate Observatory and Laboratory (SACOL) from September 2009 to June 2010, the characteristics and effects of source of black carbon aerosol and carbon gas in semi-arid areas of Northwest China, and the types of emissions which have impact on the concentration of black carbon were analyzed. The result indicated that average concentrations of BC, CO and CO2 were 1.75μg/m3, 601.71×10-9 and 387.78×10-6, respectively. Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated model (HYSPLIT-4) was used to distinguish the flow areas from eastern and western of the observation station. When the airstreams came from the east, the concentrations of BC, CO, CO2 were 1.38μg/m3, 462.79×10-9 and 383.03×10-6, respectively. When the airstreams came from the west, the concentrations of BC, CO, CO2 are 2.2μg/m3, 768.38×10-9 and 393.47×10-6, respectively. Taking the clustering analysis on the origin places of the airstreams in the height of 500m, 1500m and 3000m, get the results that when the airstreams of different height flow respective from the Middle East, Central Asia, and Europe, the concentrations of BC, CO, CO2 were higher and the values of △BC/△CO, △CO/△CO2 were larger, indicating the efficiency of fuel combustion was lower; when the airstreams transmits from Central and Northern China, the concentrations of BC, CO, CO2 were lower, and the values of △BC/△CO, △CO/△CO2 were smaller, indicating the efficiency of fuel combustion is higher.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1345-1352 [Abstract] ( 240 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 601KB] ( 1235 )
1353 Effect of wind-blown dust derived from Tianjin suburban on air quality of central district based on WEPS model
CHEN Li, LI Tao, HAN Ting-Ting, JI Ya-Qin, BAI Zhi-Peng, WANG Bin
Based on U.S. wind erosion prediction system (WEPS), secondary development of this model was done in order to estimate the effect of wind-blown dust came from suburban on air quality of central district. The database files of blocks were localized, including wind file, climate file, soil file and management file. The dust flux of each dusting block was estimated, including creep and saltation fluxes, suspension fluxes and PM10 fluxes. In 2009, the maximum emission fluxes per block and emission fluxes occurred in winter. In winter, the creep and saltation fluxes, suspension fluxes and PM10 fluxes pointing to central district were the most comparing to other seasons. In spring, emission fluxes mainly came from east, in summer, mainly came from west; in autumn, mainly came from west, and in winter, mainly came from north. In 2009, PM10 fluxes came from north was 9.67′104t, and accouted for 81.7% in winter. So, PM10 came from northern suburban districts in winter affected deeply on the air quality of central district.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1353-1360 [Abstract] ( 289 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 580KB] ( 1096 )
1361 Analysis of chemical compositions of individual atmospheric aerosol collected in Arctic and Antarctic area
GENG Hong, LI Yi, ZHANG Zhi-Min, LU Tie-Yan
A quantitative single particle analytical technique, low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA) was used to characterize 2821 individual particles in 16 sets of aerosol samples collected on July 25~31, 2007 at Ny-?lesund, Svalbard (78?55′N, 11?56′E) and 1460 individual particles in 5 sets of aerosol samples collected on March 12~16, 2009 at King George Island (62?13′S, 58?47′W). There was great difference in chemical compositions between the atmospheric particles of the two sites. For the Arctic samples, aged sea salt, fresh (or genuine) sea salt, and mineral dust particles accounted for 44%, 9%, and 27%, respectively, in the examined particles (their aerodynamic diameters were in the range of 0.5~8μm). Whereas for the Antarctic samples, fresh sea salt particles accounted for 74% and aged sea salt particles containing sulfate accounted for 19% in the examined particles (their aerodynamic diameters were in the range of 1~10μm). The majority of aged sea salt particles at Ny-?lesund contained nitrate, indicating that the atmosphere was disturbed by anthropogenic air pollutants. On the contrary, all of the aged sea salt particles contained sulfate in the samples at King George Island, none of them containing nitrate. It was likely that the oxidation of dimethylsulfide (DMS) emitted from phytoplanktons in the ocean rather than anthropogenic sulfur emission was responsible for the formation of sulfate-containing aged sea salt particles, implying that the air in the Antarctic area was relatively clean, without being polluted by anthropogenic pollutants.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1361-1367 [Abstract] ( 295 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 613KB] ( 1334 )
1368 Development of motor vehicles emission inventory in Hangzhou
WANG Xiao-Wen, TIAN Wei-Li, ZHANG Qing-Yu
The vehicular emission inventories with high temporal and spatial resolution of 1km×1km were developed using modified IVE model and GIS technique based on a series of investigations in Hangzhou in 2010. The results showed that the emissions of CO, HC, NOx and PM were 440.6, 23.1, 44.3, 6.5kt respectively, principally from line-road sources emission. There are significant differences in the emission contributions among different vehicle types. Gasoline passenger cars and buses contributed most to the emission of CO and HC. While diesel heavy-duty trucks and buses were the major NOx and PM contributors. At the same time, the ratio of diesel vs. gasoline showed significant effects on pollutant emissions. Vehicle emissions closely related with the intensity and length of road networks which made the emissions in Xihu and Jianggan districts were much more than other four districts. Vehicles spatial distributions showed that the vehicles emissions decreased gradually from urban core to surrounding areas. Emission in city center contributed more than 70 percent to total vehicles emissions. The temporal variation trends varied apparently which were well consistent with the characteristics of people’s activities.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1368-1374 [Abstract] ( 290 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 704KB] ( 1672 )
1375 Coupling effects of speed and acceleration on light duty vehicle emissions
QU Liang, LI Meng-Liang, GAO Jia-Jia, GAO Ji-Dong, ZHAO Yan-Lin, JIN Tao-Sheng
OBS-2200 on-board emission measurement system was used to analyze car emission in Tianjin’s typical roads in busy time (17:00~18:00), common time (14:30~15:30) and free time (20:00~21:00), respectively, and the second by second emission rates of HC, CO and NOx were also obtained. The results demonstrated that the accelerations of vehicle were within -1.5~1.5m/s2, and the speeds of vehicle were within 0~70km/h generally. The highest emission rates of HC, CO and NOx were 0.0673g/s, 0.706g/s and 0.0178g/s, all of which concentrated within the operating conditions of high speed and high acceleration (v>30km/h, a>0.5m/s2). Coefficients of determination between the emission rates (HC, CO and NOx) and VSP were 0.71, 0.86 and 0.85, which showed that VSP can be referred as an indicator of vehicle emission.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1375-1378 [Abstract] ( 266 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 537KB] ( 1833 )
1379 Variations in mass concentrations of indoor inhalable particulates in the coal-burning indoor air in Xuanwei County, Yunnan province
FAN Jing-Sen, SHAO Long-Yi, WANG Jing, WANG Jian-Ying, LI Ze-Xi
In rural Xuanwei County, Yunnan province, women had the highest rates of the lung cancer compared with other regions in China. In order to clarify the relationship between indoor particulate matter mass concentration and lung cancer, samples were colleted in January and March, 2011. The membrane filter weighing method was used to analyze the mass concentration. The results show that the ratio of PM10 mass concentration indoor /outside (I/O) were in the range of 1.74~2.78, which indicated that indoor air pollution in Xuanwei County mainly originated from indoor pollution. The PM10 mass concentration was obviously higher during cooking than other periods and showed that cooking had a serious impact on indoor pollution. Moreover, the indoor PM10 concentrations were diverse in different fuel-using homes, with the coal-burning homes to be the highest, followed by homes used honeycomb briquette, firewood and electricity. The indoor PM2.5 mass concentrations in different fuel homes were: coal > firewood > electricity. The average indoor PM10 concentration in the homes burning coal and honeycomb briquette were higher than the national standard for the indoor air quality (150μg/m3), while the values in homes using firewood and electricity were lower than the national standard for the indoor air quality (150μg/m3). This indicated that pollution of the homes burning coal and honeycomb briquette was more serious than the homes using firewood and electricity. The average indoor PM2.5 concentrations of homes burning coal were higher than the national standard for ambient air quality (75μg/m3), while the homes using firewood and electricity were lower than the national standard for ambient air quality (75μg/m3). It indicates that fine particle pollution of the homes burning coal was heavy, but the homes using firewood and electricity were less polluted.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1379-1383 [Abstract] ( 401 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 334KB] ( 984 )
1384 Characteristics of heavy metals in PM2.5 during winter in Foshan City
WANG Qing-Qing, TAN Ji-Hua, MA Yong-Liang, HE Ke-Bin, WEI Lian-Fang, YANG Fu-Mo, YU Yong-Chang, WANG Jie-Wen
To investigate the characteristics of heavy metals in fine particles (PM2.5) during winter in Foshan, a typical industrial city in Pearl River Delta, 24h integrated PM2.5 samples were simultaneously collected at a pair of sites, one urban site and one background site, and 16 elements (Fe, Ti, Zn, V, Mn, Cu, As, Rb, Sr, Cd, Cs, Ba, Hg, Tl, Pb and Bi) of the samples were analyzed. Heavy metals at the urban site were at a high level of pollution, and generally higher than those at the background site, except Fe, Ti, Sr, and Cd. Compared with the national standard of heavy metals, the concentrations of As, and Cd were much higher and Pb exceeded slightly at the urban site, while those of As and Cd at the background site were much higher. The enrichment factors of Zn, Cu, As, and Pb were greater than 10, indicating that they were mainly from anthropogenic activities. There were clear increases in the concentrations of heavy metals during the haze period, while their daily variations at the urban site were more consistent than those in the background site. Air mass back trajectory analysis showed that the concentration distribution of heavy metals was affected by four kinds of air masses: the ones close to or starting from the northeast of Guangdong or Fujian, the ones along the coast of Guangdong and Fujian, the ones from marine and the ones from Jiangxi. The first kind of air masses increased the heavy metals concentrations, while the others decreased the levels.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1384-1391 [Abstract] ( 540 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 982KB] ( 1538 )
1392 Size distribution of atmospheric particles in number concentration in relation to meteorological conditions and air mass origins in Qingdao in spring
LI Rui-Peng, SHI Jin-Hui, ZHANG Dai-Zhou
Number concentrations of atmospheric particles were measured in the suburban area of Qingdao in the spring of 2010. Size distributions of number concentrations of atmospheric particles were investigated in terms of impacts of meteorological conditions (e.g., Micaps weather charts and the calculated air mass back trajectories) and various air mass origins. The results showed that number concentrations of particles at 0.3~1.0μm size range slightly increased since 12 hours prior to the dust events, then reduced by 20%~45% during dust events. However, number concentrations of particles > 1.0μm increased by a factor of 1~10 times during the dust events. Rainfall was found to remove more than 50% of particles >1.0μm from the atmosphere. It is interesting that number concentrations, especially in the submicron size range, increased rapidly post the rain. During fog and haze events, there were a significant increase of <1.0μm particles in number concentration. The increase was more obvious for 0.7~1.0μm particles in fog days and 0.5~0.7μm particles during haze events. The particle number concentrations and size distributions were also likely related to air mass trajectories. Air mass originated from Mongolia contains more super micron particles while the particles from the local air mass were mainly distributed in the <0.7μm size range.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1392-1399 [Abstract] ( 455 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1060KB] ( 2022 )
1400 An air pollution potential forecast model combined with statistical method and its application
HUANG Xiao-Xian, WANG Ti-Jian, JIANG Fei
An air quality potential forecast model combined with statistical method was established based on typical meteorological factors and atmospheric diffusion and scavenging factors. Each factor had a weight according to their contributions to the air pollution potential. An air pollution potential index was defined. These factors included surface wind speed, mixing height, average wind speed under mixing height, diurnal variation of wind direction, stability, vertical diffusion coefficient, dry deposition velocity of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter with particle size below 10 microns, precipitation duration and ground synoptic situation. Equation of the relationship between API and APPI was constructed using statistical methods. Air pollution potential indexes were calculated using meteorological data of Nanjing during the year 2009~2010 and the statistical equation was established as trinomial form. The correlation coefficient of the fitted API and the actual API was 0.67 with high significance. The accuracy rate for air quality level prediction was 76.7%. Meteorological data from mesoscale forecast model WRF during the whole twelve months in 2011 were contemporarily calculated to support air quality forecast. The monthly accuracy rates of 24-hour, 48-hour and review forecast were 44.4%~87.5%, 46.4%~100% and 63.0%~80.0%, respectively. The annual average accuracy rates were 60.6%, 62.4% and 73.1%, respectively. The accuracy rates considering the difference of predicted and observed API within ±20 were 58.1%, 59.4% and 63.8%, respectively. On the IBM x3500 server cluster, 3 hours were required for 48-hour forecast. The results showed that this model had good performance and high efficiency compared to numerical prediction.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1400-1408 [Abstract] ( 381 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 907KB] ( 1279 )
1409 Characteristics and influence factors study of haze and cleaning weather over Guangzhou Area
WU Meng, FAN Shao-Jia, WU Dui, LIAO Bi-Ting, LI Hai-Yan
Based on the hourly wind, relativity humidity and visibility data from Guangzhou meteorological station during 2006 to 2010 and hourly wind data from other 33 meteorological stations over the Pearl River Delta during 2006 to 2009, variation characteristics and influence factors in haze and cleaning weather were analyzed over Guangzhou area by using statistically analysis and Vector Sum Technique (VST) of wind. It was found that, the haze weather occurred frequently in dry season over Guangzhou area. When the haze weather happened, the prevailing wind was SE to SSE, the wind speed was lower than 1.5m/s, and calm winds appeared frequently. In haze weather, the VST of wind speed was comparatively small, the air pollutants accumulated because of the worse diffusion conditions. The cleaning weather most occurred in wet season, the wind speed was relatively large and the prevailing wind was SE to SSE. Sometimes the cleaning weather happened in dry season when the N to NE wind was stronger. In cleaning weather, the VST of wind speed was comparatively large; there existed strong advection transportation of air pollutants.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1409-1415 [Abstract] ( 397 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 738KB] ( 1553 )
1416 Study on abatement policy of NOx emission from vehicles in Hangzhou during 12th Five-Year Plan
LI Xin-Xing, SUN Guo-Jin, TIAN Wei-Li, ZHANG Qing-Yu
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) from vehicle, as one of the main sources of NOx in atmosphere, have a significant effect on urban air quality. Vehicular NOx emission inventory of Hangzhou was established in 2010 and the increased emission of vehicular NOx during 12th Five-Year Plan was also predicted. Then NOx emission reduction potential was analyzed under three scenarios: the current management, improvement scheme and strengthening scheme. The results showed that vehicular NOx emission of Hangzhou was 44300t mainly from heavy trucks which contributed to 34.1%. Vehicle population will increase 22000 with 1960t NOx emission increment in 2015. Scenario analysis revealed that improvement scheme including eliminating old vehicles and using better oil could reduce NOx emission 7460t with a reduction rate of 16.84%. And hybrid vehicle usage and alternative energy replacement will reduce NOx emissions greatly.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1416-1421 [Abstract] ( 255 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 538KB] ( 1355 )
1422 Particle size distribution of water-soluble inorganic ions of atmospheric aerosol in Qingdao
LIU Zhen, QI Jian-Hua, WANG Lin, CHEN Xiao-Jing, SHI Jin-Hui, GAO Hui-Wang
Size-segregated aerosol samples were collected from January to December in 2008 at a Qingdao coastal site to investigate the sources and environmental effects of the water-soluble ions in the particles. Concentrations of major water-soluble inorganic ions in different size bins were analyzed using ion chromatography. The results showed that NH4+, K+, Cl-, NO3-, PO43-, and SO42- dominantly existed in the fine particles (aerodynamic diameters less than 2.1μm), while Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and F- were mainly presented in the coarse particles (aerodynamic diameters larger than 2.1μm) . The size distributions of ions showed obviously seasonal variations. NH4+, K+ and SO42- mainly existed in the fine particles all the year around, while Mg2+ and Ca2+ mainly existed in the coarse particles with a peak in the size-bin of 3.3~4.7μm. Na+ was mainly found in the coarse particles in spring, summer and autumn, but in the fine particles and had a concentration peak in the size-bin of 0.43~0.65μm in winter. Cl- peaked in the coarse particles with the peak in the size-bin of 2.1~3.3μm in spring while in the fine particles in other three seasons. NO3- was almost equally distributed in the fine and coarse particles in spring and summer, while showed a single peak in the accumulation mode in autumn and winter. PO43- was largely distributed in the coarse particles with a predominant peak in the coarse mode of larger than 11μm and a secondary peak in the fine mode of 0.65~1.1μm in summer, but it was mainly found in the fine particles in spring, autumn and winter. F- mainly existed in the coarse particles in spring and was equally distributed in the fine and coarse particles in autumn and winter. Coal combustion had a great effect on the size distributions of water-soluble ions. Both K+ and NH4+ reached peaks in 0.43~0.65μm during both the heating and non-heating periods. The size distribution of F- was bimodal, with one peak in 0.43~0.65μm and the other in 3.3~4.7μm during the heating period. Peak concentrations of Cl- appeared in the size range of 0.43~0.65μm during the heating period and 2.1~3.3μm during the non-heating period. Both SO42- and NO3- were bimodal during the heating and non-heating periods, with peak concentrations in 0.43~0.65μm and 3.3~4.7μm. The maximum concentrations of PO43- existed in 0.43~0.65μm during the heating period whilst in 3.3~4.7μm during the non-heating period.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1422-1432 [Abstract] ( 429 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 859KB] ( 1496 )
1433 Pollution characteristics of atmospheric particulates in chengdu from August to September in 2009 and their relationship with meteorological conditions
DENG Li-Qun, QIAN Jun, LIAO Rui-Xue, TONG Hong-Jin
Daily samples of PM2.5, PM10 were collected at three sites in Chengdu from August to September in 2009 in order to study the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of atmospheric particulate, and their relationship with meteorological conditions. Average daily mass concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were 66 μg/m3 and 94μg/m3 respectively, and both had a wide concentration variation range and the same change trend during the sampling period. The mass concentrations had a spatial distribution characteristics as Panda Base > Caotang Temple > Lidu Garden, which meant that the pollution at the downwind area was most serious, followed by the commercial area and the residential area. In the viewpoint of time distribution characteristics, the atmospheric particulate pollution was most serious in the two periods of September 17th ~ 19th and September 5th ~ 9th with adverse weather conditions and pollutants accumulation being the main reasons. Correlation analysis showed that the correlation coefficient of daily mass concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 was 0.93, and the ratio of PM2.5/PM10 was 0.69 revealing a significant contribution of PM2.5 to PM10. Temperature had no significant influence on the variation characteristics of the mass concentrations of atmospheric particulate, while precipitation and wind speed had great influence on it mainly through wet clearing and promoting diffusion. Within certain range of relative humidity, high humidity tended to cause severe pollution of atmospheric particulate pollution. A significantly negative correlation existed between the visibility and the concentration of atmospheric particulate, and the correlation coefficient between the visibility and concentration of PM2.5 was greater than that of PM10.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1433-1438 [Abstract] ( 349 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 579KB] ( 1295 )
1439 Comparative analysis of the features of acid rain under the influence of different weather systems in Guangdong Province-Numerical simulation of meteorological fields
ZOU De-Long, LUO Xu-Yu, FAN Shao-Jia, ZHONG Liu-Ju, FAN Qi
The numerical simulations were carried out on three acid rain processes influenced by different weather systems (cold front, low pressure trough and typhoon) in Guangdong province by WRF mesoscale meteorological model. The acid rain was mainly located in the Pearl River Delta region and an industrial area -Shaoguan. The highest pH value appeared in typhoon case (5.81), followed by low pressure trough case (5.60) and cold front case (5.40). The location and variation of cold front acid rain was mainly influenced by wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, and inversion, the other two types of acid rain was mainly influenced by rainfall and wind speed. The increase in wind speed and rainfall were beneficial to remission the acidity of precipitation, and the existence of the inversion and the wind convergence were conducive to increase the acidity of precipitation.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1439-1446 [Abstract] ( 310 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 744KB] ( 1179 )
1447 The major components and characteristics of particles emitted during recycling of waste printed circuit boards in a typical e-waste workshop of South China
REN Zhao-Fang, HUANG Bo, LIU Ming, BI Xin-Hui, SHENG Guo-Ying, FU Jia-Mo
Air particle samples from a typical workshop of South China engaged in recycling waste printed circuit boards have been collected and analyzed with respect to chemical constituents. The results show that the composition of particulate matter (PM) from recycling process was totally different from other primary sources. The average concentration of PM was (1430±200.8)μg/m3. Organic matter accounted for 46.7%~51.6% of the PM. The major organic constituents were organophosphates consisting mainly of triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and its methyl substituted compounds, methyl esters of hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acids, levoglucosan and bisphenol A. The element carbon had minor contribution to the PM. Recycling of printed circuit boards was demonstrated as an important contributor of heavy metal contamination, particularly Cd, Pb and Ni, to the local environment. These findings suggest that this primitive recycling method represents a strong source of PM associated with pollutants to the ambient atmosphere of an e-waste recycling locale.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1447-1451 [Abstract] ( 297 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 399KB] ( 831 )
1452 Study on the reduction of nitrobenzene by industrial iron (zero-valent iron)
SU Yan, ZHAO Yong-Sheng, ZHAO Yan, BAO Yan-Rong, WANG He-Fei, WANG Wei-Yu
The effects of NB (nitrobenzene) concentration, ZVI (zero-valent iron) concentration and pH on the reduction of NB by ZVI were studied. The results showed that, the degradation rate constants of NB were -0.02991, -0.0165 and-0.00783 for 100, 50 and 25g/L ZVI contained system respectively under the conditions of NB concentration 311.25mg/L and pH 7. When the concentration of ZVI was 50g/L and pH 7, the degradation rate constants of NB were -0.01532、-0.01235 and -0.00891 for 127.5, 311.25 and 467.01mg/L NB contained system respectively. When the initial concentration of NB was 311.5mg/L and the concentration of ZVI was 50g/L, the maximum degradation efficiency of NB appeared at the pH 2.94. The minimum degradation efficiency of NB appeared at the pH 11.89. It is suggested that the acidic environment was not conductive to the reduction reaction. Therefore, the initial concentration of NB,the ZVI content and pH had significant impact on the reduction of NB.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1452-1455 [Abstract] ( 280 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 328KB] ( 1104 )
1456 Preparation and characterization of anion adsorbent derived from rice straw
TAN You, LIU Yun-Guo, XU Pei-Bin, WANG Xin, WEN Qing-Bo
The rice straw was chemically modified to prepare anion adsorbent in order to utilize the excess rice straw in China reasonably and reduce eutrophication at the same time. Characteristics of the anion adsorbent derived from rice straw were analyzed using BET, SEM and FTIR analyzer. Meanwhile, the influence of the adsorbent dosage, initial pH of phosphoric acid solution and temperature to the adsorption capacity were also considered. The results indicated that the modified rice straw was able to absorb phosphate effectively within the pH range of phosphoric acid solution from 4.0 to 10.0 and the optimum adsorbent dosage was 5g/L.The adsorption data fitted the Langmuir adsorption isotherm very much and the maximum adsorption capacity was 1.96 mmol/g.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1456-1460 [Abstract] ( 240 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 671KB] ( 1006 )
1461 Improving the nitrogen removal efficiency of an orbal oxidation ditch process
ZHANG Yang, LI Zi-Fu, SONG Ying-Hao, CHEN Hao, ZHAO Yuan
Although orbal oxidation ditch has been widely employed in our country, it removal efficiency of nitrogen was very low. Based on monitoring and analyzing operation data of orbal oxidation ditch, it was found that highly dissolved oxygen concentration, which inhibited the denitrification process as the main cause for the low nitrogen removal efficiency of the process. Therefore, reducing the number of aeration disc is the most flexible approach for effectively lowering the dissolved oxygen concentration in the orbal oxidation ditch system and improving the nitrogen removal efficiency. By reducing the number of aeration disc, the average concentration of dissolve oxygen in ditch reduced to 0.20mg/L from 0.51mg/L, and the nitrogen removal efficiency was increased to 70%, compared with 40% nitrogen removal efficiency last year.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1461-1466 [Abstract] ( 275 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 562KB] ( 1170 )
1467 The immobilization remediation of Cd contaminated soils in wastewater irrigation region and its ecological effects
SUN Yue-Bing, XU Ying-Ming, SHI Xin, WANG Lin, LIN Da-Song, LIANG Xue-Feng
Pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sepiolite on stabilization remediation of Cd contaminated soils in wastewater irrigation region and soil environmental quality. Results showed that the addition of sepiolite significantly decreased the concentration of TCLP-Cd in soil, the ratio of Cd exchangeable fraction reduced by 0.8%~3.8% when compared with the control, while the percentage of residual form of Cd increased by 0.5%~9.8%. However, the treatments of sepiolite significantly increased the biomass of spinach, resulting in 0.94~2.11 times increase for shoot biomass and 1.63~5.21 times increase for root biomass, respectively, in contrast to the control group. The activities of catalase, urease and invertase after applying sepiolite increased by 5.1%~15.4%, 14.2%~28.8% and 23.5%~34.0%. And the amount of bacteria and fungi enhanced by 15.5%~91.7% and 45.6%~96.5%, respectively. The concentration of Cd in the shoots and roots and Cd bioaccumulation and translocation factors of spinach decreased with increasing of sepiolite, suffering by 19.9%~45.6% and 51.2%~70.2% reduction, respectively. when compared to CK. The Cd content in the editable parts of spinach met with the national standard of hygiene quality for vegetable (GB 2762-2005) when the treatment of sepiolite was up to 5%.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1467-1473 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 485KB] ( 1882 )
1474 Optimization of biogas residue mixed with livestock manure co-composting using response surface methodology.
SONG Cai-Hong, XIA Xun-Feng, XI Bei-Dou, WEI Zi-Min, LI Ming-Xiao, HE Xiao-Song, DANG Qiu-Ling
According to principal components analysis, a comprehensive evaluation function was built with WSC/WSN, E4/E6, NH4＋-N/NO3－-N, GI, and the comprehensive evaluation value F used for the assessment of co-compost maturity was obtained on the basis of this evaluation function. In order to get the optimal proportion of biogas residue mixed with livestock manure co-composting, choosing F value as the response value and amount of biogas residue, pig manure, and chicken manure as the three factors, fifteen composting experiments were designed using Box-Behnken, and a second order polynomial equation was established. The results showed, the significant differences between the response value F and livestock manure amount was as follows: chicken manure﹥biogas residue﹥pig manure. Linear term of chicken manure amount and quadratic term of anaerobic digestion residue amount both reached extremely significant level (P<0.01). Interaction term of biogas residue amount ,chicken manure amount and quadratic term of chicken manure amount reached significant level (P<0.05).The optimized proportion of co-compost was: the biogas residue amount 5.83kg, the pig manure amount 7.95kg, and the chicken manure amount 7.54kg. Therefore, it is reasonable that response surface method was used for optimization of material proportion of co-compost.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1474-1479 [Abstract] ( 369 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 407KB] ( 1406 )
1480 Effect of aeration modes on high water content municipal solid waste bio-drying
HUANG Wen-Xiong, SU Hong-Yu, HUANG Dan-Dan, YIN Ran, YUAN Song, LIANG Qian-Fang
Aeration methodologies for bio-drying of high-water-content municipal solid waste (MSW) was tested. Four respective trials were conducted with different aeration methodologies (intermittent aeration 10min/20min; intermittent aeration 5min/25min, 40℃ air intermittent aeration and intermittent-continuous aeration). The results showed that the last two modes lead to more effective water content evaporation, increased dehydration ratio of per raw wet waste, water removal capacity of per organic waste decomposition and output lower heat value (LHV). However, it also resulted in shorter period of biomass high-temperature (above 60℃) stage, fewer volatile solid (VS) consumption, and lower rate of organic stabilization. After 18d bio-drying, the water content of four trials output were 39.6%, 34.4%, 23.7% and 24.5%, respectively. Water removal per initial raw waste was 0.437, 0.476, 0.523, and 0.517kg/kg, respectively. The output LHV was 11954, 12994, 15760 and 14801kJ/kg, respectively. Compared with that of the initial waste, the LHV enhanced 121%, 140%, 191% and 173%, respectively. The highest output LHV was that of 40℃ air aeration mode.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1480-1486 [Abstract] ( 237 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 408KB] ( 1198 )
1487 Assessment of trophic levels and phytoplankton variation in Guchenghu Lake and canal route.
ZENG Qing-Fei, GU Xiao-Hong, MAO Zhi-Gang, SUN Ming-Bo, GU Xian-Kun
Physico-chemical data (including nutrients, BOD5, suspended organic matter), microbial variables (bacteria abundance) and phytoplankton species and biomass were determined on April (withered water period) and July (high water period) 2009 from 19 sampling sites in Guchenghu Lake and Wushen canal route. The water pollution status was evaluated based on trophic level index and Shannon-Wiener index. The Guchenghu Lake and Shuiyangjiang River showed light eutrophication level with better water quality, while the Guanxihe River and Xuhe River showed middle eutrophication level characterized by heavy human and natural pressure. The trophic level index increased with a downward trend in the downriver water. Nitrogen and phosphorus were the main water pollutants in the study area, while the poisonous and organic matter pollution could be ignored. Nine phylum, 22 familia, 36 genus, 74 species phytoplankton were found in the research. The cyanobacteria abundance dominated and the chlorophyta was in the second place in April in the Guchenghu Lake, while in the canal route the chlorophyta and cryptophyta were the main phytoplankton species. Cyanobacteria had the dominance ratio in all sampling sites in July, and the Shannon-Wiener index in Guchenghu Lake was much higher than that in other sites.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1487-1494 [Abstract] ( 306 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1439KB] ( 1067 )
1495 Impact of rock weathering on water chemical characteristic in a typical small agricultural watershed of Three Gorges reservoir areas
LI Meng-Jie, JIANG Tao, HE Ren-Jiang, MU Zhi-Jian, LI Xue-Mei, WEI Shi-Qiang, XIE De-Ti
One year’s systematic monitoring on the water quality in a typical agricultural watershed in the Three Gorges reservoir areas-Wangjiagou small watershed, located in Fuling, Chongqing, hade been conducted, for understanding its water chemical charateristics as influenced by rock weathering process. The results showed that water quality could be classified as Cl- —Ca2+ type, and the contents of most ions varied with different sampling points, seasons and water bodies. Gibbs and triangular diagrams analyses revealed that the water compositions in the watershed were significantly impacted by rock weathering process. The anions in the water bodies mainly derived from the dissolution of evaporites and carbonate weathering, while the cation compositions were mainly under the control of the later process together with the weathering and erosion of silicate minerals to some extent. Further, principal component analyses suggested that the impacts of rock weathering on the water ion compositions in the studied watershed followed a sequence of carbonate> evaporates> silicate minerals, and the carbonate weathering process was subjected to H2CO3 rather than H2SO4. In addition, agricultural and domestic activities could also show some impacts on water characteristics.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1495-1501 [Abstract] ( 281 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 666KB] ( 1185 )
1502 SMT method for geochemical phosphorus fraction analysis in sediment by reference material inserting
ZHU Meng-Yuan, ZHU Guang-Wei, QIAN Jun-Long, GU Zhao, YU Zhen-Fei, ZHOU Bei-Bei, WANG Guo-Xiang
The method for phosphorus speciation in sediment developed under the frame of Standard Measurements and Testing (SMT) Program of the European Commission is widely used, but it is hard to compare and evaluate the results of the analysis made by different operators. Phosphorus fraction in certified stream sediment reference material (GSD-12) was analyzed with the SMT method in this study. Owing to the accuracy and reproducibility of fractional phosphorus content in GSD-12 determined by SMT method, GSD-12 was suggested to be a reference material inserting in sediment phosphorus content analysis to fulfill the requirement of quality assurance and quality control during the measurement. Based on the comparison results from different phosphate analysis methods, and discussion of operational details in SMT procedure, the contents of TP, IP, OP, HCl-P and NaOH-P in GSD-12 were proposed as 156±5, 77±2, 39±3, 41±2, 42±2mg/kg, respectively. Phosphorus content in sediments from Lake Taihu was determined by GSD-12inserting using SMT method and showed satisfied results. Using reference materials inserting is helpful for making the results from SMT method more comparable.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1502-1507 [Abstract] ( 503 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 387KB] ( 2541 )
1508 Adsorption capacity of Salmonella K533 on zeolite and formic acid-modified zeolite
WU Ya-Nan, WU Qiu-Jue, ZHOU Yan-Min, WANG Tian
To explore the effects of different concentrations of ionic on the adsorption capacity of Salmonella K533, the structures of natural zeolite and formic acid-modified zeolite were compared. The natural zeolite was modified by formic acid, and its structural changes were assessed by measuring the specific surface area and the XRD map. The absorption characteristics of natural zeolite and formic acid-modified zeolite were investigated with different concentrations of K+, Cu2+ and HPO42?. The results showed that the specific surface area of formic acid-modified zeolite increased when compared with natural zeolite. The impurities of modified zeolite reduced in XRD map. Under the equal ionic conditions, the adsorption quantity of modified zeolite was significantly higher than those of natural zeolite (P<0.01). In certain range of ionic concentration, absorption quantity increased markedly as increasing ionic concentration, and it decreased while the ionic concentration beyond the limit. These findings indicated that modified zeolite had better absorption effect than natural zeolite.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1508-1513 [Abstract] ( 237 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 537KB] ( 1050 )
1514 Oil spill information extraction combined with texture features from HJ-CCD Sensors-A case study in PL19-3 oil spill incident
LI Ying, LAN Guo-Xin, LIU Bing-Xin
Traditional information extraction technique of optical satellite remote sensing constitutes an important component of oil spills monitoring system, but it subjects to monitoring accuracy and ability dependence on spectral features. Based on CCD (30m spatial resolution) data from operational HJ instruments, we taking Penglai 19-3 oil spill incident was took as an example to discuss the method of combining spectrum with directional textural information to improve the accuracy of extracted information. A principal components-based algorithm first extracted all spectrum information of oil-on-water. Then a directional gradient algorithm acquired the edge distribution of oil-contaminated area. Finally, the proposal method were tested with 8 scenes of HJ-CCD data and compared with conventional method based on singe spectrum using Jeffries-Matusita separability index. The results show that the introduction of the directional texture analysis is effective to the edge detection of contaminated zone and the identification of thick-thin oil distribution, which is feasible in the oil spill monitoring based on HJ-CCD data.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1514-1520 [Abstract] ( 260 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1183KB] ( 1083 )
1521 Comprehensive assessment of regional ecological environment based on object-orientation theory
LIU Yang, 吕Jian-Shu , WU Quan-Yuan, SUN Xiang
Comprehensive assessment of regional ecological environment is great important and yet short of unified theory guidance and improved index system. Taking Longkou as an example, object-oriented theory was used to establish assessment system after analyzing ecological environment characteristics in the study area. Remote sensing and GIS techniques as well as mathematical methods were applied to extract assessment indicators. Modelling spatially fuzzy assessment was established based on GIS raster data to integrate these indicators. The results showed that the ecological environment status in Longkou city was generally good in 2008. The proportions of the excellent grade, good grade, the moderate grade, and worst grade were 24.75%, 41.78%, 5.29%, 28.18%, respectively. The spatial differentiation was significant, and the assessment grade improved gradually from northwest coast to southeast inland. Ecological environment status and change trends among 3 typical partitions were different. Weather conditions, land use change, industrial construction, population migration and other factors played the main role in the status and changes. According to real condition and spatial distribution of heat island effect in study area, this method is effective and it is the useful complement to current assessment methods of regional ecological environment.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1521-1529 [Abstract] ( 305 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 946KB] ( 1025 )
1530 Spatial optimization of industrial clustering under the constraint of water environmental capacity in Taihu Lake Basin
ZHAO Hai-Xia, WANG Mei, DUAN Xue-Jun
The Taihu Lake Basin, with its well-developed industry clusters, water-intensive networks, and strong water environmental sensitivity, was used as an example to support a rational explanation for the constraint of water environmental capacity on industrial clustering. From an environmental geography point of view, several factors, such as geomorphic conditions, connection conditions to outside water bodies, water quality needs, water channel conditions, and current water quality, were selected for evaluating and regionalizing water environmental capacity, using GIS spatial analysis. Then, the special optimization of agricultural and industrial clustering was adjusted, according to the balance between industrial clustering space and water environment carrying capacity. The results showed that water environmental capacity in the Taihu Lake Basin with spatial differences, gradually decreased from the northeast along the Yangtze River to southwest of Taihu lake, in contrast, the pollution caused by industrial clustering distributed along Taihu Lake, Gehu Lake, and Changdang Lake. Furthermore, agricultural clustering space focused on optimizing key protected areas of Taihu Lake, the shores of Gehu and Changdang lake, optimal adjusting second protected areas and southern regions of the Taihu Lake, general adjusting urban district of Changzhou, Wuxi and Suzhou City; Industrial clustering space focused on optimizing the downtown of Changzhou, Wuxi, and Suzhou, optimal adjusting key protected area and second protected areas of the Taihu Lake Basin, general adjusting industrial concentrated area in townships.
2012 Vol. 32 (8): 1530-1536 [Abstract] ( 337 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1166KB] ( 1754 )
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