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2012 Vol.32 Issue.11,Published 2012-11-20
1921 Numerical simulation and sensitive factors analyse for dry deposition of SO2 and NO2 in Bohai Rim area of China
SU Hang, YIN Yan, ZHU Bin, WANG Zi-Fa, LI Jie, PAN Xiao-Le
Nested air quality prediction modeling system (NAQPMS), had been coupled with the Wesely large leaf resistance dry deposition model from USA. The influencing factors of dry deposition and dry deposition flux of SO2 and NO2 in Bohai Rim area were simulated and analyzed. The main sensitive factors of dry deposition included atmospheric stabilities, solar radiation, seasons and surface pattern. The dry deposition velocity decreased with the increasing atmospheric stabilities and it rose more with intensive solar Radiation. The dry deposition velocity of SO2 had the minimum value in early autumn and the maximum value in winter. The dry deposition velocity of NO2 had the similar values during spring, summer, early autumn and late autumn, and reached its minimum value in winter. The dry deposition velocity of SO2 was maximum on the water surface while minimum in desert area. To dry deposition velocity of NO2 was lower on the water surface, while it remained higher on the farmlands. Because of the cumulative effect of different sensitive factors, the dry deposition flux of SO2 in the most of the research area remained between 0.05~0.25μg/(m2·s)whereas the dry deposition flux of NO2 was between 0.05~0.30μg/(m2·s). The higher value were noted in the south of Hebei, north west of Shandong and middle of Liaoning province. For the four season the dry deposition flux was ranked as: autumn>spring>winter> summer. The dry deposition flux was larger in daytime than at night, it included some dry deposition flux of SO2 on the sea surface of Bohai region. In order of the effects of dry deposition、emission and transport, the concentration of SO2 in Bohai Rim was between (5~20)′10-6, NO2 between (20~60)′10-6. The maximum values of all the factors were observed in south of Hebei, north west of Shandong and the middle of Liaoning. The concentration was higher in summer in some area, while lower in most of the area, it remained higher during spring, autumn and winter.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 1921-1932 [Abstract] ( 398 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 951KB] ( 1126 )
1933 Commuter exposure to PM1 in public transport modes in winter in Shanghai
XIAO Shan, YU Qi, MA Wei-Chun, ZHANG Yan, CHEN Li-Min
PM1 exposure by typical transport modes (bus and subway) in Shanghai were measured from Nov. 14th to Nov. 26th , 2011 using DustTrakTM-II-8530 to understand the fine particulate matter exposure characteristics by these transport modes. The average PM1 exposure concentrations were (0.079±0.067) mg/m3 and (0.065±0.056) mg/m3 for bus and subway trips respectively. The in-transit exposure concentrations, especially in-train, were lower than the outdoor exposure concentration. The inhalation doses were (0.028±0.024) mg and (0.034±0.033) mg for bus and subway trips respectively. The in-transit exposure dose contributed 52.2% to the total inhalation dose along bus trips. The inhalation doses on subway trips mainly occurred in the outdoor and in-station sections (42.4% and 44.2% respectively). The difference between the inter-mode relationship of the exposure concentrations and that of the inhalation doses indicated that travel pattern and inhalation rate as well as exposure concentration were key factors for the evaluation of the public health impact of air pollution.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 1933-1938 [Abstract] ( 232 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 429KB] ( 1322 )
1939 Concentration and size distribution of aerosol particles during 2011 Spring Festival in Lanzhou
ZHAO Su-Ping, YU Ye, HE Jian-Jun, LIU Na, CHEN Jin-Bei, CHEN Xing
The air pollution characteristics during the Spring Festival in Lanzhou were investigated. Measurements for particles in the size range 0.5 to 20 μm were taken using a TSI particle sizer from 25th January to 18th February, 2011 in urban Lanzhou. Elevated particle concentrations were observed from 3rd to 8th February, 2011 due to the firework burning. The result showed that the most affected periods by fireworks burning were 00:00~01:00 and 21:00~22:00 on 3rd February 2011. During 00:00~01:00 on 3rd February, the average particle number, surface area and volume concentrations in the size range 0.5~20μm were (310.3±97.2)/cm3, (1061.6±396.0)μm2/cm3 and (409.9±176.0) μm3/cm3, respectively, which were 6.10, 7.72 and 9.93 times higher than that in normal days during the Spring Festival. The firework emissions affected particle concentration in different sizes with different extent. For number and volume concentrations, the most affected size range was 0.542~1.382μm and 3.278~8.354μm, respectively, while for surface area concentrations, the most affected size range were 0.542~1.981μm and 3.278~8.354μm. The volume median diameters for particle volume size distributions in normal days appeared most frequently around 0.85μm and 5.50μm, while that affected by fireworks appeared most frequently around 0.93μm and 5.50μm, indicating the growth of accumulation particles during fireworks burning.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 1939-1947 [Abstract] ( 247 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 732KB] ( 985 )
1948 n-Alkanes in rice straw and the burning smoke
SUN Li-Na, LIU Gang, LI Jiu-Hai, XU Hui
n-Alkanes were measured by GC-MS in six types of rice straw grown in China and the smoke generated in flaming and smoldering conditions. The mean content of n-Alkanes in the straw was 73.0μg/g, and the carbon number ranged from C12 to C37, exhibiting the distribution with only one peak at C29. Besides, it had an obvious odd to even carbon number predominance for C23 to C37, and the mean CPI value was 2.9. However, the average n-alkane contents were 1633.1 and 5458.5μg/g in flaming and smoldering smoke, respectively. The carbon number varied from C14 to C35, and showed a single peak distribution at C29 or C31. In addition, the odd to even carbon number predominance was shown for C27 to C35, and the average CPI values were 1.5 and 1.9, respectively. Prominent distinction exists between the composition of n-Alkanes in the rice straw and the smoke.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 1948-1954 [Abstract] ( 263 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 552KB] ( 1211 )
1955 Application status of industrial VOCs gas treatment techniques
XI Jin-Ying, WU Jun-Liang, HU Hong-Ying, WANG Can
A survey was developed to collect information on full-scale industrial gaseous VOCs treatment facilities. Based on 771 VOCs treatment cases, the application status of different VOCs treatment techniques was analyzed. By investigating the marketing occupation ratio, gas flow rate, VOCs concentration, VOCs type and the industry type. Catalytic oxidation, adsorption and biological removal was found to be the most popular types of technique, but other techniques and combination of different techniques were still important. Generally speaking, condensation, membrane separation and adsorption were found to be fit to treat and recover VOCs gases with concentrations higher than 10000 mg/m3. Thermal oxidation and catalytic oxidation were much fitter to treat VOCs gases with concentrations from 2000mg/m3 to 10000mg/m3. Biotechnique and plasma oxidation were fit to treat VOCs gases with concentration lower than 2000 mg/m3. Besides the VOCs concentrations, some other characteristics of the VOCs gas, performance and economics of the techniques as well as the emission standard should also be considered before a proper technique is selected.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 1955-1960 [Abstract] ( 471 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 428KB] ( 4747 )
1961 Decomposition analysis of COD and SO2 emission reduction of industry from 2006 to 2009
LIU Yuan-Hua, JIA Jie-Lin, WU Yu-Feng, YE Fan, WU Shun-Ze
Based on the decomposition analysis, COD and SO2 emission reduction of industry was divided into scale effect, structure effect, clean technology effect and pollution control effect, and of which the effects from 2006 to 2009 were calculated. The results indicate that: first, the scale effect caused increase of COD and SO2 emission, while structure effect, clean technology effect and pollution control effect promoted reduction of COD and SO2 emission; second, agro-food processing industry and non-metallic mineral products industry should be controlled for their too fast development; third, the COD producing intensity in chemical fiber manufacturing industry and SO2 producing intensity in electricity, thermal production and supply industry,non-ferrous metal mineral industry, oil and nuclear fuel processing industry were increasing, and their clean production should be encouraged; fourth, the removing rate of COD in gas production and supply industry, leather production industry and SO2 in non-metallic mineral production industry, non-metallic mineral processing industry, gas production and supply industry were decreased, and it was necessary to strengthen its surveillance.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 1961-1970 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 505KB] ( 665 )
1971 Performance of BTF simultaneously treating a mixture of volatile organic compounds
ZHENG Jiang-Ling, ZHU Run-Ye, YU Jian-Ming, ZHANG Li-Li, CHEN Jian-Meng
Biotrickling filter (BTF) inoculated with the acclimated sludge was established to treat a mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including toluene, methanol, ethyl acrylate. BTF’s performance and metabolic activity of biofilm were investigated within the long-term operation period. BTF could remove more than 80% of VOCs mixture under the conditions of < 910 mg/m3 inlet concentrations. Therefore, BTF could treat low- and moderate-concentration waste gases containing toluene, methanol and ethyl acrylate efficiently and simultaneously. The overall elimination capacity reached 100 g/(m3·h) at inlet loads of 120 g/(m3·h). The mass ratio of carbon dioxide produced to VOCs removed was approximately 1.731, indicating complete degradation of VOCs mixtures. The degradation of toluene, methanol and ethyl acrylate in the BTF followed Michaelis-Menten kinetic model. The maximum specific degradation rate (rmax) was 90.9, 50.5 and 58.5 g/(m3·h), respectively. The average well color development(AWCD)values indicated that the biofilm inhibating in the BTF showed high microbial metabolic activity.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 1971-1978 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 593KB] ( 1029 )
1979 Greenhouse gases emissions and pollutants removal during simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process
YAN Yu-Jie, ZHANG Jian, JIA Wen-Lin, XIE Hui-Jun, WANG Rong, LIU E
Investigations on greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions and pollutant removal performance during simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) process were conducted in anoxic-oxic sequencing batch reactors. Total nitrogen removal rate of SND process was 90.39%, significantly higher than that of sequential nitrification and denitrification (SQND) process, which was 63.78%. SND process enhanced GHGs emissions. The total GHGs emissions during per SND cycle were about 4.5 times higher than that during per SQND cycle. About 34.28 mg nitrous oxide (N2O) was produced per SND cycle, almost 5 times higher than that during SQND process, which was 6.89 mg N2O per cycle. N2O emission was mainly occurred during the oxic phase in both processes. The carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from SND and SQND processes was 493.52 and 320.28 mg per cycle, respectively.And both processes showed a near-zero methane (CH4) emission.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 1979-1983 [Abstract] ( 300 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 453KB] ( 1485 )
1984 Preparation and properties of two kinds of carbon releasing material
YAN Xu, XU Ke, GENG Jin-Ju, REN Hong-Qiang
Two kinds of carbon releasing material containing starch were prepared with PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) and SA (sodium alginate) by immobilization technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to investigate the changes in characteristics of the two materials. Their surface and inside morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, their COD releasing abilities were investigated. Starch was able to be mixed better with PVA than with SA. Carbon-releasing process of PVA material containing starch follows second-order kinetic equation, and the release curve displayed a better double-reciprocal relationship. The saturated COD concentration released from per gram PVA material was 99.60 mg/(g·L). The effect of the two materials as sole carbon source on denitrification efficiency was studied at 18~22℃ with initial NO3--N concentration of 35mg/L and pH of 7.2~8.0. The average denitrification dynamic rates were equal to 18.5 g/(m3·d)and 15.5 g/(m3·d) for PVA and SA material, respectively. A time-dependent decrease in nitrate removal efficiency was observed after 15 days.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 1984-1990 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1709KB] ( 1274 )
1991 Adsorptive characteristics of trace phosphorus in water on a new adsorption
WU Wen-Qing, HUANG Shao-Bin, ZHANG Rui-Feng, ZHU Guang-Fu
The adsorbent was obtained by wheat straw which was firstly chemical modified by alkaline solution under the ultrasonic pretreatment at high temperatures by epichlorohydrin and aluminum. The adsorbent were analyzed by characterizated technologies, and their adsorption capacities, adsorption isotherm in the adsorption process were evaluated in batch experiments. In the characterization analysis of the adsorbent, the modified straw in the degree of order and crystallinity had been significantly improved. Furthermore, the adsorbent structures had been successfully introduced aluminum ion. The summary in the main mechanism of removal of phosphate by the modified straw was physical adsorption depending on concave -convex shaped structure, chemical adsorption such as hydrogen bonds effect and coordination-complexation reaction because of hydroxyl groups, their surface potential was useful for phosphate anions adsorption.It also had spatial netting, which had the generation of mixed-phosphate crystals.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 1991-1998 [Abstract] ( 279 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 779KB] ( 1409 )
1999 Application of response surface methodology to composite of bioflocculant and modified zeolite in digested swine wastewater treatment
GUO Jun-Yuan, YANG Chun-Ping, QIU Guo-Liang
Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the treatment processes of kaolin suspension and digested swine wastewater by the complex of broth produced by Rhodococcus erythropolis and either PAC or modified zeolite. Flocculating rate, floc size, COD and ammonium removal rates were settled as the target responses. As the determination coefficients (R2) of 0.8933, 0.8353, 0.7819 and 0.8343, the quadratic models could agree with experimental data well. Results showed that the optimal flocculating conditions for kaolin suspension were broth dosage of 3.7mL/L, PAC dosage of 49mg/L, CaCl2 dosage of 24 mg/L, pH=8.7 and contact time of 15 min, and the corresponding flocculating rate and floc size were 96.3% and 0.67mm. The optimal conditions for digested swine wastewater treatment were broth dosage of 4.5mL/L, modified zeolite dosage of 12 g/L, CaCl2 dosage of 16 mg/L, pH=8.3 and contact time of 55 min, and the corresponding removal rates of COD and ammonium were 87.9% and 86.9%.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 1999-2005 [Abstract] ( 239 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 914KB] ( 1285 )
2006 Influence of the bubble size on numerical simulation of the gas-liquid flow in aeration tanks
XIAO Bai-Qing, ZHANG Fa-Xing, RONG Gui-Wen
In order to explore the influence of bubble size on numerical simulation of gas-liquid two-phase flow in aeration tanks, a mathematical model for two-phase flow in aeration tanks was established using large-eddy simulation and Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. Based on the measured bubble size distribution produced by a commonly used membrane diffuser in model experiments, three kinds of bubble size set schemes in numerical simulation were designed. The effect of the different set schemes on the calculation of the flow velocity and gas holdup was studied. Bubble size had a great influence on the flow field in aeration tanks, and had little effect on the gas holdup distribution in most regions except the vicinity of the gas holdup peak; the input of bubble size using multiple size groups instead of a single group improved the prediction of two-phase flow in aeration tanks; when single bubble size was used, it should be as close to the average bubble diameter as possible.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 2006-2010 [Abstract] ( 299 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 548KB] ( 1602 )
2011 The foundation of the regression equation about the removal of TN and TP in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands
ZHENG Pu, DENG Zheng-Dong, DING Zhi-Bin
In order to study the general effect of treatment of sewage using a horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland, a more detailed wetland regression equation of TN、TP needs to be established to guide the design of constructed wetlands. In this study, we used the main pollutant index TN、TP as indicator and classified more than 500 groups of collected data in accordance with the season, hydraulic loading, planting vegetation type in accordance with the "black box model". We analysed different factors affecting pollutant removal by constructed wetlands, took use of season and the hydraulic loading as the main classification criteria. Based on that ,12 groups of regression equations for TN and TP removal were established according to the linear regression method. The goodness of fit R2 values ranges from 0.65 to 0.95, showing the accuracy has been greatly improved.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 2011-2016 [Abstract] ( 281 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 421KB] ( 1279 )
2017 Classification and analysis of dissolved organic matter in the effluent of a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant.
SUN Qing-Liang, WU Chang-Yong, HU Xiang, ZHOU Yue-Xi, GAO Zhen, XU Min
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a biological effluent collected from a typical petrochemical wastewater treatment plant was isolated and fractionated using resin adsorption method. The fractions were operationally categorized as hydrophilic substances (HIS), hydrophobic acids (HOA), hydrophobic neutrals (HON), and hydrophobic bases (HOB). The dissolved organic carbon (DOC), specific UV absorbance, three dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3DEEM), ultraviolet spectrum and infra-red spectrum characteristics of the 4 fractions were analyzed. HIS and HOA were the main fractions and they occupied 49% and 29% of DOC in the effluent, respectively. The fraction of HON contained more aromatic proteins and soluble microbial products, while the fraction of HIS contained more humus, which were predominately microbial products derived by the analysis of 3DEEM. The peaks of infra-red spectrum of the 4 fractions mainly distributed in the district of 600~1200cm-1, indicating that similar compounds of balmy isomers exist in the wastewater samples.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 2017-2022 [Abstract] ( 328 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 575KB] ( 1109 )
2023 Adsorption of phosphate and ammonium from aqueous solution on zirconium modified zeolite.
LIN Jian-Wei, ZHAN Yan-Hui, LU Xia
The adsorption of phosphate and ammonium from aqueous solution on zirconium modified zeolite (ZrMZ) was investigated using batch experiments. ZrMZ was effective for phosphate and ammonium removal from aqueous solution. The adsorption kinetics data of phosphate and ammonium on ZrMZ could be well described by a pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption equilibrium data of phosphate on ZrMZ fitted well to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherm models. The adsorption equilibrium data of ammonium onto ZrMZ fitted better to the Langmuir isotherm model than the Freundlich and D-R isotherm models. Based on the Langmuir isotherm, the maximum monolayer phosphate and ammonium adsorption capacities for ZrMZ were 26.2 and 7.82 mg/g at 303 K, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of phosphate on ZrMZ was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The phosphate adsorption capacity for ZrMZ decreased with increasing pH from 3 to 12. The ammonium adsorption capacity for ZrMZ was relatively high at pH 4~8, and decreased with increasing pH from 8 to 12 or with decreasing pH from 4 to 3. The presence of Cl-, SO42- , HCO3- and NO3- in aqueous solution had a slight effect on phosphate adsorption onto ZrMZ, while coexisting SiO32- reduced the phosphate adsorption capacity for ZrMZ. The presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ had a slight effect on ammonium adsorption onto ZrMZ, while coexisting Na+ and K+ reduced the ammonium adsorption capacity for ZrMZ. The mechanism for phosphate adsorption onto ZrMZ was ligand exchange. The mechanism for ammonium adsorption into ZrMZ was cation exchange.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 2023-2031 [Abstract] ( 298 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 737KB] ( 1545 )
2032 Experimental study on nitrogen removal using different bioremediation methods for contaminated sediments of source water reservoirs
HUANG Ting-Lin, YANG Feng-Ying, CHAI Bei-Bei, SUN Xin
Total nitrogen being over standard is the common water quality problem of most source water reservoirs. However, under the conditions of the external source pollution being controlled effectively and the nitrogen load in the upstream water being quite low, the endogenous nitrogen release from sediments,can also deteriorate water quality of overlaying waters. Therefore, proper bioremediation at the sediment-water interface to effectively inhibit the nitrogen release from contaminated sediments is the key to solve the problem of total nitrogen exceeding standard and control the source water quality. Comparing three different bioremediation methods (media covering, adding bacteria agents, adding reductive iron powder), the effects of nitrogen removal at the sediment-water interface were studied. The results showed that media covering was more effective on nitrogen removal than the other two methods. The average and highest ammonia nitrogen inhibition rates can reach 83% and 92% respectively, and the average total nitrogen inhibition rate can reach 73%. The effect of nitrogen removal was relatively stable.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 2032-2038 [Abstract] ( 231 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1335KB] ( 901 )
2039 Operation efficiency and microbial characteristics of two-phase integrated sludge thickening and digestion reactor
HE Qiang, SUN Xing-Fu, AI Hai-Nan, LIU Hong-Xia, LI Mao-Lin
An experimental study was conducted to investigate the treatment efficiency and impact factors of TISTD reactor. The treatment efficiency was investigated in different sludge dosage rate, besides, the shape and type of the microbe in sludge was observed by microscope and SEM, at the same time, MPN method was applied to determine the predominant strains by anaerobic culture and separation, and then 16S rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was used to study the predominant strains. The results showed that under mid-temperature(35℃±2℃) condition, the best sludge dosage rate was 30%, and the sludge organic matter decomposition rate and discharged sludge moisture content could be up to 65.09% and 92.09% respectively under the best condition. The microscopy results showed that there was a variety of different shaped Amoeba, Colpidium, Flagellates,Ciliates,and some other protozoa in the sludge and the SEM photos showed that the sludge contains variety of filamentous, bacilliform spherical bacteria , fungus, and the relatively larger size zoogloea, which demonstrated TISTD reactor had a high biodiversity in microbial communities. 16S rDNA sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree analysis proved that the outer chamber reaction was in hydrogenesis and acetogenesis stage and was the main places of sludge hydrolysis and acidification for that the Bacillus was the predominant microbial community while the within chamber was suitable for the growth of methanogens and gas production , which was the main place to achieve the biological sludge thickening and digestion separation for that Methane Spirillum or Archaea was the predominant microbial community.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 2039-2046 [Abstract] ( 263 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1401KB] ( 957 )
2047 Polyhydroxyalkanoates production by Ralstonia eutropha H16 fed by waste sludge anaerobic fermentative liquid
SHENG Xin-Ying, XIONG Hui-Lei, SUN Run, CHEN Guo-Qiang, SHI Han-Chang, ZHANG Qing-Zhu, WANG Hui
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) accumulation and carbon consumption by Ralstonia eutropha H16 were investigated in anaerobic fermentative liquid (AFL) of waste activated sludge (WAS). The WAS was fermented at 52℃ with a sludge retention time (SRT) of 48 hours in hydrolysis reactor to form AFL, in which the volatile fatty acids(VFAs) were feasible carbon source for PHAs synthesis. When acetic acid was the predominant component of VFAs in the AFL (C/N/P≈100/10/1,TOC＝2881mg/L, acetic acid/total VFAs=36.1%), R. eutropha H16 could utilize acetic acid and n-butyric prior to other VFAs for cell growth and PHAs synthesis, and the major monomer of PHAs was hydroxybutyrate (HB). Propionic and n-valeric acid were utilized at 20~40 hours after inoculation as hydroxyvalerate (HV) monomer content increasing. The maximum PHAs content detected in the cells was 12.51% (dry weight) after 40-hour reaction, and then iso-butyric and iso-valeric acid were utilized but both PHAs synthesis and cell growth decreased. When iso-valeric acid was the predominant VFA in the AFL (C/N/P≈100/10/1, TOC＝2358mg/L, iso-valeric acid/total VFAs=29.0%), the maximum PHAs content detected in the cells was up to 32.14% (dry weight) at 24-hour of growth and hydroxyvalerate (HV) was the major monomer of PHAs.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 2047-2052 [Abstract] ( 346 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 399KB] ( 1157 )
2053 Effect of reclaimed water irrigation on the distribution of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in different size of aggregates in sandy purple soil
ZHENG Shun-An, CHEN Chun, ZHENG Xiang-Qun, LI Song
Effect of reclaimed water irrigation on the organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) distribution regarding different size of aggregates in sandy purple soils was investigated. The studied soils in Pengzhou City had been irrigated with reclaimed water for varying lengths of time (3 and 8 years, respectively). In purple soil irrigated with reclaimed water, organic C, total N and total P were mainly distributed in the >2mm and 2 mm aggregate fractions of those increased markedly. Besides, organic C and N in >0.25 mm aggregate fraction in irrigated soils significantly rose, whereas P in all 5 aggregate fractions distinctly increased. Furthermore, reclaimed water irrigation was favorable for formation of particulate organic C and particulate N in irrigated purple soils, and such effect was increasingly greater over irrigation time. In aggregate fractions (except for <0.053mm), the proportions of exchangeable P and HCl-P increased, whereas NaOH-P diminished correspondingly. The study concluded that reclaimed water irrigation can improve the composition of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in purple soils.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 2053-2059 [Abstract] ( 336 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 380KB] ( 996 )
2060 Stabilization/solidification of heavy metals contaminated sediment using cement and DTCR as binder materials
WANG Chuan, YANG Chao-Hui, ZENG Guang-Ming, WANG Li-Ke, XU Hai-Yin, XIE Hua-Ming
Cement-based solidification/stabilization (S/S) with DTCR (dithiocarbamate) as an additive was used to solidify and stabilize sediment containing heavy metals. The optimum ratios of cement and DTCR were determined by testing the compressive strength of the whole solidified body and leaching toxicity of granular solidified body (particle size￡9.5mm). And the effect of S/S was assessed though the leaching toxicity test of granular solidified body and whole solidified body in the acidic environment (pH 3). The mechanism of S/S was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and envrionmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The optimal proportion of cement and DTCR was 50% and 2% (w/w, dry basis), respectively. Under optimum conditions, the 7d compressive strength of the solidified body was up to 1.03 MPa and leaching concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in granular solidified body were 0.105, 4.65, 0.232, 0.123 mg/L, respectively, which could meet the requirements of the security landfill. The leaching effect in the acidic environment (pH 3) demonstrated that cement-based S/S added DTCR was better than cement-based S/S only. XRD and ESEM analysis revealed that Ca(OH)2, Hydrate Calcium Silicate (C-S-H) and Ettringite (AFt) as hydration products would be formed in hydration reaction which wrapped up heavy metals and form a solidified body with certain strength.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 2060-2066 [Abstract] ( 454 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 847KB] ( 26699 )
2067 Identification and characterization of membrane fouling substances in Taihu Lake
YU Yao, XU Guang-Hong, LIN Jie, DONG Bing-Zhi
This study employed coagulation-sedimentation-submerged microfiltration membrane process to treat raw water from Taihu Lake and investigated the variation of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and molecular weight (MW) of organic matter along this treatment process. The organic component of chemical cleaning water was also analyzed to confirm the main material composition causing the membrane fouling. Coagulation pretreatment could effectively remove organics with hydrophilic macromolecules responsible only for reversible fouling, but showed less effective in removing the mid- and low-MW organic matters responsible for irreversible fouling. In addition, three dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3DEEM) fluorescence spectra exhibited that the two regions closely related to membrane fouling were: λex=230nm/λem=330~350nm (RegionⅠ) and λex=280nm/λem=300~350nm (Region Ⅳ). The corresponding organic foulants in the two regions were extracellular protein-like organics and soluble microbial products (SMP), which were responsible for irreversible fouling.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 2067-2074 [Abstract] ( 280 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 849KB] ( 887 )
2075 The regional differences of phosphorus transfer rate in some lakes of China
CHUAI Xiao-Ming, YANG Liu-Yan, CHEN Xiao-Feng, HU Zhi-Xin, LIU Tao
Lake ecological division does benefits to controlling eutrophication, and nutrient flow characteristic is an essential index to lake ecological division. The phosphorus maximum transfer rate, an index that characterizing nutrient flow in lake ecosystem, was calculated in China by linear regression and model analysis. The results showed that the maximum transfer rate (from TP to Chl-a) could be modeled as Rmax = k0/(1-η)(Rmax, k0 and η represent the capacity of transforming TP into the actual primary productivity (Chl-a), the slope of linear regression betweenTP and Chl-a contents of the 28 lakes in multiyear, and the phosphorus transfer rate, respectively). The phosphorus flow characteristics in China was significantly correlated with accumulated temperature and could be judged through an accumulated temperature threshold from 3400℃·d to 4730℃·d, which indicated obvious regionalization characteristics for phosphorus flow rates in China.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 2075-2082 [Abstract] ( 305 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 634KB] ( 1327 )
2083 Cyanobacterial bloom in Xiangxi Bay, Three Gorges Reservoir
TIAN Ze-Bin, LIU De-Fu, YANG Zheng-Jian, FANG Xiao-Feng, YAO Xu-Jiao, FANG Li-Juan
A cyanobacteria bloom was observed in Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir in summer of 2010. Based on field data collected from 19 July to 30 August 2010, this paper descripted the cyanobacteria bloom process and analyzed the influence factors. The bloom lasting for about 25 days, broke out on 23 July, and ended on 16 August, cell density summit reached 108.03 106cell/L. The dominant species was Anabaena, and the major reasons were the suspension and nitrogen fixation mechanism, along with the capacity to produce microcystin to inhibit the growth of other algal. Specific stratification model of water and adequate nutrients were necessary to the cyanobacteria bloom, and nitrate might be the major nitrogen source. Under the conditions of undisturbed water situation and adequate nutrients, the proliferation rate of cyanobacteria might be accelerated gradually with increasing water temperature and lowering Zmix/Zeu. Especially when Zmix/Zeu was less than 0.5, it was more favorable to cyanobacteria growth.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 2083-2089 [Abstract] ( 346 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 608KB] ( 1491 )
2090 Joint toxicities of three binary mixture between metalaxyl and ionic liquid
WANG Cheng-Lin, ZHANG Jin, LIU Shu-Shen, LIU Hai-Ling
Selecting three imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs), C10H19ClN2 (IL1), C12H23ClN2 (IL2), and C16H31ClN2 (IL3), and metalaxyl (MET) as the mixture components, three groups of binary mixture, MET-IL1, MET -IL2, and MET-IL3, were designed by using the direct equipartition ray design procedure. The toxicities of the individual chemicals and binary mixtures to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.–Q67 were determined by the microplate toxicity analysis (MTA). The toxicity interaction was evaluated by comparing the toxicity observed to that predicted by the concentration addition (CA) model and employing the isobologram at median effect concentration (EC50). The toxicity interactions of three groups of binary mixtures were significantly different. In the binary mixtures of MET-IL1 and MET-IL2, the higher the concentration ratio of MET was, the more obvious the antagonism. However, the toxicity interaction in the MET-IL3 mixtures was additive for the high concentration ratio of MET and synergistic for the low concentration ratio of MET. The lower the ratio of MET was, the stronger the synergistic action was.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 2090-2094 [Abstract] ( 223 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 459KB] ( 790 )
2095 Evaluation model of sectors’ energy efficiency based on embodied energy
XU Li-Ping, WANG Li, LI Jin-Lin
Considering the interdependence and mutual restriction relationship between energy, economic and environment, this paper emphasized on energy efficiency of various sectors of social economy, and put forward the concept of total energy efficiency of sectors based on embodied energy. At the same time, an evaluation index system was discussed. Moreover, an evaluation model was established by combining the input-output model and data envelopment analysis method, which considered the comprehensive effect of energy consumption and carbon emissions on social economic development and environmental evolution. An empirical study of 42 sectors in Beijing was conducted, which identified the problems existing in the processes of energy consumption. Furthermore, the case study investigated how to improve the total energy efficiency of various sectors. Results demonstrated that instead of simply restricting on industrial development in order to achieve emission reduction targets or blindly encouraging the development of all service sectors, government should put forward a comprehensive decision-making after considering the total energy efficiency of various sectors and their contribution for economic and social development.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 2095-2102 [Abstract] ( 240 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 479KB] ( 1220 )
2103 Comparison study on willingness to pay for urban river restoration in Yangtze Delta: Cases study in Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou, China
ZHANG Yi-Fei, ZHANG Zhen, WANG Li, ZHANG Lei
Surveys was carried out to studied residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for urban river restoration in the three key cities of Yangtze Delta, i.e., Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou, as well as the WTP’s differences among the three cities employing some survey techniques in Contingent valuation method (CVM). Based on the 1258 questionnaires, the results of statistical analysis showed that: the means of WTP for Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou were 20.5, 25.4, and 20.3 Yuan per household per month, respectively. Using linear logarithmic model, income and environmental awareness were found statistically significant on WTP in three cities. The impacts of household registration and education appeard differently on WTP in the three cities. The aggregated model of cities showed that WTP in Nanjing was significantly higher than the other two cities, and there was no significant difference of WTP between Hangzhou and Shanghai. The WTP acquired appeared to be consistent in the three cities, which provided a strong empirical support for investigation on WTP’s benefit transfer between the different regions in China. However, the impact of factors on WTP varied in different cities. Thus, the model should be improved for deeply understanding on the differences in the further study.
2012 Vol. 32 (11): 2103-2112 [Abstract] ( 301 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 461KB] ( 790 )
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