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  Current Issue
 
2013 Vol.33 Issue.1,Published 2013-01-20
1 Analyses on chemical characteristic of air condensation water in Shanghai
WANG Ting-Xiang, CHEN Jian-Min
The air condensation water (ACW) was collected using an in-situ self-assembled collector on 8 March~11 April, 2011, in Shanghai. The chemical characteristics of the samples were studied in detail, and the results were compared to those of other wet deposition in terms of inter-ion correlativity, ion concentration in relation to temporal variations. The pH values of the samples ranged from 6.1~7.2 with a volume-weighted mean pH value of 6.5, mostly exhibiting weak acidity. Both NH4+ and SO42- were the most abundant components and volume-weighted means were 139.7μeq/L and 125.7μeq/L, respectively. SO42- was the predominant acid anion. The NO2- (9.9 μeq/L) concentration was somewhat higher than that of NO3- (9.5μeq/L) and the detection rate of NO2- was 100% in all samples. The low-volatility organic acids of MSA- (6.0μeq/L), CH3COO- (5.9μeq/L), C2O42- (3.9μeq/L) and HCOO- (3.7μeq/L) accounted for 8.5% of total anions, much higher than those in Shanghai rainwaters. Ca2+ (19.2μeq/L, 4.0%) and Mg2+ (4.9μeq/L, 1.0%) were two or three orders of magnitude lower than those detected in fogwaters. The ion concentration changed more appreciably as a function of time, in close association with photochemical reaction, inversion layer in spring, and so forth.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 1-8 [Abstract] ( 437 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 626KB] ( 2026 )
9 Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the ambient air of Beijing during winter
HU Yong-Biao, LI Ying-Ming, GENG Da-Wei, WANG Pu, ZHANG Jie, ZHANG Qing-Hua, JIANG Gui-Bin
Polyurethane foam (PUF) passive air sampling was conducted in Haidian, Chaoyang, Fengtai, Shijingshan, Changping, Daxing, and Tongzhou District of Beijing between November 2010 and February 2011. The air concentrations of 13 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were analyzed with high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). The air concentrations of PBDEs (Σ13PBDEs) ranged from 0.97 to 41.1 pg/m3 (average 7.85pg/m3). Investigation of the distribution characteristics showed that the concentrations of PBDEs in the southeast region were significantly higher than those in northwest region, and the PBDEs levels in industrial areas and business districts were higher than those in suburbs and background areas.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 9-13 [Abstract] ( 407 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 387KB] ( 1426 )
14 Estimation of annual emission and distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Taiyuan
JIANG Qiu-Jing, LI Yue-Yu, HU Xin-Xin, LU Bin, TAO Shu, WANG Rong
Sixteen types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were included in the priority control pollutants listed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Herein, the emission rates and emission sources of these 16 PAHs in Taiyuan city were investigated. Results showed that the overall emission amount of the 16 PAHs in the year of 2010 in Taiyuan was 332.10t, in which 35.11t was identified as carcinogenic PAHs. Most of the PAHs were generated from the combustion of household coal and coke-production coal, accounting for 65% of the total emission amount. Among the emissions of 16 PAHs, less-ring PAHs were the majority (81%) while the carcinogenic PAHs only accounted for 10.6%. For the different districts (10 in total) in Taiyuan, the PAHs emitted from Qingxu were 87t/a, greatly more than that from Gujiao (54t/a), Jinyuan (44t/a), and Jiancaoping (40t/a). In general, there were a negative correlation between per capita income and per GDP emissions of PAHs (R2=0.727), and a positive correlation between the rural population and total PAHs emissions (R2=0.813). It was concluded that the heavy PAHs emission in Taiyuan was attributed to excessive combustion of coal for the household and industry and unique energy structure and special population in the countryside.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 14-20 [Abstract] ( 848 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 420KB] ( 39625 )
21 Study of haze with different intensity categories at Pudong District in Shanghai based on micro-pulse lidar
WANG Yuan, GENG Fu-Hai, CHEN Yong-Hang, HE Qian-Shan, ZHANG Hua, PAN Hu, MAO Xiao-Qin
The diurnally and seasonally vertical distribution of the extinction coefficient of haze with different intensity categories were analyzed and discussed using the observation from December 2008 to November 2010 from the Micro-Pulse Lidar and seven-elements automatically observational weather station at the Shanghai Urban Environment Meteorology Center. The aerosols mainly existed below 0.5km in height when severe haze occurred. The hour-average extinction coefficient for severe haze, mild haze and non-haze ranged from 0 to 1.2, 0 to 0.5 and 0 to 0.2 km-1 respectively. During daytime, the aerosol concentration became highest at noon and lowest in the afternoon and the aerosol layer rose from morning to afternoon and declined in the evening. The mean extinction coefficient for severe haze days varied ranging from the largest to the fewest in spring, winter, summer and autumn sequently. In summer the high extinction coefficient occurred at low-level atmosphere and in spring just the opposite.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 21-29 [Abstract] ( 424 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 605KB] ( 1251 )
30 Progress of research on ice nucleation active bacterial aerosols’ role in atmospheric ice nucleation
DU Rui, WANG Ya-Ling, LIANG Zong-Min
It was well known that ice nucleation is one of the most basic processes that lead to precipitation. This mini-review paper focused on respects of INA bacterial aerosols: concentration and dynamic macroscopically in atmosphere; molecular mechanic progresses, properties and factors of heterogeneous ice nucleation in lab and role on precipitation. However, there is no systemic and confirmed nucleation theory basing on characteristics of micro-physiology and/or physical chemistry of INA bacteria. Moreover it had been remained to research how deeply INA bacteria nucleating works on meteorologic process.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 30-42 [Abstract] ( 384 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 473KB] ( 2313 )
43 The contribution of dust devils to atmospheric dust aerosols and its relation with solar radiation
DUAN Jia-Peng, HAN Yong-Xiang, ZHAO Tian-Liang, SONG Hao-Dong
Based on the thermodynamic theory of convective plumes and vortices in the atmosphere boundary layer and by using the observational data in the Taklimakan desert and surroundings, the dust aerosol emissions from the convective plumes and vortices are estimated with annual average of 4.0×106t and the maximum of 5.0×106t with an equivalent contribution to dust aerosols from dust storms over the Taklimakan desert. Depending on the seasonal cycles of solar radiation intensity, the dust aerosol emissions from the convective plumes and vortices vary with the changes of surface temperature.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 43-48 [Abstract] ( 341 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 405KB] ( 840 )
49 Investigation on SMP and EPS in membrane bioreactor combined with microbial fuel cells
LI Hui, TIAN Yu, SU Xin-Ying, WANG Cui-Na
This study reported a novel strategy of integrating MFCs with a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for membrane fouling mitigation. The soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from the suspended sludge of MFC-MBR combined system and conventional MBR were analysed. Compared to the conventional MBR, the SMP and TB-EPS concentrations in the MFC-MBR combined system increased by 8.5% and 9.2% respectively. Conversely, the LB-EPS concentration decreased by 47.5%. In addition, the aromatic protein and humic acid in LB-EPS also decreased significantly. The membrane fouling was also investigated in the conventional MBR and MFC-MBR combined system .The time required to reach a TMP of 30 kPa was 38 days in the conventional MBR and 55 days in the MFC-MBR combined system, which indicated that the recycling of the sludge treated by MFC was able to alleviate membrane fouling.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 49-55 [Abstract] ( 390 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 694KB] ( 1861 )
56 Study on performance of ANAMMOX reactor and the functional bacteria at room temperature
LI Dong, QIU Wen-Xin, ZHANG Nan, WU Di, ZENG Tao-Tao, CHANG Xiao-Yan, ZENG Hui-Ping, ZHANG Jie
At room tempertature, by changing the substrate concentration of inflow, the biological nitrogen removal of up-flowing ANAMMOX biofilter loading volcanic rock filter at different ammonium concentrations was investigated. techniques of microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to analyze microorganisms form, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning and sequcening were used to identify species of ANAMMOX. The results of operation revealed that ,at room temperature, the up-flow ANAMMOX biofilter had the ability to maintain high capacity of biological nitrogen removal under high and low substrate concentrations. The maximum total nitrogen removal load was up to 2.99kgN/(m3×d), and the maximum removal rate of NH4+-N and NO2--N was 99.4% and 98.8% respectively. Microscope and SEM show that the species of microorganisms is much richer at the bottom of biofilter, however, the proportion of ANAMMOX is much higher in the middle and upper of biofilter. The sequence of ANAMMOX 16SrRNA identification revealed that Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis occurred in the up–flowing ANAMMOX biofilter, which had wide adaptability to different temperature and substrate concentrations.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 56-62 [Abstract] ( 367 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 683KB] ( 1218 )
63 The inhibitory role of humic acid on the reduction of Cr(VI) by Fe0 nanoparticles and the elimination of its inhibitory role
ZHANG Zhen, SHEN Zhen-Miao, FAN Tian-恩, XU Xin-Hua
The reduction of Chromium(VI) by Fe0 nanoparticles (nZVI) was carried out. At the same time, the inhibitory role of humic acid (HA) on the reduction of Cr(VI) by nZVI and the elimination of its inhibitory role by starch were evaluated. Our experimental results indicated that with the initial HA concentration increased from 0 to 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of Cr(VI) arrived at 91.9 %, 82.6 %, 78.6 %, 70.4 %, 70.0 % and 69.4 % in 10min, respectively. Indicating the effects of HA to Cr(VI) reduction by nZVI was dual. On the one hand, HA adsorbed on the surface of nZVI, which would occupy the active surface sites for Cr(VI) reduction and the accumulation of adsorbed HA on the nZVI surface might reduce the Cr(VI) reduction rate. On the other hand, the function in HA might act as electron shuttle promoting electron transfer, this would have a positive effective enhancing the reduction of Cr(VI) by nZVI. Generally speaking, the sorption behaviors of HA on the nZVI particle’s surface played a dominant role for the nZVI’s high specific surface areas, which resulted in the inhibitory role of HA on the reduction of Cr(VI) by nZVI. Appropriate content of starch could prevent agglomeration of nZVI and prevent the adsorption of HA on nZVI particles enhancing a state of dispersion which could maintain the reactivity of nZVI. To great extent, the starch addition at a dose of 0.5 g/L could eliminate the inhibitory role of HA.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 63-68 [Abstract] ( 369 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 706KB] ( 1309 )
69 Efficiency and kinetics of heavy metal removal from water by sludge-based activated carbon
BAO Han-Feng, YANG Wei-Wei, ZHANG Li-Qiu, FENG Li
This study investigated the efficiency and kinetics of adsorptive removal of heavy metals by sludge-based activated carbon (SAC) prepared from municipal sludge. Surface physicochemical properties of SAC and its adsorption capacities for four heavy metals, i.e., Cu(II), Pb(II), Cr(VI) and Cd(II), with an initial concentration of 50 mg/L were analyzed in comparison with two types of commercial activated carbon: coal-based activated carbon (MAC) and coconut shell-based activated carbon (YAC). The results showed that specific surface area and micropore volume of SAC were only 1/3~1/2 of those for either MAC or YAC. Adsorption of the four heavy metals onto SAC was relatively slower than that onto MAC or YAC. However, the equilibrium adsorption capacities of SAC for Cu(II), Pb(II), Cr(VI) and Cd(II) were 9.9, 8.9, 8.2 and 5.4 mg/g, respectively, being much greater than those of the two commercial adsorbents. This revealed that the SAC surface with rich acidic functional groups played a crucial role in the adsorption of heavy metals. The adsorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) onto SAC had a close agreement with both Langmuir and Freundlich models and the adsorption of Cr(VI) agreed better with Langmuir models. In terms of the adsorption of Cd(II), neither of the models described the isotherms satisfactorily, suggesting that the quantity of binding sites for Cd(II) on the surface of SAC was small.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 69-74 [Abstract] ( 346 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 364KB] ( 1418 )
75 Characteristics and hydrogen production efficiency in anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) system
ZHENG Guo-Chen, LI Jian-Zheng, CHANG Sheng, ZHANG Zhao-Han, GUAN Di, JIN Yu, GUO Jing-Bo, LU Hai-Feng
To solve the continuous-flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) hydrogen system has low efficient and waste energy,a 3-compartment anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR), with an effective volume of 27.8L, was adapted and its performing characteristics and hydrogen production efficiency were investigated,using diluted molasses as the material. ABR had higher efficiency and lower energy consumption comparing with CSTR. ABR achieved stable ethanol type fermentation within 26d with 35℃ and initial COD of 5000mg/L, and the specific hydrogen production rate was 0.13L/(gMLVSS·d) while that of CSTR under the same conditions was 0.06L/g MLVSS·d. Results showed that ABR was an ideal facility for hydrogen production from organic wastewater fermentation.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 75-81 [Abstract] ( 358 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 421KB] ( 1503 )
82 Parameters effect on photocatalytic degradation kinetics of carbofuran in TiO2 aqueous solution
YANG Hai, ZHOU Shuo-Lin, YIN Ming-Liang, PI Lu-Lu, ZENG Jian, YI Bing
Photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran has been investigated in TiO2 aqueous solution under UV irradiation. The effects of various parameters such as catalyst amount, pH value, concentration of carbofuran, reactive oxidative species (ROSs), different anions and metal cations on photocatalytic degradation kinetics were studied. The degradation of carbofuran follows pseudo first-order kinetics by using Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The results indicated that the weak alkaline solution was favor for the degradation of carbofuran. The ?OH radical is responsible for the major degradation of carbofuran, and its contribution is about 93.4%, while the other ROSs play a minor contribution to the degradation. Additionally, the anions of BrO3- and S2O82- accelerate the degradation rate of carbofuran, while I- anion inhibits degradation reaction obviously. The photocatalytic degradation reactions were also inhibited to some extent when K+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+ and Cu2+ cations were added to aqueous solution.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 82-87 [Abstract] ( 392 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 434KB] ( 1392 )
88 Enhanced electro-catalytic oxidation of dye wastewater with polyoxometalates supported catalyst.
YUE Lin, WANG Kai-Hong, GUO Jian-Bo, LUO Xiao, LIAN Jing, WANG Tao
A charge transfer complex (TMB)3PMo12 was synthesized with molybdophosphoric acid and 3,3',5,5'- tetramethylbenzidine. Morphologies and microstructures were characterized by IR spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. The heteropolyanion shows a keggin structure. Electrocatalytic oxidation of acid red 3R was investigated in the presence of (TMB)3PMo12 supported on γ-Al2O3 as packing materials in the reactor. The results showed that (TMB)3PMo12/γ-Al2O3 had good electrocatalytic activity for decolorization of Acid Red 3R. When (TMB)3PMo12 loading was 0.6%, (TMB)3PMo12/γ-Al2O3 filling was 50g, pH value of Acid Red 3R was 4, the voltage was 15.0V, air-flow was 0.14m3/h, and electrode span was 3.0cm, the decolorization efficiency could reach 79.7%. The treatment efficiency of electro-catalytic process was greatly higher than that of electrochemical oxidation process in two dimensional flat reactor and three dimensional electrode reactor.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 88-94 [Abstract] ( 368 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 703KB] ( 1710 )
95 Isolation and characteristics of an efficient phenanthrene-degrading endophytic bacterium strain from plants
LIU Shuang, LIU Juan, LING Wan-Ting, ZHU Xue-Zhu, GAO Yan-Zheng
An efficient phenanthrene-degrading endophytic bacterial strain Pn2 was isolated from Alopecurus aequalis Sobol grown in PAH-contaminated soils. Pn2 was identified as Naxibacter Sp. based on physiological characteristics and 16S rDNA Sequence homology analysis. The experiments on phenanthrene-degrading features and growth characteristics of the strain showed that strain Pn2 can utilize phenanthrene as the sole carbon source. At 30℃ and 150 r/min, the degrading ratio of phenanthrene (49.92mg/L) in solution was 98.78% after 72 hours rotary culture. The inoculation amount and pollution intensity positively influenced the phenanthrene degradation: the larger amount of Pn2 inoculation, the higher phenanthrene degradation ratio. With increasing the pollution intensity, phenanthrene degradation ratio enlarged at first and reduced thereafter. 150mg/L of phenanthrene is the optimum pollution intensity under the test condition. Pn2 grew well under the condition of 25~37℃, pH 6.0~8.0 and 1%~2% salinity. Strain Pn2 grew aerobically, and the stronger aeration, the better Pn2 growth. It was observed that Pn2 can resist the low concentration of penicillin and chloramphenicol.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 95-102 [Abstract] ( 344 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 439KB] ( 2279 )
103 Inactivation and VBNC occurrence of Salmonella spp. in sewage sludge by anaerobic digestion and subsequent treatment
FU Bo, WANG Yan, JIANG Qian, CHEN Yan, LIU He
The inactivation and viable but non culturable (VBNC) occurrence of Salmonella sp. in sewage sludge by anaerobic digestion and subsequent treatment was investigated by Most probable number (MPN) and Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method. Four anaerobic digestion processes had different effects on the inactivation of Salmonella spp. The reductions of Salmonella spp. in sewage sludge after mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD) and high temperature (65℃) pretreatment anaerobic digestion (65℃+MAD) were 2.8 and 5.6 orders of magnitude. Thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) and temperature-phased anaerobic digestion (TPAD) exhibited excellent efficiencies on the inactivation of Salmonella spp. with the final content below the detection limit. The inactivation rate coefficients decreased in the following order: 65℃+MAD (39.64 d-1), TAD (3.75 d-1), TPAD (2.96 d-1) and MAD (0.21 d-1), indicating the high temperature accelerated the inactivation of Salmonella spp.. The logarithmic densities of VBNC Salmonella spp. in sewage sludge after TAD and TPAD are 2 orders of magnitude higher than that after MAD, 65℃+MAD, indicating the high temperature led to more pathogens entering into the VBNC state. Salmonella spp. densities in digested sludge increased after centrifuge dewatering with the logarithmic increase of 1.1, 2.4, 3.7 and 2.5 for MAD, 65℃+MAD, TAD and TPAD, respectively, but the densities of VBNC Salmonella spp. significantly decreased after dewatering with the values of 1~3 orders of magnitude, which indicated that several VBNC Salmonella spp. in digested sludge reactivated after centrifuge dewatering, resulting the increase in the number of culturable Salmonella spp. by MPN. The results revealed that the regrowth of Salmonella in digested sludge was attributed to the reactivation of Salmonella in VBNC state. The Salmonella content gradually decreased in the subsequent storage at room temperature.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 103-110 [Abstract] ( 435 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 459KB] ( 1414 )
111 Effect of composting pretreatment on biogas production of the mixture of wheat straw and cattle wastewater.
CHEN Guang-Yin, BAO Xi-Feng, YE Xiao-Mei, CHANG Zhi-Zhou, LI Yu-Chun, ZHOU Li-Xiang
Effect of composting pretreatment time on biogas production of the mixture of wheat straw and cattle wastewater was studied. Four treatments with the composting time of 0d (T1), 3d (T2), 6d (T3) and 9d (T4) were designed, and then the composted mixture of wheat straw and cattle wastewater (MS) were used for biogas production respectively. The results indicated that much organic matter of MS were decomposed during composting process and TS (total solid) loss rate of T1, T2 and T3 were 2.63%, 11.46% and 20.00%, respectively. The TS biogas yield of MS was not improved by composting pretreatment and the TS biogas yield of T2, T3 and T4 were 103.01%, 93.96% and 93.68% compared to that of T1. Taking into account the impact of TS loss of WSCW during composting process, the TS biogas yield of T2, T3 and T4 were 100.30%, 83.19% and 77.59% compared to that of T1. After 3 days composting pretreatment, the time for the rate of cumulative biogas production to total biogas production up to 80% was 8 days shorter and the peak of daily biogas yield was 2.65mL/d higher than that of control. However, when the composting pretreatment time was too long, the biogas production rate was decreased. The TS and VS (volatile solid) loss rate of MS were decreased with the increasing composting pretreatment time. The above results showed that, composting pretreatment was not a good way for biogas production improvement of MS, but could improve biogas production rate and shorten start-up time and the composting time of 3 days was acceptable.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 111-117 [Abstract] ( 407 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 490KB] ( 1144 )
118 Discussion on objective of rural domestic wastewater treatment and technology system in Southern China
MA Lu-Ming, WANG Yun-Long, LIU Zhi-Gang, WANG Hong-Wu
After investigating sources of N and P pollution in a rural area of southern China, it was found that the ratios of amounts of N and P pollution from RDW over those from crop were about 11.4% and 11.1%, respectively. Corresponding values were 0.44% and 0.55% RDW over crop plus breeding. Recently, RDW treatment systems, belong to decentralized processing technologies, have been formed initially. They are different from municipal wastewater treatment technologies. It is found that each effluent COD of decentralized processing technologies was lower than 60mg/L, especial for aeration, by study for operation of demonstration projects and investigation for other projects. However, all decentralized processing technologies have not reached the purpose for the removal of N and P, the highest concentration of effluent TN and TP was 28mg/L and 1.8mg/L, respectively. Therefore, this paper suggests that the main objective of rural wastewater treatment should be eliminating the “black and stink” of waterbody in rural area resulted from RDW discharge by removing organic pollutants, rather than removing N and P which is not necessary and difficulty to be achieved.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 118-122 [Abstract] ( 384 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 358KB] ( 1783 )
123 Transfer characteristics of soil nitrogen in northern typical irrigation area under different irrigation periods
欧Yang-Wei , GUO Bo-Bo, ZHANG Xuan, HAO Fang-Hua, SUN Ming-Ze, HUANG Hao-Bo
Nitrogen (N) is necessary element for crop growth, as well as an important factor of water eutrophication. In this paper, the Jiefangzha Irrigation District of Hetao Irrigation Zone of Inner Mongolia was chose as the study area to highlight the soil N circle during the irrigation periods. The distributions of total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate nitrogen (NN) in soil, shallow ground water and soil leachate during summer irrigation and autumn irrigation were analyzed. The results indicated that summer irrigation obliviously diluted the N, and denitrification in the groundwater lowered the concentration of NN, the corn field N loss relatively obviously after summer irrigation. Autumn irrigation was the main phase of nitrate loss in farmland. On the one side, the NN was leaching down under the watering; on the other side, the NN was released as the shape of N2O, N2 and O2 after denitrification. The peak value of TN in the groundwater lagged behind that of NN during both summer and autumn irrigation. It was conclude that included the loss of NN, partial NH4-N, organic N and some other forms of N had a certain extent lengthways leaching under the irrigations.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 123-131 [Abstract] ( 382 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 518KB] ( 1230 )
132 Study on the thickness and environmental effects of sediment-water interface of phytoplankton and macrophyte dominated zones in Lake Taihu
WANG Yong-Ping, ZHU Guang-Wei, HONG Da-Lin, QIN Bo-Qiang
To understand the difference of the properties of sediment-water interface between macrophytes-dominant region and phytoplankton-dominant region in large and shallow lakes, the sediment cores and the overlying water columns were sampled in phytoplankton and macrophyte dominated zones in Lake Taihu. Five layer of sediment cores, with depths of surface 1 cm, 3cm, 5cm, 10 cm and 15cm were sliced for physicochemical analysis. At the same time, four layers of overlying water, with depth of 5 cm, 20 cm, 35cm above the sediment surface, and one layer of 20 cm below the water surface, were sample and analyzed for the comparative research. The results showed that, the concentrations of total suspended substance, organic suspended substance, chlorophyll-a, total nitrogen, total dissolved nitrogen, total phosphorus and total dissolved nitrogen in water column at macrophyte-dominant region were significant lower than those in phytoplankton dominated zone. Vertical profile of concentrations of total suspended substance, organic suspended substance, chlorophyll-a, total nitrogen and total dissolved nitrogen in water column at macrophyte-dominant region showed a increasing trend from surface to bottom, while these trends were not obvious in phytoplankton dominated region. The profile of contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total organic carbon and mean value of grain size in sediment column showed a turning point at the depth of 3~5cm below the surface in both macrophyte-dominant and phytoplankton-dominant regions. But the oxygen penetration depths in the two regions were much different. The oxygen penetration depth in macrophyte-dominant region was less than 1mm, while it could be 2.5mm in phytoplankton-dominant region. The results suggested that the thickness of sediment-water interface in shallow lakes could be very different in different ecosystem or based on different parameters.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 132-137 [Abstract] ( 372 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 357KB] ( 1215 )
138 Effects of human-caused disturbance on nitrous oxide flux from Cyperus malaccensis marsh in the Minjiang River estuary
ZHANG Yong-Xun, ZENG Cong-Sheng, HUANG Jia-Fang, WANG Wei-Qi, TONG Chuan
N2O fluxes from the Cyperus malaccensis var. brevifolius marsh were measured using enclosed dark static chamber and float chamber technique during three periods (before flood, in course of flooding and ebbing, and after ebb), and N2O fluxes from the invasive Spartina alterniflora Loisel marsh, C. malaccensis marsh added nutrient and bare marsh treaded by peoples were also determined before flood and after ebb in the intertidal zones Minjiang River estuary. The results showed that N2O fluxes from invasive S. alterniflora marsh and C. malaccensis marsh were 15.37μg/(m2·h) and 18.77μg/(m2·h), respectively, S. alterniflora invasion decreased N2O fluxes from C. malaccensis marsh, and the reduction effect on N2O fluxes from C. malaccensis marsh related closely to tide, and not to seasonal variation. N2O fluxes from C. malaccensis marsh increased after adding nutrient. The average N2O flux was 163.72μg/(m2·h) after adding the nutrient in autumn, and were 227.62μg/(m2·h) and 1178.64μg/(m2·h) in submerged and exposed periods in C. malaccensis marsh at high tide dates in spring, respectively. The peak of N2O emission occurred earlier during tidal inundation period. Average N2O flux was -0.76μg/(m2·h) from bare marsh, which suggested that N2O fluxes from C. malaccensis marsh was decreased by tread, and the reducing range was relevant to seasons and changes of environment factors resulting from flood and ebb.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 138-146 [Abstract] ( 324 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 625KB] ( 1053 )
147 Pollution characteristics and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in river sediments of Shanghai
JIA Ying, FANG Ming, WU You-Jun, LIU Hong, MIAO Yi, WANG Xue-Tong, LIN Wei-Xin, TONG Xiao
In order to understand the pollution characteristics of heavy metals in surface sediments of main rives in Shanghai,the concentrations of 10 heavy metals including Cu, Pb, Ni, Ag, As, Cd, Zn, Sn, Sb and Hg in 60 sediment samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and the potential ecological risks of each heavy metals were evaluated. The total concentrations of 10 metals in the sediment samples ranged from 113.9 mg/kg to 494.0 mg/kg, with the mean concentration of 266.1 mg/kg. The sediments collected from Suzhou River, downstream and upstream of the Huangpu River were more seriously contaminated. The levels of sediment heavy metals followed the order: Zn > Cu> Ni > Pb > As > Sn > Sb> Cd > Hg > Ag. The source of most heavy metals in sediments were similar, and came mainly from industrial wastewater, vehicle pollution, and the use of pesticide and chemical fertilizer. The pollution extent of heavy metals in sediments by geo-accumulation index (Igeo) followed the order: Cd > Hg > Ag > Sb > Cu > Zn > Sn = As > Ni > Pb. The pollution extent of Cd and Hg were at class 3 (moderately to heavily polluted) and 4 (heavily polluted) at most sampling sites. The potential ecological risk of 7 heavy metals in sediments by the potential ecological risk factors (Eri) were in the following order: Cd > Hg > As > Cu > Ni > Pb > Zn, Cd and Hg contributed the most to the total potential ecological risk, accounting for 65.7% and 30.6%, respectively. The potential ecological risk indexes (RI) of 7 heavy metals at all sampling sites were between 563.0 and 1431, and posed very high potential ecological risk for rivers of Shanghai.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 147-153 [Abstract] ( 446 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 738KB] ( 2475 )
154 Kinetic study on the bioconcentration of cadmium and copper by large-sized seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis.
WANG Zeng-Huan, LIN Qin, LI Liu-Dong, WANG Xu-Nuo
The large-sized seaweeds are important renewable resources, which can be developed to delicious food and industrial materials. They were used to deal with sewage due to its accumulation of heavy metal. The living seaweeds are sensitive to light and temperature, and its growth was inhibited because of the toxicity of heavy metal. Gracilaria lemaneiformis is large-sized seaweed, which was suit for large-scale cultivation offshore. The uptake and clearance of copper and cadmium by Gracilaria lemaneiformis were investigated using artificial cultivated living Gracilaria lemaneiformis coupled with the low copper and cadmium concentrations in this paper. In order to test the practicability of two-compartment model adapted for accumulation of heavy metal by large-sized seaweeds, the experiment results were analyzed with nonlinear curve fitting. The results showed that the accumulation of heavy metal by Gracilaria lemaneiformis was accordance with two-compartment model, the uptake rate constant (Ku) and clearance rate constant (Kc) were also obtained. The Gracilaria lemaneiformis can accumulate copper and cadmium from waters, the contents of copper and cadmium accumulated in Gracilaria lemaneiformis were increased along with the concentrations of copper and cadmium in waters, and increased with the exposed time. Meanwhile, Gracilaria lemaneiformis can eliminate cadmium and copper strongly, because Gracilaria lemaneiformis accumulate mainly cadmium and copper from water by bio-absorption, which is a two-way process. Gracilaria lemaneiformis can also accumulate cadmium and copper by active transport, and those elements were combined to make into organic metals. The uptake rate constant of copper and cadmium accumulated by Gracilaria lemaneiformis was from 15.4 to 51.1, from 13.9 to 55.7, respectively. The clearance rate constant was from 0.023 to 0.070, from 0.030 to 0.050, respectively. The uptake rate constants decreased with exposure concentrations, while the clearance rate constants were no obviously related exposure concentrations. The bioaccumulation factor of copper and cadmium accumulated by Gracilaria lemaneiformis was from 663 to 1008, from 463 to 1113, respectively; and the biological half-life was 23.1 d, 20.1 d, respectively.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 154-160 [Abstract] ( 348 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 665KB] ( 1213 )
161 Evaluation and detection of genotoxicity in main estuaries of Bohai Rim by comet assay.
LUO Hao, LIANG Bin, MA Ming-Hui, ZHANG Zhen-Dong, ZHANG Zhi-Feng
This paper reports an approach to detect genotoxicity of characteristic pollutants using Comet Assay in the Bohai estuaries. Gobies, a tested organism were temporary reared in estuary and exposed to toxicant 48h. Collecting the Gobies’ peripheral blood cells is to detect its tail moment (TM), which is an indicator of DNA damage condition. And thus assess the risk of estuary genotoxicity. The simple, fast and high-sensitive method allows analyzing the damage condition by using Comet Assay quantitatively and indicates the characteristic pollutants of estuary may cause DNA damage of Gobies’ peripheral blood cell. Thus, the base-on-lab method of detecting estuary pollutants by Comet Assay is feasible and innovative.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 161-165 [Abstract] ( 385 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 641KB] ( 1415 )
166 Health benefit evaluation for PM2.5 pollution control in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China
HUANG De-Sheng, ZHANG Shi-Qiu
Based on the Meta analysis results of the epidemiological studies, we evaluated the health benefit of achieving PM2.5 air quality standard in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and made comparative analysis among cities in the region, combining the environmental health risk assessment and environmental valuation. The results show that the total health benefit is approximately 61.2~256 billion RMB per year (the mean value is 172.9 billion RMB per year), accounting for 1.66%~6.94% (4.68% in mean value) of the GDP of this region in 2009. Therein Hebei province gains the greatest benefit, further, the big cities like Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang can achieve the most significant health improvement and economic benefit. The results provide scientific benchmark for cost benefit analysis of implementing PM2.5 air quality standard, as well as important information for decision making on regional joint prevention and control of air pollution and on regional environmental management and corporation.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 166-174 [Abstract] ( 647 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 478KB] ( 2145 )
175 Relationship between air pollutant and respiratory diseases hospitalization in Lanzhou
TAO Yan, YANG De-Rong, LAN Lan, WANG Hong-Xin, WANG Shi-Gong
To quantitatively analyze the effect of air pollution on hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in Lanzhou. A semi-parametric generalized additive model (GAM) was used to analyze the exposure-effect relationship between air pollution and daily respiratory hospital visits from 2007 to 2009 in Lanzhou after controlling long time trend, the “day of week” effect and confounding factors of meteorology. At the same time, the model was established based on the sex and age groups. The three kinds of air pollutants all had certain lag effect in which PM10 lagged in 2 or 5 days, SO2 lagged in 3 days and NO2 lagged in 0 or 3 days. The relative risks of PM10, SO2, NO2 were 1.015, 1.049 and 1.040 for all hospital visits, respectively. The population with the age less than 15-year-old is the most sensitive to air pollution in Lanzhou ,followed by the population with the age more than 65-year-old. The influence of air pollution on the male is more obvious than the female.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 175-180 [Abstract] ( 405 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 366KB] ( 2212 )
181 Assessment on non-carcinogenic health risk of microcytins in the water environment of Chongqing
YANG Xiao-Hong, PU Chao-Wen, ZHANG Ren-Ping, ZHAO Qing, XU Chuan, LI Yan, FENG Lei, SHU Wei-Qun
To assess the non-carcinogenic risk on microcytins for human health in two reservoirs,Chongqing,we adopted the method of USEPA to assess the annual risk of human exposed to microcytins by drinking contaminated water and consuming aquatic products in reservoir A and reservoir B.The results showed the annual non-carcinogenic risk by drinking water of reservoir A rangs from 0.001×10-6 to 0.004×10-6 a-1,while reservoir B rangs from 0.002×10-6 to 0.046×10-6 a-1. By consuming aquatic products, the non-carcinogenic risk of reservoir A rangs from 0.083×10-6 to 0.262×10-6 a-1,and reservoir B rangs from 0.116×10-6 to 0.747×10-6 a-1.The maximal total annual non-carcinogenic risk by drinking contaminated water and consuming aquatic products of reservoir A is 0.266×10-6 a-1,while the reservoir B is 0.793×10-6 a-1.The annual non-carcinogenic risk by consuming aquatic products is higher than drinking water, and silver carp has the highest risk on human health;The total annual non-carcinogenic risk of reservoir B is approaching to the maximum acceptable risk level of 1.0×10-6 a-1.More attentions should be paid to monitor microcystins of reservoir B preferentially,and avoid to consume the aquatic products of contaminated reservoirs, especially silver carp.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 181-185 [Abstract] ( 373 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 364KB] ( 1346 )
186 A framework analysis on national environmental risk management system for China
WANG Jin-南, CAO Guo-Zhi, CAO Dong, YU Fang, BI Jun
Aiming to address the problems and difficulties in the existing environmental risk management system of China, the concept of national environmental risk management system was discussed firstly, and then the experiences of the USA and Europe in their environmental risk prevention and control were summarized. Based on that, the "four-dimension in one" system for environmental risk management at national level as well as its supporting institutional framework was proposed. Lastly, the urgent tasks in environmental risk prevention and control for policy-makers of China to consider and act upon were listed.
2013 Vol. 33 (1): 186-191 [Abstract] ( 410 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 354KB] ( 3394 )
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2013 Vol. 33 (1): 192- [Abstract] ( 295 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 99KB] ( 1392 )
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