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  Current Issue
 
2013 Vol.33 Issue.3,Published 2013-03-20
385 Characteristics of non-volatile and semi-volatile particulate matters in PM2.5 in Shanghai during winter and spring.
WANG Dong-Fang
The tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) instruments are widely used to measure the concentration of PM2.5 in China. It is found that only non-volatile particulate matters can be measured by TEOM method, while the semi-volatile particulate matters are lost by increased sampling temperature at 50℃. Thus, the PM2.5 concentrations are undermeasured. Currently, a new method of combining TEOM with FDMS (Filter Dynamic Measurement System) was developed and applied to measure both the non-volatile and the semi-volatile particulate matters in PM2.5. In this paper, the non-volatile and semi-volatile fractions in PM2.5 were measured in the suburban aera of Shanghai from Dec. 2011 to Apr. 2012. The results showed that the semi-volatile fraction accounted for 18.91% in PM2.5. NH4NO3 is an overwhelming component in the semi-volatile fraction in mega cities, therefore, additional compensation of PM2.5 measurement must be concerned in this regime. Based on the well linear correlation between compensated PM2.5 concentration and uncompensated PM2.5 concentration, the compensated concentration of PM2.5 could be calculated by the measured uncompensated PM2.5.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 385-391 [Abstract] ( 256 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 482KB] ( 998 )
392 Chemical composition, formation mechanism and optical properties of atmospheric fine particles during the World Car Free Day in Hangzhou
XU Chang, SHEN Jian-Dong, HE Xi, YANG Le, YE Xian-Man, HONG Sheng-Mao, JIAO Li
Chemical components in PM2.5 and related optical parameters together with gaseous pollutants were simultaneously monitored during the World Car Free Day in Hangzhou to evaluate the influence of vehicle emissions on fine particle pollution and visibility. Concentrations of NO2, NOx, CO and PM2.5 were 45.0, 50.8, 1119 and 85.8μg/m3 during control period with decrease of 17.5%, 23.3%, 20.6% and 32.6%, respectively, compared with the non-control period. Concentrations of OC, EC and secondary inorganic ions in PM2.5 were 8.58, 4.29 and 25.95μg/m3 during control period, with corresponding decrease of 17.5%, 23.3%, 20.6% and 32.6%, respectively. While the species above increased to 20.24, 10.85 and 27.39μg/m3 after the lifting of control measures, which increased by 136.0%, 152.7% and 5.5%, respectively. Higher NO3-/PM2.5 and NOR ratios were observed during the control period, indicating PM2.5 was more dominated by secondary inorganic transformation. While the contribution of OC and EC to PM2.5 gradually dominated after control with the lower NOR (0.07), suggesting that PM2.5 was mainly derived from carbonaceous aerosol emitted via vehicle emissions. Sulfates, nitrates, organic aerosol, and EC were the major extinction components and they could explain approximately 74.0%~89.7% of total extinction coefficient. The total extinction coefficient increased 60.5% to an extreme value of 438.7Mm-1 after the control period with 26.6% and 24.6% of the light extinction attributed to organic aerosol and EC, respectively. This study highlighted that vehicle emissions had a significant influence on fine particle pollution and visibility impairment in Hangzhou.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 392-401 [Abstract] ( 270 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 576KB] ( 933 )
402 Research on the method of retrieving aerosol single scattering albedo by using the ultra-violet and visible radiation
XIA Dong, TAN Hao-Bo, DENG Xue-Jiao, WAN Qi-Lin, YAN Jun-Yi, MO Wei-Qiang
The aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA) retrieved by using a ultra-violet and visible radiation transfer model (TUV) as applied to the data of broadband ultra-violet radiometer was presented in this paper. The sensitivity analysis showed that UVA was sensitive to SSA. The error of the retrieving method was mainly related to aerosol optical depth and Angstrom exponent, on the other hand, the effects of surface albedo and other factors could be neglected. The retrieved SSA in the Pearl River Delta region was about 0.84~0.99, with an average of 0.92, and agreed well with the previous studies.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 402-408 [Abstract] ( 300 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 564KB] ( 1174 )
409 Characteristics of mercury flux between soil and air under the meteorological condition of durative precipitation
ZHANG Gang, WANG Ning, AI Jian-Chao, WANG Zhan-Hua, WANG Yi, XU De-Xuan
At the Jiapigou gold mine of the Songhua River upstream from April 22~25, 2012, the combination technique of the dynamic flux chamber, DFC and the LUMEX Zeeman RA915+ had been used to measure mercury exchange flux between soil and air under the control of durative precipitation. Moreover, the air mercury concentrations in the range of near-surface vertical direction 0~150 cm, solar irradiation intensity, air temperature and humidity had been determined synchronously. Furthermore, the relationships among mercury exchange flux and meteorology factors under the control of precipitation had been analyzed to research the features and its influencing factors in the natural conditions. The results show that under the control of durative precipitation, mercury exchange flux between the earth surface and air showed the features of the process of deposit and release continuous interleave appeared, it is obviously different from day type mercury flux's single summit structure under a fair weather condition. In precipitation intermission, mercury exchange flux between soil and air at slope farmland sampling site were (-2.08±6.11), (-6.16±33.57), (-3.20±8.64) and (5.06±18.80)ng/(m2·h); on the floodplain of valley bottom sample site were (-5.21±6.42), (3.87±28.12), (-11.87±14.10) and (-9.44±12.23) ng/(m2·h).In the range of partly narrow region, the difference of terrain conditions affected energy budget of different earth's surface and near-surface air system, and made near-surface air mercury concentrations andmeteorology factors changed, then affected mercury flux's process and level. Under the durative precipitation, mercury flux between earth's surface and air had obviously positive linear relation with solar irradiation intensity and air humidity, and it doesn't had obviously linear relation with air mercury concentrations and air temperature.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 409-415 [Abstract] ( 223 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 467KB] ( 682 )
416 Characterization of industrial odor sources
HAN Bo, WU Jian-Hui, WANG Feng-Wei, ZUO Ming, FENG Yin-Chang
It is difficult to describe the features of odor pollution, due to its complexity and human’s subjective feeling. The research based on instrumental analysis combined with olfactory measurement, can provide comprehensive characterization of odor pollution. According to USEPA TO14A and GB/T 14675-93 method, samples were collected from six industrial odor sources including pharmacy, painting, oil refinery, petrochemical, resin synthesis and rubber manufacturing, and then were analyzed for odorous VOCs and odor concentration. The odor characterization of these six sources was studied using olfactory odor concentration, odor index and PCA methods. According to the results, oil refinery and rubber manufacturing sources had serious olfactory stimulation. Sulfur compounds, take methyl mercaptan for example, were the major odorous compounds of oil refinery source and rubber manufacturing source. Styrene and toluene were the major odorous compounds of resin synthesis source and painting source, respectively. In addition, toluene was the marker of painting source and pharmacy source. The markers of resin synthesis source and petrochemical source were styrene and m,p-xylene respectively. Carbon disulfide could be used to mark rubber manufacturing source. Trichloroethylene, chloroethane and 1,2-dibromoethane were the markers of oil refinery source.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 416-422 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 426KB] ( 1335 )
423 Effects of algogenic organic matter on naproxen removal by NF membrane
FENG Gui-Zhen, DONG Bing-Zhi
Eeffects of two kinds algae (Anabaena, Cyclotella) AOM on naproxen (NPX) removal by HL nanofiltration membrane were investigated. In the presence of AOM, NPX removal by NF increased from 63% with only NPX to 64.7% with Cyclotella and 72.7% with Anabaena, and severe fouling occurred with flux decreasing from 99.7% with only NPX to 89.6% with Cyclotella and 86.3% with Anabaena. It was found that medium molecular weight (MW) 1.5~5kDa with two AOM play a significant role in enhancing NPX removal and resulting fouling.They composed mainly of hydrophobic organics, and could adhere closely to NF membrane, forming cake layeron the surface of NF membrane, thus enhanced hydrophobicity of membrane. The hydrophobicity of cake layer was responsible for flux decline and increased NPX removal. The experiment exhibited also that AOM of Anabaena containedmore hydrophobity in 1.5~5.0k Da of MW than that of Cyclotella, thus resulted more severe fouling and higher NPX removal.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 423-429 [Abstract] ( 203 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1135KB] ( 774 )
430 Influencing factors for PAEs removal by high energy radiation in drinking water
ZHAO Yong-Fu, ZHENG Zheng, WANG Chang-Bao, LI Li-Li, YE Qing-Fu
To achieve higher energy efficiency of radiation, the main factors affecting phthalic acid esters (PAEs) removal were studied in this paper. The experimental results showed that the removal efficiency of irradiation (GD )were positively correlated with DMP initial concentration , but decreased with the increase of dose; the energy utilization rate of gamma irradiation was higher compared to that of EB irradiation; the efficiency of DMP irradiation degradation in different atmosphere followed a decreasing order: O2>saturated air> N2. Solution pH presented an important influence in DMP removals during irradiation, the highest DMP degradation reaction constants was achieved at pH value of 5~10. It is observed that the anionic radical scavengers in water had an adverse influence on DMP irradiation degradation. In addition, the irradiation removal efficiencies of different types of PAEs were carried out, which fitted a following order: DMP>DEP> DBP;In short, it is feasible for PAEs removal by high energy radiation in water.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 430-435 [Abstract] ( 185 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 393KB] ( 585 )
436 Recovering biological nitrogen removal in pilot-scale variable-velocity oxidation ditch under low concentration
YANG Ya-Hong, PENG Dang-Cong, LI Lei, ZHENG Yang-Guang, ZHANG Xin-Yan, PEI Li-Ying
Activated sludge bulking, mainly caused by filamentous bacteria-Microthrix Parvicella, was one of the most important reasons in activated sludge process under low temperature. This study was aimed at resolving the problem of sludge bulking and low nitrification ability caused by low temperature, low DO and low influent loading in a variable-velocity oxidation ditch pilot with fine bubble. Experiments results showed that taking the whole DO tank as aerobic zone was benefit for improving nitrifying bacteria content and meeting effluent NH4+-N concentration below 5 mg/L. And then A: O ratios of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.1, 1.8 were gradually increased the quantity of nitrifying bacteria quickly in accordance with above the standard of effluent NH4+-N. Also identifying filamentous bacteria showed that dominant microorganism was M. Parvicella with hydrophobicity. Flocs with mass M. Parvicella was floated due to denitrifying nitrogen and formed foaming on the surface of selector and OD. After the foaming was ripped off in order to decrease the quantity of M. Parvicella, nitrifying as increasing the quantity of nitrifying bacteria was improved. The further analysis of nitrification and denitrification performance under different activated sludge contents of M. parvicella showed that M. parvicella was benificial to denitrifying and adverse to nitrifying.It also showed that M. parvicella the maijor reason of impacting nitrifying, denitrifying and sludge settleability except for DO concentration, water temperature and influent load.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 436-442 [Abstract] ( 206 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 875KB] ( 660 )
443 Preparation of zeolite and zero valent iron composite for cleanup of hexavalent contamination in water
NIE Ning, DING Yuan-Zhao, LI Xi-Qing
This study attempts to find better ways to remediate chromium contamination in groundwater and the associated public health hazard. Permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is the most widely used technology to remediate groundwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium. Zero valent iron and zeolite are the two reactive materials most commonly used in PRBs. Zero valent iron reduces hexavalent chromium into trivalent chromium but the cost to deploy zeron valent iron PRB is high. The cost of zeolite is relative low. However, hexavalent adsorbed by zeolite may be desorbed after long time operation. The objective of this study was to develop a composite material that combines both zero valent iron and zeolite to avoid the disadvantages of the two materials. The study involved three steps: 1) to select a zeolite with the best sorption efficiency; 2) to determine the optimal concentration of the surfactant to modify zeolite; 3) to identify the optimal process to prepare a composite material using zeolite and zero valent iron. Mixing clinoptilolite, CTAB-Br, zero-valent iron, clinoptilolite powder and ultrapure water at certain proportion and then heating the mixture to 90℃ was found to be the optimal procedure. The resultant composite material had the advantages of high reactivity, easy to pack, and low cost. Thus, it was suitable for PRB application to remediate groundwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 443-447 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1315KB] ( 1021 )
448 Numerical analysis of the the changes of porous media during soil vapor extraction
FAN Wei, ZHANG Guang-Xin, LU Ying, YANG Yue-Suo, DONG Li-Qin
Numerical method was developed to study the change of porous media caused by physical air perturbation during soil vapor extraction (SVE). This method incorporates a water-air two phase flow model to estimate dynamics of the saturation, the relative permeability and capillary pressure during SVE, and varations of porosity is interacted based on its relationship with the saturation in the two phase flow model. Then an application of this method is shown for a field SVE case. The results reveal that the influence radius of a single SVE well were up to 8.5m and 9m at the extraction pressure of 0.9′105 Pa and 0.7′105 Pa respectively. That indicates influence radius is proportional to the extraction vacuum for a specified site. Both the porosity and permeability increased abruptly after SVE beginning and a steady state was then gradually achieved, whilst the increases induced in vadose zone weakens with distance and the time need to reach a peak delayed with increasing distance from the SVE screen. In this case, at P1 and P4 reached the maximum of 0.0387 in 40 min and 0.0031 in 60 min respectively, whilst the permeability at P1 and P4 increased from 1.18′10-11 m2 to 2.22×10-11 m2 and 1.25×10-11 m2 correspondingly in such simulation scenario with the extraction pressure of 0.7E5Pa and parameter =0.8. In addition, changes of porosity and permeability were suggested to be proportional to value and extraction vacuum. The maximum were up to 0.009 (at =0.1) and 0.055 (at =0.8) under the same extraction pressure of 0.9′105 Pa, while it was up to 0.066 under the scenario with the extraction pressure of 0.7′105 Pa and =0.8.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 448-454 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 937KB] ( 672 )
455 Soil pollution characteristics of hexachlorobenzene in Gansu Province and its neighboring regio
GUO Qiang, TIAN Hui, WU You-Fang, MAO Xiao-Xuan, DING Zhong-Yuan, MA Zi-Long, HUANG Tao, WU Jun-Nian, MA Jian-Min, GAO Hong
Hexachlorobenzen(HCB) samples in topsoil were collected at unban, rural and background sites across Gansu Province and its neighboring provinces in March 2011. 32 soil samples collected from this field campaign were analyzed using GC-MSD. The detection ratio of HCB in all samples was as high as 96.9%, and the concentration ranged from n.d. to 11.7ng/g, with a mean value of 1.21ng/g. Measured HCB levels in the soil samples were the highest at unban sites, followed by rural and background sites. It was found that the topsoil HCB contamination in soils in most areas was caused primarily by long-distance atmospheric transport from its sources and subsequent desorption. The major sources contributing to HCB soil contamination could be traced back to these agricultural regions in Qingyang, Zhangye and Jinchang, as well as industrial and urban areas in Qingyang, Xining(Qinghai province), and Lanzhou, respectively. Results also show that the soil organic matter contents were significantly correlated with HCB soil concentrations. Overall the monitored soil contamination levels indicated that the ecological risk of HCB was relatively low at most sampling sites, except for Qingyang and Xining.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 455-460 [Abstract] ( 250 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 472KB] ( 794 )
461 Chelate-induced uptake and accumulation of Cd in soil by poplar (Populus bolleana Lauche)
LUO Huan-Zhang, 南Zhong-Ren , HU Ya-Hu, JIN Cheng, WANG Ning
In order to investigate the uptake and accumulating characteristics of Cd by poplar (Populus bolleana Lauche) in response to the addition of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)- N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and citric acid (CA) at levels of 1, 3 and 9 mmol/kg, respectively, a pot experiment was designed and performed. Results showed that water-extractable Cd concentration in soils added with chelating agents was 4.27~249.12 times higher than the control, while no significant reduction in aboveground biomass was observed in response to the addition of chelating agents compared with the control. The addition of chelating agents significantly increased the concentration and amount of Cd in poplar leaves, the values which were 1.05~2.90 and 1.42~2.77 times higher than the control, respectively. In general, chelating agents effectively mobilized Cd in the soil and promoted the translocation of Cd from roots to shoots as EGTA>EDTA>CA.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 461-465 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 337KB] ( 726 )
466 Carbon management index as an indicator for changes in soil organic carbon pool under conversion from cropland to forestland
TONG Xiao-Gang, HAN Xin-Hui, YANG Gai-He, FENG Yong-Zhong, REN Guang-Xin, LIANG Ai-Hua, KANG Di
Soil organic carbon pool and its indicative indices including carbon management index (CMI), ratio of labile organic carbon (LOC) to total organic carbon (TOC), and non-labile organic carbon (A) were investigated for three typical kinds of forestlands: Caragana, Buckthorn, and Robinia, which have been converted from cropland for 10 to 40 years in Loess Hilly Area. Our objective was to determine the indicative capacity of CMI for changes in soil organic carbon. In general, the contents of TOC and LOC at 0~100 cm soil depth increased significantly. At 0~40 cm soil depth, soil organic carbon increased 10 years after conversion from cropland to forestland, while at 40~100 cm soil depth it began to show increases 20 years after conversion. Among the carbon indices, LOC/TOC (0.35~0.75) and A (0.25~0.42) did not increase with the increasing carbon pool during long-term conversion in the three kinds of forestlands indicating that they only reflected the active extent of soil carbon pool. In contrast, CMI showed increasing trends with soil carbon pool and its labile fraction, with greater increases for shallower soil (0~40 cm) and lower increases for deeper soil (40~100 cm), as confirmed by a positive linear correlation between CMI and content of carbon pool. Moreover, after 40 years of farmlands being converted to forestlands, CMI was significantly different among forestlands with an order: Robinia > Buckthorn > Caragana, which was the same sequences of TOC and LOC in the three forestland soils. Thus, CMI could be a better quantitative and qualitative indicator for the changes in soil organic carbon pool under conversion from cropland to forestland.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 466-473 [Abstract] ( 182 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 537KB] ( 598 )
474 Heavy metals removal from sewage sludge and dewaterability improvement by bioleaching
SHI Chao-Hong, ZHU Neng-Wu, WU Ping-Xiao, LI Ping, WU Jin-Hua
Three kinds of mixed culture of acidophilic bacteria were enriched and prepared from natural acid mine drainage and used in bioleaching experiments. The heavy metals (Cu, Zn and Cd) removal from sewage sludge and the improvement of sewage sludge dewaterability in bioleaching processes were investigated. The results showed that all the three prepared mixed culture of acidophilic bacteria could efficiently remove heavy metals from sewage sludge (P<0.01). After 12 days of bioleaching, 82.0% of copper and 82.9% of Cd could be removed by the mixed culture of acidophilic bacteria enriched by modified Starkey medium, and 87.5% of zinc could be leached out when inoculating the mixed culture of acidophilic bacteria enriched by 9K medium. Meanwhile, the bioleaching processes could also significantly enhance sewage sludge dewaterability (P<0.01). The centrifugal dehydration efficiency of sewage sludge rose from 73.1% up to 90.0% after 12 days of bioleaching. The microscope observation and energy spectrum analysis demonstrated that the dewaterability improvement of sewage sludge was attributable to the changes of particle structure from flocculent to obvious granular and the formation of the secondary minerals mainly consisting of iron, oxygen and sulfur elements in the bioleaching processes.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 474-479 [Abstract] ( 259 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 885KB] ( 902 )
480 Studies on technology of the electroplating sludge hydrothermal utilization
XIA Qian-Yong, SHEN Zhe-Min, WANG Wen-Chang, TAN Ya-Qin, WEN Yu-Juan
Continuous hydrothermal equipment was applied to dispose sludge and to separate heavy metals. Effect of the hydrothermal conditions parameters on sludge hydrothermal crack was investigated. It is shown by results that 100g electroplating sludge could be reduced to the general solid waste standards by adding 150mL 20% sulfuric acid under 250℃, 7MPa in 8 minutes. Studies of heavy metal separation and purification proved that 98.1% copper could be recovered by adding 1.25 times the theoretical amount of copper precipitator under pH 2.0, 80℃. More than 94% zinc could be extracted within 4 minutes equilibrium by 30% organic phase in the process of zinc extraction, O/A=2. Furthermore, 92% of chromium and 94% of nickel could be successfully recovered by the addition of 0.50 times the theoretical amount of calcium carbonate.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 480-485 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 371KB] ( 702 )
486 The molding and drying characteristics of sludge-coal combined fuel
ZHANG Hui, HU Qin-Hai, TENG Wei, LIU Miao, LI Xia
Sludge-coal combined fuel was produced through moulding-drying process in order to use sludge as fuel. The influence of initial water content, amount of addition of sewage sludge and moulding pressure on characteristics of combined fuel, and drying characteristics at different temperatures was studied. The results showed that, the optimization process conditions were: sludge initial moisture content 60%~70%, and 70%~80% of solid content in moulded sludge-coal. The drop shatter had been less influenced by moulding pressure at range of 10~30MPa. Combined fuel prepared from sludge had good strength of drop shatter, which was the same as commercial briquette level. Compared with sewage sludge, the moulded sludge-coal could be dried more easily and quickly at temperature of room or lower than 100℃. Thus, the rapid dehydration of sewage sludge as well as the use as a potential energy was achieved.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 486-490 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 320KB] ( 583 )
491 The discussion of the early forecasting of cyanobacteria bloom in the Lake Taihu based on ELCOM-CAEDYM model
WANG Chang-You, YU Yang, SUN Yun-Kun, LI Hong-Li, KONG Fan-Xiang, ZHANG Min, SHI Xiao-Li, YANG Zhen
An ecological dynamic model for cyanobacteria bloom in Taihu Lake was structwed based on the theory of "four phases of cyanobacteria bloom development" and the coupling model of ELCOM - CAEDYM developed by Centre for Water Research, University of Western Australia. The cyanobacteria bloom development was modeled and the possibility for early forecast of cyanobacteria bloom in Taihu Lake was discussed. The model outputs met well with the cyanobacteria biomass in a large temporal scale covering the phases of anabiosis, growth and upfloat. The differences between modeled data and field-determined (or surveyed) ones varied in the range 1.0%~70.4% with a mean of 28.0%. The differences between modeled data and the inferred ones from MODIS satellite imagery varied in the range 3.8%~83.9% with a mean of 40.5%. However, the model outputs weakly reflected the cyanobacteria biomass in the phase of overwintering, the differences ranged from 3.0% to 143.6% with a mean of 40.1% between modeling data and the field-determined ones, and from 9.7% to 118.4% with a mean of 48.8% between the modeled data and the inferred ones from MODIS satellite imagery. The simulation of cyanobacteria overwintering need to be improved to better serve the early forecast of cyanobacteria bloom.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 491-502 [Abstract] ( 285 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1228KB] ( 794 )
503 Assessing ecological health of open water region from Bostenhu Lake during last 20 years
BA Ya-尔, GUO Jia-Sheng, LU Shao-Yong, XU Qiu-Jin, HU Xiao-Zhen
In order to provide basic insistence for the protection of Bostenhu Lake, it is necessary to know the status of ecological health of this lake. From the investigation of water quality in the Open Water Region of Bostenhu Lake, several different indices of ecological health were selected and a synthetic assessment model based on entropy weight was established. Water quality data of Bosten Lake in 1991 was selected as background values. The health of the Open Water Region of Bostenhu Lake during recent 20 years was assessed by the model and the ecological health comprehensive index (EHCI). The results showed that the water health states in 1997, 1998 and 2005 were better than the other years. In contrast, the states in 1992, 1993, 2003 and 2008 were worse.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 503-507 [Abstract] ( 245 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 373KB] ( 694 )
508 Numerical simulation of algae space-time distribution of Yuqiao Reservoir
LI Bo, SUN Dong-Mei, FENG Ping, LI Fa-Wen
Yuqiao Reservior is the source water for the water supply of Tiajin City. It’s therefore very important to study the spatial and temporal pattern of algae in order to improve the water quality against algae bloom. This paper introduced a comprehensive alage growth coefficient, which could reflect the influences of multiple complex non-linear factors regarding algae growth and could be used for characterizing the growth trend. The comprehensive coefficient, as the variables, was integrated into the convection-diffusion equation of a dynamic migration model to achieve the coupling of growth model and dynamic migration model. The new model can obtain the results, which took into account both the effects of algae growth and transportation in water. The results of the spatial and temporal distribution of algae by using this model could clearly show the high concentration period and easily enriched region. The accuracy of predication was acceptable. The results indicate that the model could be used for predicting algae growth, enrichment and migration. It can provide scientific evidence for preventing algae bloom and taking timely responding measures.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 508-515 [Abstract] ( 242 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 901KB] ( 724 )
516 River risk assessment based on ecosystem level
ZHAO Zhong-Nan, ZHANG Tian-Zhu
The current methods of ecological risk assessment (ERA) are difficult to be applied on ecosystem level, since they mainly focus on specific materials or species. An ecosystem-based river ERA method was developed depending on the concepts of system ecology and complex system theory. Distinguishingly, the method selected “Ecosystem Services” as assessment endpoints, and quantified “Pressure-Response” relationship between external stress on ecosystem and Ecosystem Services. Yellow River in China was chose as a case study. The results suggest that the most risky area of Yellow River ecosystem were middle and lower reaches; the main risk sources were urban and agriculture; and the most dangerous targets were habitats and biota. By its application in Yellow River, this method was showed to strongly support ecosystem-based river management.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 516-523 [Abstract] ( 212 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 490KB] ( 714 )
524 Changes in the photosynthetic activity of Microcystis colonies after gut passage through omnivorous fish
WANG Yin-Ping, ZHAO Yong, ZENG Qing-Fei, SUN Ming-Bo
The photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria (predominantly Microcystis spp.) after pass through the digestive tract of Crucian Carp and Gold Crucian Carp was determined by PAM fluorimeter(Dual-PAM-100) so as to argue if ingestion of cyanobacterial biomass by Crucian Carp and Gold Crucian Carp could be considered as one of the biological methods for the water bloom formation control. The results showed that fish digestion had a significantly effect (P<0.05) on the photosynthetic activity and growth of microcystis. The photosynthetic activity, Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm, ETR and qP, of phytoplankton from Crucian Carp guts after the fifth day and ΦPSII from the third day became significantly higher than that of phytoplankton from Gold Crucian Carp, while NPQ decreased during the incubation. The Fluorescence parameters, Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, ETR and qP, form goldfish passage, decreased sharply during the incubation. The Chlorophyll-a concentration and cell density of Microcystis from Crucian Carp gut passage decreased at the beginning, then increased, and finally restored to the level of the control. Moreover, Chlorophyll-a concentration had an extremely significant (P<0.01) positive correlation with the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters respectively. However, the Chlorophyll-a concentration and cell density of Microcystis from Gold Crucian Carp gut passage had a extremely significant (P<0.01) positive correlation with the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, kept declining during the culture period and much lower than that of control, Finally, the Chlorophyll fluorescence and growth of Microcystis after Crucian Carp digestion droped at the beginning, and then restored gradually. But for Gold Crucian Carp, gut passage significantly damaged the photosynthetic activity of Microcystis. Since the Gold Crucian Carp was usually stocked as ornamental fishes, it isn’t suitable to be considered as cyanobacteria bloom control.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 524-529 [Abstract] ( 195 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 556KB] ( 646 )
530 Toxic effects of toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene on Neocaridina denticulata sinensis
LI Xue-Feng, ZHOU Qi-Xing, LUO Yi
Single and joint toxicity of toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene on Neocaridina denticulata sinensis was examined using the semi-static bioassay. In the single acute toxicity experiments, the 96h LC50 value of TEX was 13.8, 10.4, 11.3 mg/L, respectively, and the sequence of toxicity was in order of ethylbenzene>xylene>toluene. On the basis of the equal toxicity solution method (ETS), the binary action of binary of toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene in different toxic unit ratios (4:1, 3:2, 2:3, 1:4) on Neocaridina denticulata sinensis was analyzed. The results showed that the joint action between toluene and ethylbenzene, ethylbenzene and xylene, and toluene and xylene was strictly in conformity with the model of additivity. On the basis of the toxic unit method (TU) and the mixture toxicity index method (MTI), the ternary action of toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene by two different ways of combination (in toxic unit ratio 1:1:1 and in concentration ratio 1:1:1) on Neocaridina denticulata sinensis weas evaluated. The 96h LC50 value of the ternary mixtures was 11.6 and 10.7 mg/L, respectively, which was quite similar to the results in the single action so that could be also regarded as the medium toxicity toxicant. Besides, the results demonstrated that the joint action was considered as partial addition after a 48-h exposure and synergism after a 96-h exposure. Thus, the joint toxicity of the ternary mixtures turned out to be related to the exposure time, from partial addition to synergism. However, synergism observed was not significant, which meant that the joint action was close to additivity. In conclusion, the joint action of the binary and ternary mixtures of toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene on Neocaridina denticulata sinensis can be mainly assumed to be additive action. Therefore, when establishing the water quality guideline or criteria, controlling water pollution, and assessing aquatic ecosystem risk of toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene in the future, the additive action can be safely recommended.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 530-537 [Abstract] ( 348 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 455KB] ( 856 )
538 Multigenerational chronic effects of pharmaceuticals on Daphnia magna at environmentally relevant concentrations
YANG Xiao-Fan, LU Guang-Hua, LIU Jian-Chao, YAN Zhen-Hua
Chronic toxicity over six consecutive generations of sulfamethoxazole, ofloxacin and ibuprofen were bioassayed on the cladoceran D. magna at environment related concentrations. Sulfamethoxazole did not exhibit obvious effects on endpoints of reproduction and growth at 0.8,8.0 and 80.0μg/L. Ofloxacin at 200μg/L could cause a significant decrease at the number of first reproduction in F3 (third generation of clone) and F4. For ibuprofen, the age of first reproduction delayed significantly in F3 and F4 and the offspring number decreased obviously in F3, F4 and F5 at 900.0μg/L. Pharmaceutical mixtures did not show obvious effects in M1 treatment (minimum concentration of pharmaceutical mixture), while delayed the age of first reproduction and decreased the number of offspring significantly in subsequent generations in M2 and M3 treatment, respectively. In comparison with single exposure, pharmaceutical mixtures intensified negative effects on the first reproduction time and the first offspring number, and showed generational difference earlier. Ofloxacin at 2.0μg/L and 20.0μg/L level and ibuprofen at 9.0μg/L and 90.0μg/L level did not change life-history of six successive clone generations. Ofloxacin at 200.0μg/L and ibuprofen at 900.0μg/L developed the tolerance or adaption of drug pollution stress at the first several generations in D. magna, while the negative effects occurred with the reproduction time delayed and the offspring number declined in the subsequent generations, which presented concentration dependency and generational difference on D. magna. The results showed that sulfamethoxazole, ibuprofen and ofloxacin (both single and in combination) were at low ecological risk on D. magna at measured environmental concentrations (MEC).
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 538-545 [Abstract] ( 352 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 430KB] ( 1026 )
546 Pollution characteristics and toxicological assessment of PCBs in urban runoff
HAN Jing-Chao, BI Chun-Juan, CHEN Zhen-Lou, 吕Jin-Gang , WANG Xue-Ping, ZHOU Jie-Cheng
Concentrations of fourteen polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in runoff samples were investigated, which collected from the different sites in the city, road in residential area, parking lot, drainage outlet, roof and main transport road. The source of PCBs in urban runoff was explored using multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that the concentrations and detection rate of PCBs varied at different site in a small range. PCBs concentration in roof runoff was higher than that in main transport road,drainage outlet, parking lot and residential area road runoff (mean values were 337.9, 306.3, 240.1, 193.2,172.7ng/L). PCBs in runoff were dominated by penta-CBs, which occupied 31.4%~56.2% of total PCBs. There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of PCBs and SS. Multivariate statistical analyzing demonstrated that high and low chlorinated PCBs in runoff came from different sources. Moreover, values of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD, dioxin) equivalents (TEQs) in drainage outlet, residential area road and parking lot runoff were relatively higher (up to 4.4, 4.1, 4.0 ng/L, respectively), which might be related with the higher concentrations of CB126.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 546-552 [Abstract] ( 240 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 402KB] ( 597 )
553 Consistency analysis between technology plans and reduction target on CO2 emissions from China's power sector in 2020
LIAO Xia-Wei, JI Jun-Ping, MA Xiao-Ming
Based on existing energy saving technology plans in the power sector of China, the CO2 emissions in 2020 was projected to reach 3532,3915 and 4320 million ton respectively in 3 different scenarios, e.g. high-speed development, baseline scenario and low-speed development, provided that all the planning objectives were achieved. According to China’s CO2 intensity reduction commitments, the CO2 emission target in 2020 was expected to reach 9730~12796 million ton in accordance with different GDP growth rate. Combining the above results, consistency between technology plans and reduction target required the emission rate of power sector to be between 33.27% and 36.82%, which means the total carbon emissions of the power sector was able to complete the decomposition of national carbon intensity reduction target provided that all the energy saving technology planning objectives were achieved irrespective of the GDP growth rate.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 553-559 [Abstract] ( 213 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 426KB] ( 852 )
560 Optimization of industrial layout planning based on regional environmental risk assessment
XIE Yuan-Bo, LI Wei, HAO Fang-Hua
Compared with the environmental risk assessment (ERA) for single project, regional ERA is usually featured with limitations, such as information shortage, more risk factors and increased difficulty in synthesizing multiple risks arising from diversified sources. Among the existing methods for ERA, the information diffusion approach (IDA) is capable of addressing the problem of information shortage and fulfilling a synthesis of multiple risks at regional level by building up and running risk information matrices. The risk zoning map, as an output of ERA for regional planning, shall be used for guiding layout planning optimization and risk management. In this paper, IDA was applied in an ERA for regional development planning of the Nansha area of Guangzhou. A four-level classification was made for the synthesized environmental risks brought about by the existing and anticipated risk sources within the area. The result indicates that the planned petrochemical base might increase environmental risk level of the area to a large extent. Thus, it is recommended that the petrochemical base should be either removed out of the planning or relocated to a more environmentally suitable site. This recommendation has been accepted in the final planning of the Nansha area. In order to achieve environmental optimization of regional development and enhance regional environmental risk control, this paper suggests an early incorporation of ERA into the planning process by examining environmental rationality of regional function distribution and industrial layout.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 560-568 [Abstract] ( 219 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1883KB] ( 921 )
569 Regional environmental risk assessment under the scenarios of domino accidents
ZHANG Li, QIAN Yu, CAI Yun
Domino effect was incorporated into environmental risk assessment of a chemical industrial park, and the frequencies of domino accidents were calculated with escalation probability models and Monte Carlo simulation, the consequences of contamination accidents were simulated with atmospheric and water diffusion models, and the regional environmental risk under domino accidents scenarios was further analyzed in geographic information system. The results showed that 67.5% risk sources would spark secondary accidents and each primary accident could spark 9.58 secondary accidents on average, the regional environmental risk under secondary accident scenarios and third accident scenarios were 6.40 times and 12.33 times of the primary accident scenarios respectively. It is verified that the domino effect could expand regional risks obviously and should be controlled as the main risk factor.
2013 Vol. 33 (3): 569-575 [Abstract] ( 214 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 638KB] ( 1132 )
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