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2013 Vol.33 Issue.4,Published 2013-04-20
577 Distribution characteristics of HCHs and DDTs in the atmosphere in winter and summer in the urban and suburban of Fuzhou
BI Jun-Qi, HUANG Xing-Ran, ZHENG Li-Li, GUO Ping-Ping, YI Zhi-Gang
Air samples in urban and suburban in Fuzhou were collected by Hi-vol air sampler in winter and summer in 2010, and concentrations of HCHs and DDTs were analyzed by GC-μECD. The concentrations of ΣHCHs ranged from 28.04 to 413.0 pg/m3. In general, the residue level of HCHs in air in Fuzhou was as follows: urban > suburban, summer > winter, the gaseous phase > the particle phase. Concentrations of HCHs in summer were higher than those in winter in the gaseous phase while the particle phase had the opposite trend. Concentrations of HCHs in the gaseous phase were significantly higher than those in the particle phase in summer, while the concentrations of HCHs in the gaseous phase were almost equal to those in the particle phase in winter. δ-HCH had highest relative content in all samples. The concentrations of ΣDDTs spanned the range of 178.3~897.8 pg/m3. In general the residue level of DDTs was as follows: suburban > urban, winter > summer, the particle phase > the gaseous phase. Concentrations of DDTs in winter were higher than those in summer in the particle phase while the gaseous phase had the opposite trend. DDTs concentrations in the particle phase were significantly higher than those in the gaseous phase in winter, while there were no significant differences between particle and gaseous phases in summer. o,p′-DDT had highest relative content in the gaseous phase while o,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDT in the particle phase. Source analysis indicated that HCHs was not historic pollution in Fuzhou atmosphere, and the use or newly input of lindane might exist. There maybe newly input of DDTs and large amount input of dicofol in Fuzhou.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 577-583 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 418KB] ( 1114 )
584 Analysis of a typical dust event in Shanghai
MA Jing-Hui, ZHANG Guo-Lian, GENG Fu-Hai, MA Lei-Ming, ZHOU Wei-Dong, CHEN Min
A dust event which occurred in Shanghai during May 1~4, 2011 was investigated. The main features of dust transportation as well as formation were preliminary examined using data of atmosphere extinction coefficients and vertical profiles retrieved from the ground-based Micro Pulse LIDAR (MPL_4B), synoptic meteorological factors, aerosol concentrations and satellite remote sensing products. The results show that the dusty day on 1st May was mainly influenced by PM2.5, while the dusty day during May 2~4 was influeced by returning process of dust, in which the PM2.5 concentration decreased compared to that on 1st May. Dust from remote source, vertical wind distribution, and atmospheric stratification change provide favorable conditions for the formation and maintenance of the dust event. Moreover, as to the role of aerosol in atmosphere extinction, the scattering effect was more evident than absorption.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 584-593 [Abstract] ( 317 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 793KB] ( 1383 )
594 Measurement of atmospheric stability index by monitoring radon natural radioactivity
WANG Fen-Juan, ZHANG Hua, Maria Pia Ancora, DENG Xiao-Dong
A method to measure atmospheric stability index (ASI) by monitoring the natural radioactivity of radon and its shot-live decay products with OPSIS SM200 monitor was introduced. The index gives information about the dilution properties of the lower boundary layer and allows to highlight the relevant role of the dilution factor in determining pollution events. The measured ASI data had good agreement with the atmospheric stability classes calculated by Pasquill method. ASI can indicate the diurnal variation and long-term trends of atmospheric stability, as a useful tool to interpret pollution events, especially for primary pollutants. Measurement data taken in Lanzhou in 2007 showed that PM10 trend was consistent with the ASI trend, which indicates that mixing properties of lower boundary layer is the key factor determining primary pollutants’ concentration.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 594-598 [Abstract] ( 285 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 563KB] ( 808 )
599 Analysis of water-soluble constituents in winter of PM2.5 in Taiyuan City
JIA Xiao-Hua, JIE Jing-Fang, MA Xiang, DI Zhi-Dong, WU Yan-Ni
Aimed to understand the property of water-soluble fraction of PM2.5 in Taiyuan City, 56 PM2.5 samples were collected with high volume particulate sampler from December 2011 to January 2012 in Taiyuan city. The PM2.5 concentrations were determined gravimetrically and the water-soluble fraction of TOC and TN were measured using TOC/TN analyzer. The PM2.5 concentrations during heating period in Taiyuan were found higher than these in Beijing, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Nanjing and Xi￠an. The regression analysis showed that PM2.5 concentration was negatively correlated to wind speed (r=-0.4693, α=0.05), positively to humidity (r=0.4092, α=0.05), but without significant relationship to temperature. No prominent pattern was observed in day-night PM2.5 fluctuations during the sampling period. The hydrophilic fraction of TOC accounted for 13.2%~57.7% of total PM2.5, and had significant correlation to NO3- and SO42- ions.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 599-604 [Abstract] ( 336 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 417KB] ( 1580 )
605 Compare of black carbon concentration variation between dongguan and maofengshan
CHEN Hui-Zhong, WU Dui, LIAO Bi-Ting, LI Hai-Yan, LI Fei
A comparison analysis was carried out on black carbon (BC) concentrations in Dongguang at an altitude of 30m and Maofengshan at an altitude of 550 m in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. The annual average concentration of BC was 5.27μg/m3 at Dongguan and 2.43μg/m3 at Maofengshan. Concentrations of BC at both sites were significantly lower than level of 8.42μg/m3 observed in Nancun station in Guangzhou, a site in the heart of the PRD area. The results show that in the rainy season, the diurnal variations at the Dongguang and Maofengshan were different as a result of influence of vertical convection. The heat-induced convection brought BC from ground to higher altitudes, lowering concentration on the ground while increasing concentration at higher latitudes. This explains that at noontime, Dongguan experienced the minimum BC concentration while BC peaked at Maofengshan. In the dry season when the synoptic weather in South China was controlled by high-pressure systems, the weak descending air had little effect in promoting vertical mixing and air dispersion was dominated by horizontal advection. Consequently, similar diurnal variations were observed at the two locations. Due to closer proximity to BC sources, the monthly variation of BC in Dongguan (standard deviation: 0.60 μg/m3) was larger than that in Maofengshan (standard deviation: 0.14 μg/m3). The value of α, which is the power index of the wavelength of BC absorption coefficient, was found to be close to 1 at both sites, indicating that BC at the two sites had fossil fuel combustion as the common source.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 605-612 [Abstract] ( 293 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 706KB] ( 1246 )
613 Observed summer variation and absorption characteristics of black carbon at Xi￠an suburban
DU Chuan-Li, YU Xing, LI Xing-Min, CHEN Chuang, WANG Fan-Qiang, PENG Yan, DONG Yan, DONG Zi-Peng
The data of black carbon, particle size concentration, visibility, and various meteorological variables observed during summer of 2011 at Xi￠an Jinghe were used to calculate planetary boundary layer top height, aerosol absorption coefficient, and atmospheric extinction coefficient, and then derived single scattered albedo. Variation and absorption characteristics of black carbon were analyzed in this study. Results showed that the mean value of black carbon concentration was 6.07μg/m3 with a range of 2.0~13.4μg/m3 which are very different from Xi’an downtown. The ratio of black carbon concentration in PM1.0 was 21.9%, and the correlation coefficients between black carbon and particles mass concentration PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10 were 0.69, 0.85, and 0.91, respectively. Black carbon concentration was affected by planetary boundary layer top, and the accumulation and transportation were affected by wind direction and speed. The ratio of aerosol absorption coefficient in atmospheric extinction coefficient was 21.9% with a range of 12% ~ 30%. Both coefficients show distinct diurnal cycle. The mean summer single scattering albedo was 0.76 ranging from 0.70 to 0.84.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 613-622 [Abstract] ( 271 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 894KB] ( 1280 )
623 Application of luminescent bacteria and statistic method in groundwater quality assessment: A case study in coastal catchments in the Pearl River Delta
GAO Lei, CHEN Jian-Yao, KE Zhi-Ting, WANG Jiang, XIE Li-Chun, YANG Xue-Yun
Water samples from 8 domestic wells (Tangjia town), 6 observation wells (Zhuhai campus of SunYatsen University) and 1 from seawater as well in coastal catchments of Zhuhai City in the Pearl River Delta were selected as research objects. Water quality under natural and urbanized conditions was evaluated by using luminescent bacteria (Vibrio ficheri) and principal component analysis (PCA) of chemical parameters. The results showed that the primary cations of 15 samples were K+ and Na+, accounting for an averaged 71.55% of major cations. Major anions for domestic (T1~T8) and observation(D1~D6) wells were HCO3- (53.84%) and Cl- (66.37%), respectively. All samples except T3, T4 and D3 had inhibitory effect on luminescent bacteria, e.g. inhibitory ratio of D2 and D4 exceeded 30%, which can be considered as moderate toxic. Seawater stimulated luminescence and achieved a relative luminous inhibition of -12.45% within 30 min. General score of groundwater samples were calculated by extracting three principal components of PCA, yielding high scores at D2~D4 (unconfined aquifer) and low scores at D5 (confined aquifer), D6 (fissured aquifer) and D1 (unconfined aquifer) in the discharge area. In the comparative study catchment in Tangjia, the highest score was obtained from T1(17.92m below surface) and much low scores from the other domestic wells(T2~T8) with well depth less than 10m. A negative correlation (P<0.05) between relative luminous inhibition and the first component was identified, and 75% accuracy with zero “false negative” sample regarding toxicity prediction was obtained by fitting equation.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 623-630 [Abstract] ( 289 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 425KB] ( 1482 )
631 Screening of priority control pollutants from the rural drinking water sources in Huai’an City
XU Qiu-Jin, LI Li, LIANG Cun-Zhen, CHENG Xiao-Ying
Based on the monitoring data of the drinking water sources in Huai￠an City of Jiangsu Province, potential risk index method and composite scoring method were applied to screen the priority control pollutants out of 59 pollutants detected in the water. Comparison of the two methods showed that each method had its advantages and disadvantages, and one should choose appropriate screening method based on practical conditions. Twelve chemicals including Cd, Hg, Pb, Ni, Cr, As, Cu, benzo (a) pyrene, PCB5, dibutyl phthalate, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and tetrachloromethane were determined as priority control pollutants by the score values calculated by the two methods. Results from this study are helpful to support drinking water sources management.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 631-638 [Abstract] ( 271 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 376KB] ( 1245 )
639 Application of Hydrus-1D software in groundwater contamination risk assessment.
LI Wei, HE Jiang-Tao, LIU Li-Ya, GAO Peng, JI Ya-Ping
To investigate the groundwater contamination risk assessment method, the reclaimed water irrigation farmland lies in the southeast suburb of Beijing was chosen as study area, and Hydrus-1D software was selected to delineate water flow and solute transport process of the water infiltration vertically in vadose zone while reclaimed water irrigation. Naphthalene and phenanthrene, the typical organic pollutants in reclaimed water were chosen as the target contaminants. The transportation and degradation process of them were simulated under the continuous infiltration pattern. After the simulation, 226 points simulated results of Hydrus-1D were applied to the whole study area to assess groundwater contamination risk, and used MapGIS 6.7 to get the risk map. Through comparing the results to the background value of naphthalene and phenanthrene in the groundwater of study area, the groundwater contamination risk were discussed. The results suggested that the risk of naphthalene and phenanthrene in groundwater of the whole study area was very low even after 50 year’s reclaimed water irrigation. The pollution risk of naphthalene to groundwater was higher than phenanthrene. The highest pollution risk regions in the study area were mainly located in Fenggang distributaries, the intersection of Hongqi main channel and Fengguan channel, and the region between Yongle river and Tongda intercepting ditch.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 639-647 [Abstract] ( 437 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1046KB] ( 2201 )
648 Activity and inhibition characteristics of anammox and heterotrophic denitrifier bacteria in a multi-substrate system
LI Ze-Bing, LIU Chang-Jing, ZHAO Bai-Hang, MA Jia-Xuan, WANG Xiao-Yi, LI Jun
Consortiums from anammox, methanol denitrification process, and domestic wastewater treatment plant were used for nitrogen removal in a multi-substrate system by batch tests. The activity and inhibition characteristics of bacteria in denitrification were studied seriously. Experimental results showed that alcohols inhibited anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacterium, and the most serious inhibition came from methanol, leading to activity lose about 2/3 at concentrations of 5.48mmol/L. Sodium acetate strengthened AAOB activity, meanwhile, glucose, lactose and sucrose had no effect on its activity. These experimental results clearly indicated that the best hetero-denitrification carbon sources for methanol denitrifiers and activity sludge were methanol and sodium acetate respectively. In mixture consortium, inhibitor propanol made the AAOB at a disadvantage in the competition with the methanol denitrifiers, on the other side, the effect from sodium acetate to AAOB can be ignored in the competition with activity sludge.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 648-654 [Abstract] ( 268 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 453KB] ( 1575 )
655 Spatial and industrial distribution pattern of heavy metals emission in industrial waste water.
FAN Xiao-杉, LUO Hong
It’s necessary precondition to know about spatial and industrial distribution pattern of heavy metals emission in industrial waste water that carry out national prevention and control. The spatial analysis based on GIS showed that Hg、Cd、Pb、As emissions are mainly concentrated in 4 southern provinces including Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi and Yunnan, and 2 northern provinces, Gansu and Shaanxi; Cr6+ concentrated in 4 eastern coastal provinces including Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu. The pollutions in southern and northern provinces were closed connected with local resources dependent industries such as mining, smelting and processing ferrous or non-ferrous metal ores; the pollutions in eastern coastal a provinces are related with the manufacture industries such as metal products, transport or electrical machinery, communication equipment, chemical products etc. There are huge differences on heavy metals discharge characteristics and emission reduction rate among provinces and industries, which reflects that national prevention and control of heavy metal pollution dependent upon multidisciplinary research support.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 655-662 [Abstract] ( 298 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 746KB] ( 2596 )
663 Efficiency of ciprofloxacin photodegradation induced by chlorella in aqueous solutions
ZHU Xiao-Yan, FU Da-Fang, DENG Lin, MA Zhen-Jie, TAN Xiao-Lian
Chlorella induced ciprofloxacin photodegradation and free radicals production in aqueous solutions were investigated. Furthermore, the relationships between ciprofloxacin photodegradation and free radicals generation were studied. The results show that both the photodegradtion efficiency of ciprofloxacin and the production rate of free radicals positively correlated with either the chlorella concentration or the chlorella breaking time. However, when chlorella breaking time was set at 20 min or more, the ciprofloxacin photedegradtion efficiency and free radical production rate increased slowly. The maximum ciprofloxacin photedegradtion efficiency (93.4%) and the maximum free radicals production (313.4μmol/L) were obtained concurrently under a condition of 100W ultrasonic power for chlorella breaking. The extra increase of breaking power had adverse effects on ciprofloxacin photedegradtion and free radicals production. Regardless of the conditions of chlorella solutions, a linear correlation was observed between the amount of produced free radicals and the photodegradation efficiency at a significance level of about 0.1.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 663-668 [Abstract] ( 295 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 334KB] ( 1807 )
669 Adsorption-desorption and leaching characteristics of fluazinam in soils
XU Xiu-Ying, SONG Wen-Cheng, WANG Ming-Hua
The adsorption-desorption characteristics of fluazinam in three types of soil, including yellow soil from Nanjing, red soil from Jiangxi and black soil from Northeast China, were investigated using batch equilibration experiments. The results indicated the adsorption-desorption isotherms of fluazinam in three different soils fairly fitted the Freundlich model at 25℃ with the adsorption constants of 119.34, 202.23, 311.88, respectively, which showed good correlations with organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and clay content of the soils with the correlation coefficient being 0.9973, 0.9690, 0.8586. The variation of free energy of sorption was less than 40 KJ/mol, suggesting that the adsorption type belonged to the physical adsorption. And the column leaching results of fluazinam demonstrated that fluaziam was hard to leach in three types of soils.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 669-673 [Abstract] ( 260 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 330KB] ( 985 )
674 Effects of simulated warming on the key processes of soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in a cropland
LIU Yan, CHEN Shu-Tao, LIU Yan, GAO Hui, AN Jun-Bao, ZHEN Xiao-Long, LI Hong-Na, WANG Meng
In order to investigate the effects of simulated warming on the key processes of soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in a cropland, a randomized block experiment including two treatments (simulated warming and control) was carried out. Soil CO2 production rates, nitrification, denitrification were determined by using a barometric process separation method. Root biomass, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrite, sulfate and nitrate were also measured. Under the winter wheat-soybean rotation, seasonal mean CO2 production rates for simulated warming and control treatments were 149.7 and 114.5μg/(kg·h), respectively. Seasonal mean nitrification rates for simulated warming and control treatments were 563.6 and 399.9μg/(kg·h), respectively. Seasonal mean denitrification rates for simulated warming and control treatments were 319.7 and 216.2μg/(kg·h), respectively. The result indicated that during both winter wheat and soybean growth seasons, simulated warming significantly induced soil CO2 production. The impact of simulated warming on soil CO2 production rates was particularly obvious during the later growth period for both winter wheat and soybean. Simulated warming significantly increased soil nitrification and denitrification during the winter wheat-soybean rotation period; a more obvious effect can be found in summer. Simulated warming did not affect root biomass, DOC, nitrite, sulfate and nitrate content.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 674-679 [Abstract] ( 336 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 318KB] ( 1608 )
680 Effect of pH value on VFA concentration and composition during anaerobic fermentation of kitchen waste.
ZHANG Yu-Jing, JIANG Jian-Guo, WANG Jia-Ming
Under mesophilic conditions(35℃), batch experiments were carried out to determine the effect of pH value on volatile fatty acid(VFA) concentration and composition during anaerobic acidogenesis of kitchen wastes. The pH value was uncontrolled in one reactor and controlled at 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 in other reactors. The results showed that the greatest degree of hydrolysis and acidogenesis was obtained and more organic acid was produced when the pH value was controlled at 6.0. When the pH value was controlled at 6.0, the maximum VFA concentration and yields of 40.89g/L and 0.328gVFA/gVS was obtained in the 68th hour, and was 8 times of that when the pH value was not controlled. The product composition in the acid reactor strongly depended on the pH value. The pH value of the uncontrolled reactor dropped from 6.6 to 3.8 quickly within 24 hours. Ethanol was the main product, accounted for 59.8% of total end products. So the typical ethanol-type fermentation occurred when the pH value was not controlled. It was butyric acid-type fermentation when the pH value was controlled at 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0. Acetic acid was main product at pH 5.0, butyric acid was dominant at pH 6.0, proportion of acetic acid and butyric acid was similar to each other at pH 7.0. The optimum pH value of hydrolysis and acidogenesis of kitchen wastes was 6.0.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 680-684 [Abstract] ( 340 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 346KB] ( 2012 )
685 Effects of bioleaching on removal rate of cadmium and dewatering property from dredged sludge
ZHANG Zheng, WU Yan, LIU Yu-Yang, LIU Yin
With the characteristics of highly clay content and weakly alkaline, dredged sludge was mixed with the sludge from domestic wastewater treatment plant to domesticate for sulfur bacteria liquid. The effects of bioleaching test on the cadmium removal rates, dewatering and sediment properties were demonstrated. The results revealed that Cd could be effectively removed by cooperation of substrate sulfur powder and FeSO4?7H2O, and the sludge properties of dewatering and sediment were significantly improved. The removal rate of Cd was 88.68 % when the concentration of sulfur powder and FeSO4?7H2O were 5 g/L and 15 g/L and the inoculation was 20%. The centrifugal dewatering rate and moisture content of the sludge cake were 75% and 33.47%, respectively. Under the same condition, sludge had the maximum sediment distance.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 685-690 [Abstract] ( 258 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 454KB] ( 1010 )
691 Multi-variable assessment of river ecosystem health in tongling of Anhui Province
WEI Wei, WANG Li, ZHOU Ping, LI Yang, SUN Qing-Ye
A system of candidate indices, including physical-chemical parameters for water quality, parameters for sediment quality, aquatic organisms indices and physical habitat quality indice were set based on monitoring data collected from the river in Tongling area in 2010. Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were used to select twenty parameters from thirty candidate parameters, and an integrated assessment index system was incorporated. The health level at each sampling site was analyzed using synthesis index based on standard variance method. The results showed that 2 of 60 sites were “healthy” level, 16 were “sub-healthy” level, 33 were “poor” level, and the last 9 were “sick” level, which suggested the serious degradation of river ecosystem in Tongling. Mining activities, agricultural non-point source pollution and domestic waste water were the main factors impacting the river healthy.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 691-699 [Abstract] ( 289 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 437KB] ( 1502 )
700 Desorption characteristic of phosphorus from different grain sizes micro-aggregate of sediment in Western Liao River
WANG 而Li, WANG Si-Qi, WANG Dao-Han
Desorption characteristics of phosphorus from different grain sizes micro-aggregate of sediment in Western Liao River was investigated by batch experiments of equilibrium desorption. Results indicated that order of desorption ratio was: clay (0.20)< silt (0.28)< fine sand (0.45)< coarse sand (0.93). On the one hand, humus content of fine-grained size was higher than coarse-grained size aggregate. On the other hand, organic matter of fine-grained size aggregate was enriched by complexes, which were dissoluble organic matter combined with clay mineral, and irreversible transformation of aggregate structure was fundamental cause of desorption ratio lower and hysteresis index higher. Furthermore, releasing flux of adsorption state phosphorus carried by clay and silt were (212.93±38.60)mg/kg and (159.45±31.44)mg/kg when sediment was washed from Western Liao River to the sea. Consequently, adsorption state phosphorus from clay and silt was a vital part of phosphorus cycling.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 700-706 [Abstract] ( 251 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 472KB] ( 892 )
707 Damage assessment of the vegetable types based on remote sensing in the open coalmine of arid desert area.
YAO Feng, GU Li-×Jia-Pa-尔, BAO An-Ming, ZHANG Jian-Xiong, LI Chang-Chun, LIU Jin-Ping
WucaiWan open coalmine in the East Junggar Basin in XinJiang was selected as the research region, the disturbance of the WucaiWan open-pit coal mining on vegetation was analyzed using vegetation index and the vegetation fraction based on Landsat TM satellite remote sensing data from 2006 to 2011. First, the damaged speed and area change of different levels of vegetation during coal mining was analyzed using the characteristics and transfer matrix of the desert vegetation fraction in open coalmine area. Second, the changing characteristics of the vegetation fraction with time were studied and the damaged area and the extent of the vegetation was quantitatively analyzed using temporal and spatial variation of the vegetation fraction. The results indicate that, from 2006 to 2011, the damaged vegetation extent showed an increasing trend year by year due to coal mining in the study region, the vegetation fraction decreased 1.2 % per year, and the lower the level of vegetation is, the faster the speed of vegetation breakage. In the study region, the area influenced by coal dust was accounted for 44.69% of the total area. The average distance influenced by the fine coal ash was about 3.2km, and the larger the scale of coalmine is, the further the influence. In the mining and dumping areas, vegetation-covered area was small accounted for 12.15%, but the vegetation fraction volatility changed in the range of 0.05~0.15, the vegetation was damaged seriously.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 707-713 [Abstract] ( 227 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 973KB] ( 1196 )
714 Polychlorinated biphenyl and organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments of Fenhe River: The concentration, sources and ecological risk
GUO Zhang-Zhen, MENG Hui-Sheng, ZHANG Yuan, LI Wei-Hong, GUO Qing-Xia
Concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined with GC-ECD in thirty surface sediment samples collected from Fenhe River in Taiyuan, while the pollution sources and ecological risk were studied. The results indicated that the total concentrations of PCBs and OCPs in sediment ranged from n.d.~50.95μg/kg and 2.19 ~25.24μg/kg, respectively. For PCBs, Aroclor1260 and Aroclor1254 were predominant isomers, which might be related to PCBs production and use of history in China. For OCPs, p,p￠-DDE were predominant congeners. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenytrichloroethanes (DDT) originated from industrial and agricultural usage. Ecological risk assessment of sediment indicated that sediments in Fenhe River were not constituted a serious threat to the ecological system, but γ-HCH, totle DDT, o,p￠+p,p￠-DDT, p,p￠-DDE, Heptachlor-exo-epoxide and totle PCBs likely to pose potential biological adverse impact.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 714-721 [Abstract] ( 293 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 544KB] ( 1116 )
722 Isolation and degradation dynamics of a tylosin-degrading strain
SUN Rui-Zhu, MA Yu-Long, ZHANG Juan, ZHANG Zuo-Yi, WANG Yan, WANG Min, MA Zhi-Qiang
A tylosin-degrading strain TS1 was isolated from the soil deposited by tylosin pharmaceutical waste. The cells of the isolate were Gram-negative rods and the colony morphology was round, oyster white, opaque, and smooth with regular edge. Strain TS1 was capable of degrading 100% of tylosin in medium with an initial concentration of 100 mg/L after 5days of incubation. The tylosin degradation by the strain TS1 followed a first-order kinetics model. For tylosin with the initial concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500mg/L, the degradation equations were lnc =﹣0.4078 t +4.043, lnc = ﹣0.4496 t +4.8416, lnc =﹣0.4069 t +5.4932, lnc =﹣0.4174 t +5.9766, lnc =﹣0.4233 t + 6.2483, and lnc = ﹣0.342 t + 6.4618, and the half-life periods (t1/2) were 1.69 , 1.54 , 1.70 , 1.66 , 1.64 , 2.03 d, respectively. When the peptone or NH4+-N was used as co-metabolism substrate with tylosin, strain TS1 could degrade above 99% of tylosin in medium with an initial concentration of 300mg/L after incubation for 7days. The kinetics equations of degradation were lnc =﹣0.4174 t +5.9766 and lnc =﹣0.3719t + 6.0133, and t1/2 were 1.66d and 1.86d, respectively. However, only 66.7% of tylosin was degraded by the strain TS1 after 10days of incubation when glucose was selected as co-metabolism substrate, and t1/2 was also extended to 6.44days, suggesting that glucose may have a negative action on the tylosin degradation by the strain TS1.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 722-727 [Abstract] ( 290 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 448KB] ( 1193 )
728 Contrastive study on the optimization condition of cellulase extraction in different reverse micelles.
LIU Wei, YUAN Xing-Zhong, ZENG Guang-Ming, HUANG Hua-Jun, CUI Kai-Long, PENG Xin, FANG Zhen-Min, GUO Ling-Zhi, ZHAO Yan-Ge
Three surfactants, anioic docusate sodium salt (AOT),cationic cetylrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB) and anioic biosurfactant rhamnolipid(RL),were used to construct the reverse micelles system in (n-Hexanol/ 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane). The optimal extraction conditions of cellulase through different reverse micelles were studied. Several important parameters affecting the cellulase extraction efficiency were investigated, such as aqueous pH, surfactant concentration, ionic strength and salt species. It was shown that the optimal aqueous phase pH value for both AOT and RL extractants (anionic surfactant) was 3.0, while it was 8.0 for extractants of cationic surfactant CTAB. The optimal surfactant concentrations were 23.7mmol/L, 15mmol/L and 2.75mmol/L for AOT, CTAB and RL, respectively. Salt NaCl affected the extraction efficiency. For all the three surfactants, the extraction efficiency decreased with increase of NaCl concentration in aqueous phase. Moreover, ions species in the aqueous phase affected the extraction efficiency. The optimal extraction efficiency of cellulase varies with the type of reverse micelles (CTAB>AOT>RL).
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 728-733 [Abstract] ( 247 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 366KB] ( 1376 )
734 Optimization on the conditions of Lip-catalyzed oxidation veratryl alcohol in the micellar and reverse micellar systems
FANG Zhen-Min, YUAN Xing-Zhong, ZENG Guang-Ming, HAN Zeng-Hui, GUO Ling-Zhi, PENG Xin, LIU Wei, HUANG Hua-Jun
The main factors which affected the catalytic oxidation of veratryl alcohol (VA) by lignin peroxidase(Lip) entrapped in rhamnolipid(RL) reverse micellar or micellar systems were investigated. Meanwhile, the partition coefficient of insoluble substrate VA in the heterogeneous reverse micellar medium were studied. It was shown that Lip hosted in RL/isooctane-n-hexanol(1:1,V:V)/water reverse micellar system could express higher enzymatic activity under the following conditions: pH 3.8, [RL]=10mmol/L, w0=15.0, [H2O2]=74μmol/L. With respect to the RL micellar system, the optimum values were as follows: pH 3.4, [RL]=0.012mmol/L, [H2O2]=2.45mmol/L. In optimum catalytic conditions, the half-life of Lip was 40h, and the catalytic activity in reverse micelle was 2.86 times than that in micellar system. Based on the biphasic model and the corresponding kinetic method, a conclusion could be made that VA was mainly solubilized in the pseudophase of reverse micelle, and the partition coefficient of VA between the pseudophase and organic solvent phase was 70.4. The determination of partition coefficient is important for further discussing the kinetic mechanism of Lip-catalyed oxidation VA in the RL reverse micellar system.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 734-740 [Abstract] ( 252 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 496KB] ( 771 )
741 Distribution and bioaccumulation of tetrabromobisphenol A in Carassius auratus tissues and its pathological effect.
YANG Su-Wen, XU Fan-Fan, ZHAO Ming-Dong
Distribution and bioaccumulation of TBBPA in different Carassius auratus tissues exposed to varied TBBPA concentrations were measured and analyzed. The corresponding pathological effects were also assessed. Results indicated that the concentrations of TBBPA increased firstly, then decreased in Carassius auratus liver and kidney at high as well as low dose group. Indicating that both the fish liver and kidney had a strong capacity of bioaccumulation. Nevertheless, the concentrations of TBBPA showed a similarity only at high dose in gill and muscle. The bioaccumulation capacity of the gill and muscle was comparatively lower. Pathological observations revealed that the pathological damage was time-dose-dependent in the liver, kidney and gill. Under the same TBBPA concentration, the gonad damage caused by TBBPA to the male was more serious than that to the female.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 741-747 [Abstract] ( 295 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1527KB] ( 920 )
748 Brownfield environmental risk assessment on Xishan District, Wuxi City.
LIN Jia-Jia, WANG Wei, JU Jie, LIU Xiao-Lei, SUN Hua
The NAS four-step and potential ecological risk index were used to evaluate the Xishan brownfield environment risk which included the health risk and ecology risk. The health risk was against the nearby residents (both the adults and children), while the ecology risk was against the surrounding environment. The results show that the adult and child carcinogenic risk was 7.06′10-8 and 1.16.′10-7, respectively, and the adult and child non-carcinogenic risk was 1.12′10-1and 5.76.′10-2, respectively . The heavy metals Pb and Cr produced more non-carcinogenic risk. The ecology risk was in moderate hazard in Xishan District. The ecology risk caused by the heavy metal Cd was the most serious. Among the four urban development module in Xishan District, the environment risk in the Tin East Metro was the maximum, followed by Anzhen-Yangjian and Donggang-Xibei new towns , and the Swan Lake new towns was the least.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 748-753 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 353KB] ( 988 )
754 Empirical studies of agricultural production waste recycling efficiency—Based on peasant household substrate management with three-stage DEA model.
LI Peng, ZHANG Jun-飚
Based on field research on farmers’ agricultural production waste recycling behavior, the external environment factors and the effect of statistical noise were eliminated, farmers agricultural production waste recycling behavior performance were measured, the technology efficiency of the decision unit was decomposed and the main reason for the low recycling efficiency with three-phase DEA model was analyzed. The results show that: lower scale efficiency was the main reason for the low efficiency of agricultural production waste recycling. More specifically , after eliminating the external environment factors and the effect of statistical noise, the average comprehensive efficiency of agricultural production waste recycling was just 0.4089, with room for 59.11% improvement, the average pure technical efficiency was as high as 0.9701, to perform well, scale efficiency 0.4215 only, which was the main reason for low efficiency of agricultural recycling behavior. Agricultural production waste recycling performance of sample households was different before and after adjustment, environment variables and random factors had important influence on the behavior performance of sample households. In the process of agricultural production waste recycling, there was a close relationship between the change of environment variables and investment relaxation. According to the above conclusions, environment variables of agricultural production waste recycling process should be improved and input elements should be moderately increased, in order to suppress the input variables flabby and improve the efficiency of agricultural production waste recycling.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 754-761 [Abstract] ( 246 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 484KB] ( 823 )
762 Control strategies of rural non-point source pollution based on general benefit-cost analysis
JIANG Hai, YANG 杉杉, FENG Shu-Yi, QU Fu-Tian
Pollution emission coefficient and technical and economic evaluation methods was used, with comprehensive consideration of the environmental benefits and economic gains and the technical and transaction costs of the control of rural non-point source pollution, and an analytical framework and method were developed to analyze the control strategies of regional rural non-point source(NPS) pollution. Results indicated that in Yixing County, total nitrogen and total phosphorus emissions from rural NPS pollution were 2880.94 t and 501.19 t, respectively, causing economic losses of 0.338 billion yuan in 2011. Net present value ratios (NPVR) of four strategies to control various rural NPS pollution, formula fertilization by soil testing, biogas project for large scale livestock and poultry farms, biogas project for scattered livestock and poultry farms and rural sewage treatment project were 55.00, 2.54, 0.52 and -0.15, respectively. Considering technical feasibility, transaction costs and government administrative capacity, the recent priority should be given to the control of pollution from large scale livestock and poultry farms and crop production, while the control of pollution from scattered livestock and poultry farms and rural sewage should be the long-term priorities.
2013 Vol. 33 (4): 762-767 [Abstract] ( 287 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 458KB] ( 1467 )
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