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2013 Vol.33 Issue.10,Published 2013-10-20
1729 Spatial and seasonal variations in dustfall over China’s eastern Loess Plateau
LI Jin-Chang, KANG Xiao-Yun, GAO Jing
Obvious dust events had not occurred in China’s eastern Loess Plateau in 2012, so dustfall in this period main derived from non-duststorm. Extensive dustfall collections were carried out from January through December of 2012 in China’s eastern Loess Plateau. The results show that the annual mean dustfall was about 89.27t/(km2×a) for the study region. About 53.69%, 22.45%, 8.44%, and 15.42% for the dustfall was collected, respectively, in the spring (March to May), summer (June to August), autumn (September to November), and winter (January, February, and December). The variation in dustfall in a large spatial scale was controlled mostly by climate background, but in local area was influenced by local factors, such as geomorphology, hydrological condition, soil, and vegetation coverage; the seasonal variation in dustfall was influenced mostly by wind speed, but high precipitation and NDVI index have also reduced dustfall. In modern climatic background, the dustfall in each season all mainly came from local region in the study area, but dustfall contained comparatively more dust came from far sources. The dustfall in the Loess Plateau also suggested that modern climate may is in a relatively warm-wet period of interglacial stage, and the climate in penultimate and last glacial stage may be similar with which in March and April of modern western Loess Plateau, but the climate in penultimate and last interglacial stage may similar to the climate in May and June of modern eastern Loess Plateau.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1729-1735 [Abstract] ( 314 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 448KB] ( 1089 )
1736 Simulation study of light absorption characteristics of water-soluble organic matter in PM2.5
WU Yi-Fan, HUANG Xiao-Feng, LAN Zi-Juan, GONG Zhao-Heng, YUN Hui, HE Ling-Yan
This study established an experimental system that combined an ultrasonic nebulizer with a photo-acoustic soot spectrometer and a scanning mobility particle sizer for measuring light absorption of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) in PM2.5. PM2.5 samples were collected in the summer of 2011 in Shenzhen, and aerosols were re-generated from the water extracts using the ultrasonic nebulizer. The light absorption of the aerosols was then detected by the photo-acoustic soot spectrometer. The results show that the average mass concentration of WSOM during the campaign was (4.3±2.3) μg/m3, accounting for 11.9%±4.8% of PM2.5 and 49.2%±18.5% of OM, respectively. The Mass Absorption Efficiency (MAE) of WSOM at the wavelengths of 405, 532 and 781nm was (0.55±0.31), (0.54±0.31) and (0.21±0.13) m2/g, respectively. Further calculations show that the light absorption of WSOM at the wavelengths of 405, 532and 781nm was (2.30±1.08), (2.25±1.26) and (0.86±0.45) Mm-1, respectively, which contributed 7.6%, 10.6% and 5.8% to the entire PM2.5 light absorption at the corresponding wavelengths, respectively. The contribution of WSOM to aerosol light absorption is potentially important and more studies on the role of organic aerosol in visibility deterioration should be carried out.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1736-1740 [Abstract] ( 430 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 354KB] ( 1560 )
1741 Modeling study on distributions and variations of global dust aerosol sources and sinks
LIU Jian-Hui, ZHAO Tian-Liang, HAN Yong-Xiang, Gong S L, XIONG Jie
Based on a 10-year (1995~2004) simulation of dust emissions and dry and wet depositions with the global air quality model system GEM-AQ/EC, the global spatial and temporal variations of the dust aerosol sources and sinks were characterized. Global dust emissions are centered over the major desert regions where the North African deserts are estimated with the largest emission contribution to the global dust aerosol up to 66.6%; the high dust aerosol depositions are concentrated over the desert sources and their immediately downwind areas. Thereby, the net dust aerosol sinks are largely distributed around the desert regions forming a receptor zone with the net sinks of greater than 10t/(km2×a) between 0°N and 60°N from North Africa, Eurasia, west Pacific Ocean, the north Indian Ocean, North America to the Atlantic ocean. In five major deserts of North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia, East Asia and Australia, the dust emissions and depositions present the significant seasonal variations, The regional depositions expecting Central Asia experience almost the same seasonal cycle with the emissions; both dust aerosol emissions and depositions oscillate seasonally with the largest amplitudes in East Asia and with the lowest amplitudes in the North Africa. The seasonal dust emissions and depositions peak in summer over Central Asia and the Arabian Peninsula as well as during spring in the other three regions. Over the10 years, the global annual emission is averaged with (1500±94)Mt in a slightly rising trend. The inter-annual variability rate of dust emissions in North Africa is lowest (6.3%), up to 28.3% in East Asia and highest in Australia (45.0%). The dust aerosol depositions over global land decrease at a rate of around 9.9Mt/a, while they increase year to year over the oceans.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1741-1750 [Abstract] ( 357 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 843KB] ( 1762 )
1751 Study of a dust case in Guangzhou using polarization mie-scattering lidar
LIU Wen-Bin, LIU Tao, HUANG Zu-Zhao, LIU Ye-Xin, KUANG Jun-Xia
The paper presents the systematic observational results of a dust case over Guangzhou at 25 Mar 12. The source and tracks of dust aerosol were analyzed by back-trajectory simulation. The results indicate that this pollution case has something to do with long distance transportation of sand dust storm burst out in the west of China. The relative humidity has a significant decrease during the dust case. The ratio of PM2.5 in PM10 is about 28%~31% in monitoring station. This was very different from the typical air pollution characteristics in Guangzhou region where the ambient aerosols are generally dominated by fine particles. This aerosol pollution case was caused by coarse particles. The dust layer that has an influence on the ground was mainly distributed between 1000~2000m.The maximal depolarization ratio of sand dust aerosol is about 0.34 during the dust case.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1751-1757 [Abstract] ( 291 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1445KB] ( 839 )
1758 Removal of gas-phase elemental mercury by acid-iodine modified chitosan-bentonite adsorbent
ZHANG An-Chao, XIANG Jun, LU Hao, SUN Lu-Shi, ZHENG Wen-Wen
To inquire the impacts of acid gases (such as SO2, NO, and HCl), water vapor and mechanism on gas-phase elemental mercury removal by acid-iodine modified chitosan-bentonite adsorbents, the adsorption tests were conducted in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor. The results showed that the presence of SO2 inhibited mercury capture due to the competition adsorption of SO2 and Hg0 on the active site of the adsorbent surface. An obvious promotion was observed when the concentration of NO added to 1000μg/m3and H2O was added. However, the addition of HCl had no favor to improve the efficiency of mercury removal due to higher energy barrier of the HCl and Hg0 reaction. Compared with single flue gas constituent, the long-term mercury capture efficiency was greatly enhanced because of the cooperative effects of SO2, NO, HCl and H2O. The mechanism for mercury removal by modified adsorbent was that in the acidic medium, the amine group of chitosan was protonated with a positive charge. KI reacted with H2SO4 and produced the I2. Then the produced I2 could be strongly adsorbed by protonated chitosan. Thus, Hg0 reacted with the active I2 of the adsorbent. The quantum chemical calculations indicated that chitosan exhibited strong adsorptive ability for elemental iodine under acidic conditions, and the modified adsorbents showed excellent mercury adsorption performance and its adsorption energy for Hg0 was approximately 127kJ/mol.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1758-1764 [Abstract] ( 324 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 588KB] ( 865 )
1765 Composition of n-alkanoic acids in rice straw and its smoke
LIU Gang, XU Hui, WU Dan, LI Jiu-Hai
Straws of six rice genotypes were burned under flaming and smoldering conditions,the smoke was collected and measured with GC/MS, to investigate the composition profiles of n-fatty acids in the smoke from open burning of rice straw. Results showed that n-alkanoic acids with carbon number of C8 to C34 were identified in the straw. The contents of n-fatty acids in the flaming smoke varied from 8613.9μg/g to 27225.0μg/g, and the mean value was 15147.4μg/g. The compounds contained carbon numbers of C8 to C34, exhibiting a bimodal profile with first peak at C16 and the second at C24. In addition, they had obvious even to odd carbon number predominance, with average carbon predominance index (CPI) of 4.31(3.08 to 6.41). The average carbon chain length (ACL) ranged from 18.51to 21.77, and the mean was 20.48. Moreover, the ratios of C24 to C16 were in the range of 0.11 to 0.41. n-Fatty acids with carbon number of C6 to C34 were found in the smoldering smoke. The total contents for the components changed from 59112.6 to 95214.3μg/g, and the mean value was 76934.9μg/g. Furthermore, they distributed in bimodal similar to that in flaming smoke. The CPI varied from 3.88 to 5.24, with mean value of 4.38. And ACL values were in the range of 17.37 to 18.91, with the mean of 18.42. Besides, the C24/C16 values changed from 0.07to 0.23. In general, the C24/C16 values in flaming smoke were smaller than those in corresponding rice straw. And those ones and ACL in smoldering smoke were all smaller than the ones in the straw and flaming smoke. Distinct differentiation exists between the compositions of n-alkanoic acids in the smoke from biomass combustion and the corresponding rice straws.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1765-1770 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 398KB] ( 1091 )
1771 Effect of mixed carbon source concentration on biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal in oxic/extended-idle process
XIE Ji-Ci, CHEN Hong-Bo, LI Xiao-Ming, YANG Qi, LUO Kun, XU De-Chao, PENG Bo, WANG Zhi-Long, LUO Guan
To study the effect of mixed carbon source concentration on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal in the oxic/extended-idle process, four sequencing batch reactors were operated using sodium acetate and sodium propionate with 1:2 hybrid configured influent COD concentrations of 200, 400, 600 and 800mg/L respectively. The variations of intracellular polymers and the metabolic mechanism were investigated. The experimental results showed that with influent P and N concentrations of 12 and 30mg/L respectively, P and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies were respectively promoted from 39.9% and 54.5% to 86.4% and 98.0% with the increase of influent COD from 200 to 800mg/L. The highest N, P removal per unit VSS [(4.31±0.08) and (6.15±0.22)mg/g] were both detected under influent COD of 400mg/L. P accumulating activity was enhanced when COD rose from 200 to 400mg/L, but the further increase of influent COD would result in deterioration of sludge settling, leading to a compromised biological N and P removal activity. Both aerobic phosphorus uptake and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification were driven by poly-β-hydoxyalkanoate (PHA), and the largest amount of PHA consumption per unit VSS was observed under influent COD of 400mg/L. The mixed carbon source concentration influenced microbial aerobic metabolism, which resulted in the difference of the accumulation/ conversion of intracellular polymers, and thus influenced N and P removal performance.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1771-1778 [Abstract] ( 327 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 536KB] ( 817 )
1779 Numerical and experimental analyses of floc breakage process
HE Wei-Peng, 南Jun , SHI Zhou, LIU Jia
In order to deeply explore floc growth characteristics and structural improvement approaches, the process of floc breakage was simulated by computer based on a simplified breakage mode, and then simulation results were used to analyze the evolution of floc size and structure during reformation after breakage in different hydrodynamic conditions. The results showed that compared to restructure of particles far away from floc mass center, floc compactness is highly dependent on the spatial distribution of particles in the vicinity of its mass center; floc fragments formed after breakage, with a relatively small size and compact structure, benefit particles to enter into their interiors or be uniformly arranged arround them, bringing about restructure of particles nearby the mass center, and thus modifying floc structure. Moreover, a fractal growth model of floc was established, and according to the model, some suggestion was proposed for optimizing the operation of flocculation.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1779-1784 [Abstract] ( 275 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 958KB] ( 710 )
1785 Degradation characteristics of an acetochlor-degrading bacterium Rhodococcus sp. T3-1
HOU Ying, WANG Fei, DONG Wei-Liang, CUI Zhong-Li
The degradation characteristics of acetochlor by Rhodococcus sp. T3-1 were studied by using acetochlor as sole carbon source and shaking-flask culture. Results showed that the optimum temperature for the degradation of acetochlor by strain T3-1was 37℃, and the degradation rate of 100mg/L acetochlor was in the range of 96%~97% within the range of pH 6~10. Strain T3-1could degrade 95.5% of 200mg/L acetochlor in 14h with inoculum size 5%. The degradation rate of acetochlor was negatively and positively correlated with the initial concentration of acetochlor and inoculum size of strain T3-1, respectively. Strain T3-1could also degrade butachlor, but not pretilachlor, propisochlor and metazachlor.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1785-1790 [Abstract] ( 317 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 502KB] ( 857 )
1791 Spatial-temporal characters analysis and risk assessment of PCBs in oysters along the Northern Coast of the South China Sea
WANG Qing-Yun, GAN Ju-Li, CHEN Hai-Gang, MA Sheng-Wei, ZHANG Zhe, CAI Wen-Gui, JIA Xiao-Ping
In each March during 2006~2012, oyster samples (Crassostrea rivularis Gould ) were collected from 23sampling sites along the northern coast of the South China Sea. Gas chromatography with electron capture detector was used to determine the contents, the residues levels, spatial and temporal trends, compositions of PCBs, as well as the risk to human health were analyzed and assessed. The results showed that PCBs contents ranged from 8.11to 29.10ng/g with an average of 16.57ng/g on wet weight basis. PCBs contents in oysters along the northern coast of the South China Sea presented a general trend of descending. PCBs contents in Pearl River Estuary were significantly higher than East Guangdong coast, West Guangdong coast, Guangxi coast and Hainan coast. The contents of pentachlorobiphenyls were the highest in all of the PCBs homologs groups, occupying 47.9%, followed by trichlorodiphenyls and tetrachlorobiphenyls, occupying 30.6% in total. The contents of PCBl05、PCB118和PCBl01+113were dominated in all of the congeners, three of them occupied 24.0%. The PCBs residues levels of all oyster samples were far below the limits of food security standards published at home and abroad, and the estimated uptake amount of PCBs is only 27.6% of TDI regulated by WHO, indicating that the health risk arising from the exposure to PCBs is small. The average TEQ of PCBs in tissues of oysters is 39.4pg/g.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1791-1798 [Abstract] ( 335 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 623KB] ( 968 )
1799 Temporal and spatial distributions of dissolved organic nitrogen in the Mirs Bay from 2000 to 2010
LI Xu-Lu, ZHANG Jun-Xiao, ZHOU Yi-Pin, XIA Hua-Yong, LIANG Pei-Xi
Based on the data obtained from monthly cruises from 2000to 2010, temporal and spatial distributions of the dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentration in the Mirs Bay were briefly presented and discussed.The DON composition,sources and residence time (TDON) were approached by combining with the salinity, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) measurements. The hydrodynamics in the Mirs Bay only posed a weak impact on the distributions of DON. The DON concentration was (0.15±0.08)mg/L, which was nearly equal to that in the Daya Bay, but lower than that in the Pearl River Estuary and higher than that in the coastal waters of the northern South China Sea. A two-component mixing mass balance model in combination with the DON fraction of TDN in the peripheral small rivers was used for estimating the terrestrial DON fraction,which was found to be about 19% and much less than the marine DON fraction in the Mirs Bay, implying that the DON was mainly from the autochthonous source. The labile DON (LDON) fraction calculated by the average ratio of the LDON: BOD5 was about 41%. The average ratio of the surface phytoplankton DON (PDON): Chl a was used for estimating the PDON fraction at about 17%, based on which in combination with the integrated DON the TDON was calculated to be about 15 days. During the 11-year study period, the LDON inter-annual variability showed a decrease trend,but both the DON and refractory DON (RDON) underwent a trend of increase,which suggested that the RDON had been gradually accumulated in the Mirs Bay.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1799-1807 [Abstract] ( 335 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1148KB] ( 1106 )
1808 Sediment phosphorus form, space distribution characteristic and influencing factor of Cao Hai in Dian Lake, Yunnan, China
SHI Jing, ZU Xiao-Jing, ZHANG Nai-Ming, BAO Li, XIA Yun-Sheng, ZHANG Shi-Ying
Internal phosphorus contamination plays a key role in eutophication when the external contamination be controlled effectively. Therefore, it is significant that study the distribution of phosphorus in the sediments, influence factors of the control of eutrophication at Lake Dianchi. This paper uses sediment sampling in Caohai of Dianlake. The main results were as following: Every form phosphorus contents and the space distribution characteristic displayed the obvious difference. Average contents of O-P, Ca-P, Al-P, Fe-P were 804.08mg/kg, 768.35mg/kg, 167.29mg/kg, 63.01mg/kg in Cao Hai respectively. The contents of phosphorus form in sediment were :O-P> Ca-P> Al-P> Fe-P. The O-P contents that the organic compound were maximal, and every form phosphorus existed difference. The contents of total P, O-P, Ca-P, Al-P, Fe-P of sediment in southwest, north and middle east area were the higher than the other areas of Dian Lake. The physics and chemistry of sediment and overlying water were the key factors of the effect on phosphorus form character in sediment. Firstly, there were significant correlations between the total phosphorus and O-P (R2=0.741*), Ca-P(R2=0.678*) of sediment. And the pH displays significant negative correlations with Al-P(R2=0.714*), Fe-P(R2=0.664*). Organic matter and O-P were significant correlations (R2=0.758*). Secondly, there were significant negative correlations between DO of overlying water and Fe-P (R2=0.750*). And the chlorophyll a of overlying water displayed significant correlations with Al-P (R2=0.601*).The result showed that the relations existed between organic, pH and phosphorus form release of sediment. At the same time, DO of overlying water restricted Fe-P release and thechlorophyll a of overlying water promoted Al-P release of sediment.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1808-1813 [Abstract] ( 360 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 558KB] ( 1454 )
1814 Distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorous in soils from the middle line source area of the South-to-North Water Division Project
XIAO Chun-Yan, WU Li, ZHAO Tong-Qian, TAI Chao, LI Shao-Hua, HE Xiao-Qi
Soil samples of different land-use types were collected from nineteen villages in the middle line source area of the South-to-North Water Division Project. The distribution characteristics of organic matter, total nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen, and total phosphorus in the soil samples were studied. The content of total nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen, total phosphorus, and organic matter in the samples were in the range of 18.15~185.98, 5.75~77.96, 5.72~26.38, 37.98~147.32mg/kg, and 7.19~45.32g/kg, respectively. Topography and location showed little effect on nitrogen, total phosphorus, and organic matter contents of the soil. However, land-use type significantly influenced the contents of total nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and organic matter. There was no significant difference in total phosphorus and ammonium-nitrogen contents between the soil samples of different land-use types in the studied area. The organic matter content decreased in the order of villages, paddy fields, ponds, water-level-fluctuating zone, dry lands, and woodlands. The total nitrogen content decreased in the order of paddy fields, villages, ponds, water-level-fluctuating zone, dry lands, and woodlands. While the nitrate-nitrogen contents decreased according to the following order: villages, ponds, water-level-fluctuating zone, dry lands, paddy fields, and woodlands. There was highly significant positive correlation between organic matter and total nitrogen(r=0.837, P<0.01), and significant positive correlations between ammonium-nitrogen and organic matter and total nitrogen(r=0.455, P<0.05;r =0.434, P<0.05). However, nitrate-nitrogen was not significantly correlated to ammonium-nitrogen, total nitrogen, and organic matter. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between total phosphorus and any of organic matter, total nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and ammonium-nitrogen.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1814-1820 [Abstract] ( 300 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 423KB] ( 1057 )
1821 Soil heavy metal sources and pollution assessment in the coalfield of East Junggar Basin in XinJiang
YAO Feng, BAO An-Ming, GU Li-×Jia-Pa-尔, YIN Jun-Qi, LI Chang-Chun, ZHANG Guang-Sheng
Wucaiwan open coalmine in the East Junggar Basin in XinJiang was selected as the research region, by measuring the content of soil heavy metal included Zn、Cu、Ni and Cr in different sampling point of research region, we analyzed spatial distribution characteristics and pollution source of heavy metal using multivariate statistical analysis and GIS techniques. Then we explored the causes of heavy metal enrichment through the characteristic of dust fall and DEM, and assessed the soil pollution grade of heavy metal by applying geoaccumulation index and estimated the range of pollution. The results indicate that, the content of copper and nickel in soil have the similar distribution, which comes mainly from soil parent material, and have no close relationship with human activity. The content of zinc, which is of multi-sources, is not only from soil parent material but also from the diffusible coal dust in coal mining. The chromium mainly distributes around the coal mining and human frequent activity, its content comes mainly from the coal dust and human factor. The soil suffer varying degrees of pollution for chromium in the about 7km range from open-pit coal, the maximum extent of the pollution has reached moderate polluted, and the total frequency of pollution is 28%. The pollution levels of each unit in coal have the following relationships: industrial district > mining areas > refuse dump > office and living areas. The continuous enrichment of zinc and chromium is result of the special terrain and the landscape in coal mining region, in addition to the size of coal dust and weather factor.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1821-1828 [Abstract] ( 365 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1086KB] ( 2200 )
1829 Toxicity of enrofloxacin and erythromycin thiocyanate on Microcystis aeruginosa
YANG Wan-Wan, WU Shi-Qiu-Xian, WU Yi-Xiao, ZHANG Wei-Hao
The toxic effects of two antibiotics, enrofloxacin and erythromycin thiocyanate, on the growth and physiology of Microcystis aeruginosa are studied. The results show that both enrofloxacin and erythromycin thiocyanate inhibited the growth of M. aeruginosa, and their 96h-EC50values for M. aeruginosa were 84.6μg/L and 48.2μg/L, respectively. The chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigment of Microcystis aeruginosa were also inhibited by the antibiotics, and the inhibition effects increased with the increasing concentrations of enrofloxacin and erythromycin thiocyanate. The soluble protein content of M. aeruginosa was promoted in the presence of low concentrations of antibiotics (￡0.02mg/L), and was inhibited by high levels of antibiotics (30.05mg/L). The content of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) presented a strong positive correlation with the levels of antibiotics. The study indicated that enrofloxacin and erythromycin thiocyanate both hindered the photosynthesis process of M. aeruginosa and the synthesis of soluble protein, thus inhibiting the growth of M. aeruginosa.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1829-1834 [Abstract] ( 415 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 446KB] ( 1055 )
1835 Study on oxidative damage to Microcystis aeruginosa mediated by allelochemical pyrogallic acid from submerged macrophytes
SUN Xue-Mei, LIU Bi-Yun, LU Zhi-Ying, WU Zhen-Bin
Pyrogallic acid (PA) secreted by submerged macrophytes Myriophyllum spicatum is a potent allelochemical toward Microcystis aeruginosa. For studying the mechanism of the allelopathic effect, the intracellular O2?? level, H2O2/ OH? level, SOD activity, MDA level and percentage of membrane-injured cells were detected, after M.aeruginosa were exposed to PA for 12h under dark and light conditions respectively. The results showed that 0.5mg/L PA could induce generation of O2?? significantly (P<0.01); H2O2/OH? level and SOD activity both exhibited dose-dependent increases; and to MDA level and Prodium Iodide fluorescence(indication of membrane-injured cells), significant increases were observed when exposed to 0.5and 1mg/L PA correspondingly(P<0.05). The results indicated that a low concentration of PA could induce significant ROS generation and consequent lipid peroxidation and membrane injury in M.aeruginosa, which suggested that oxidative damage may be one of the important allelopathic mechanisms.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1835-1841 [Abstract] ( 366 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 615KB] ( 1299 )
1842 Toxic effects of nNiO on three species of green algae
LEI Jing-Jing, FENG Jia, XIE Shu-Lian
The toxic effects were investigated on three green algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda, Chlorella vulgaris and Selenastrum capricornutum) for 10days by using nNiO suspensions in different concentrations (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300mg/L). The cell density, the contents of chlorophyll a, protein, malonyldialdehyde (MDA), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured respectively. The results indicated that: The growth of three species were inhibited under the stress of nNiO, and showed obvious dose effect during the same period; Effects of lower nNiO concentrations (60~120mg/L) on tested algae revealed a process of “inhibition-promotion-inhibition”, which meant that the growth of these algae was accelerated only in a certain period; Toxic effects of nNiO on three species demonstrated that the chlorophyll a and protein contents were decreased, the content of MDA was increased, and the antioxidant activity was reduced; Selenastrum capricornutum had a higher tolerance for nNiO, while Scenedesmus quadricauda and Chlorella vulgaris were more sensitive to nNiO.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1842-1849 [Abstract] ( 303 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 537KB] ( 1055 )
1850 Effect of bishphenol A on the reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus
LU Zheng-He, YAN Bin-Lun, YANG Jia-Xin
Using ecotoxicological approach we studied the effect of bishphenol A (BPA) on the reproductive variables of B. calyciflorus including population growth rate (r), and the mictic female/amicic female (MF/AF), mixis rate (MR), total male number /total female number (M/F), ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females (OF/NOF), fertilization rate (FR), resting egg production (RE), and cyst hatching rates. The results showed that BPA at 0.5mg/L or higher concentration significantly decreased r (0.83~0.86) to control, but BPA had no significant effect on M/F and OF/NOF. BPA from 0.25to 1.0mg/L reduced markedly MF/AF and MR. BPA at 0.125 to 1.0mg/L decreased significantly fertilization rate (3.33%~15.33%) and resting egg production (25.2~39.2ind/8mL). BPA at 0.0625to 1.0mg/L also significantly reduced the hatching rates (8.0%~22.0%) of resting eggs.The results showed that different endpoints of reproductive parameters had different sensitivities to BPA. HR of rotifers appeared to be most sensitive to the toxicity by BPA. Thus, since BPA had an adverse effect on the reproduction of the tested rotifer species, its concentrations in natural waterbodies must be monitored to protect the zooplankton.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1850-1855 [Abstract] ( 255 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 349KB] ( 901 )
1856 Sensitivity evaluation of five zoobenthos to priority pollutants
WANG Wei-Li, YAN Zhen-Guang, HE Li, WANG Xiao-南, MENG Shuang-Shuang, ZHENG Xin, LIU Zheng-Tao
The toxicity data of priority pollutants of five representative freshwater zoobenthos were collected and screened according to the water quality criteria derivation guidelines of the US and the lists of priority pollutant of EU、USA and China. The five zoobenthos included Chironomus tentans、Macrobrachium rosenbergii、Corbicula manilensis、Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. A list of ten priority pollutants that were most toxic to the five zoobenthos was obtained, and it mainly included two categories of chemicals — organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals. Species sensitivity distributions of the ten priority pollutants were analyzed. The results showed that Chironomus tentans and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus are more sensitive to organochlorine pesticides, so they may be the indicator organisms of relational pesticides pollution and the tested organisms in water quality criteria study.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1856-1862 [Abstract] ( 329 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 600KB] ( 3004 )
1863 Analysis of oxidative capacity of PM2.5 in Beijing
HU Ying, SHAO Long-Yi, SHEN Rong-Rong, Schaefer K, WANG Jing, Suppan P, WANG Jian-Ying
An in vitro plasmid scission assay was employed to study the variation of the oxidative capacity of a yearly PM2.5 samples in a residential area of Beijing. A total of 24 PM2.5 samples including 2samples per month (normal weather, fog and haze included) were collected from June 2010 to June 2011.The experimental results showed that toxicity of the whole sample solutions of the PM2.5 samples was approximately equal to or slightly greater than that of the corresponding water soluble fractions, confirming that the toxicity of the particles was mainly sourced from their water soluble fractions. The damage rate of samples to supercoiled DNA increased with their experimental dose levels such as 50, 100, 150, and 200μg/mL. For the different weather conditions, the damage rate of the samples was high in the fog and the haze days; and for the monthly variation, the damage rate of the samples in April and June was the highest while the other months were characterized by a low oxidative capacity with the DNA damage under 200μg/mL dose being below 50%. The damage rate had a positive correlation with average temperature and humidity, and had a negative correlation with the average atmospheric pressure and daily wind speed.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1863-1868 [Abstract] ( 275 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 398KB] ( 872 )
1869 The impacts of inter-grid power transmission on regional emissions of air pollutants and CO2
YE Min-Hua, CAI Wen-Jia, WANG Can
As a new form of inter-regional energy transportation, the increasing inter-grid power transmissions will change the trajectories of regional energy consumptions, consequently, the emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases. Modeling and analyzing these impacts can support policy makers with regard to national and regional energy strategies, as well as emission control policies. This study applied a multi-region bottom-up optimization model for China’s electricity sector (BOMCES-ED) to simulate the impacts of inter-grid power transmissions on regional emissions and power sector developments, using the electricity generation technology mix of 2010 as the base year dataset. Results show that Northwestern Grid, which is expected to export the most electricity according to the strategic planning of ultra-high voltage power transmissions, will have to increase its coal consumption for power generation in an amount of 123.51Mt, causing the emissions of SO2, NOx, CO2 and Hg within the grid grow by 0.221Mt, 0.116Mt, 227.5Mt and 3.80t respectively in 2020. It is suggested to pay more attentions to ease the potential conflicts in terms of environmental loss and health risk resulted from inter-grid power transmissions.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1869-1875 [Abstract] ( 434 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 379KB] ( 1503 )
1876 Impact of diet structure change on agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in China
WANG Xiao, QI Ye
Agricultural greenhouse gas emission caused by diet structure change was researched based on food consumption in this paper. Research stated that grain consumption was gradually replaced by animal-based food consumption in China, which was 7times greenhouse gas emission than plant-based food. The greenhouse gas emission related to average food consumption in 2010 increased 39% compared with that in 1990. Meat consumption has become the major source of greenhouse gas emission, and will increase constantly in future. Scenarios were set as world average, high, low meat consumption and balanced diet when income per person in China increased to that of USA in 2010. Greenhouse gas emission caused by meat consumption per person will increase by 47.8%, 119.9%, 4.8% and -29.6%, respectively. Research suggested that meat consumption should be decreased under the circumstance that balanced nutrients were guaranteed. At that time, co-benefit of greenhouse gas emission, resource saving and pollution reduction will be achieved.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1876-1883 [Abstract] ( 374 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 475KB] ( 1808 )
1884 SO2 scenario simulation of Kunming industrial park based on AERMOD modeling system and emission reduction policy
MA Jie-Yun, YI Hong-Hong, TANG Xiao-Long, PU Li
Industrial park of Kunming was exampled to do scenarios simulation of SO2. The year of 2009 was chosen to be base year, and 2015 was set to be scene year. Aermod modeling system was employed to do SO2 simulation and the policy scene was based on the 12th Five years plan. From this analysis, reduction of industrial emission will affect the regional air quality of SO2 and the highest ambient concentration of SO2 in modeling area will significantly reduced, the most reduction is up to 13%. And also the pollution area will decrease in 2015 in different time interval. The number of high pollution spots will become less and this phenomenon will also appeared in decentralized area of emission source. These results can offer a great proof of efficiently analyze the affection from emission control to air quality change by air quality model.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1884-1890 [Abstract] ( 258 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1338KB] ( 876 )
1891 Application of ecological vulnerability evaluation in plan environmental impact assessment of mining areas: a case study of Fuxin mining area
LIAO Xue-Qin, LI Wei, HOU Jin-Xiang
Taking environmental impact assessment (EIA) of the Master Plan of Fuxin Mining Area (FMA) as a case study, we established an indicator system involving the index on eco-environmental status, ecological sensitivity and landscape spatial structure for evaluating EV. A combination of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Comprehensive Index is employed to evaluate and grade the regional EVs, based on which the planned mining area is zoned into five kinds of units characterized by exploiting intensities of encouragement, optimizing, moderation, restriction and prohibition by GIS. The results indicate that the overall EV of FMA is relatively high with 51.38% units of degree IV and 39.36% units of degree V respectively in the total planned area. Because all of the existing and planned coal mines are located in the units with high EVs, it is concluded that the planned exploitation is in much contradiction with ecological conservation at this area.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1891-1896 [Abstract] ( 343 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1476KB] ( 1393 )
1897 Quantification of trans-regional eco-compensation in Minjiang River Basin
RAO Qing-Hua, QIU Yu, WANG Fei-Feng, XU Li-Zhong, ZHANG Jiang-Shan
The quantification of trans-regional eco-compensation in Minjiang River Basin in 2010 was estimated by the calculation method based on water pollution fluxes. The characteristics of trans-regional water pollution in Minjiang River Basin were reflected by the eco-compensation amount and most upstream districts were acceptors of eco-compensation. The eco-compensation amount in Longyan, Sanming, Ningde and Quanzhou cities were 1658.52, 8067.74, 2857.91 and 8778.4 million Yuan. The mid-stream city Nanping needed to pay 8413.82 million Yuan for eco-compensation. The downstream city needed to pay 5048.19 million Yuan for eco-compensation. The diversified financing channels of eco-compensation funds and the eco-compensation model by combining government guidance with market mechanism were provided. The eco-compensation model including financial compensation, project compensation and technical compensation were also discussed in this article.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1897-1903 [Abstract] ( 303 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 423KB] ( 1309 )
1904 Research on urban building energy consumption influenced by the change of population structure
ZHOU Wei, MI Hong, YU Xiao-Feng, FENG Ning
Changes in urban buildings’ energy consumption can be determined by analyzing population family structure, age structure and urban-rural structure. It is predicted that from 2010to 2030, population in China aged 20~39 is expected to decrease from 446 million to 328 million. By 2030, the average household size will drop from 3.10to 2.48 people per household and total number of households is expected to be 550million. With changes in population structure, by 2030, the urbanization level will be 64.2%. By 2020, total construction demand is expected to be 3.14′1010m2 with residential space per capita of 37m2. Buildings’ energy consumption is expected to be 1.72′109 tce. Moreover, by 2030, total building demand will be 3.84′1010m2 with residential space per capita of 42m2 which is expected to result in energy consumption of 2.13′109 tce. If the development strategy isn’t changed, there will be much empty buildings and huge waste resource.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1904-1910 [Abstract] ( 287 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 599KB] ( 945 )
1911 Evolution of economic and industrial pollution gravity centers and the decoupling mechanism in Yangtze River Delta
ZHAO Hai-Xia, JIANG Xiao-Wei
Based on the data of gross domestic product (GDP), total industrial output value, industrial wastewater, industrial waste gas and industrial solid waste, using the gravity model to calculate barycentric coordinates and offset distance, reveal the tracks and its changes of economic and industrial pollution gravity center of the Yangtze River Delta from 2000 to 2010. Furthermore, the paper explores the driving forces of the decoupling changes from four aspects, such as economic development, industrial structure, pollution transferring and environmental investment. The result shows that both economic gravity center and industrial pollution gravity center have being located in the northwest of region’s geometric center, but from the tracks, there is a certain decoupling phenomenon between them. The economic gravity center shifts to the northwest direction, the GDP gravity center and industrial gravity center have been respectively moving 9.45km and 7.58km to the northwest of the Yangtze River Delta. However, the industrial pollution gravity center shifts to the southeast direction, industrial wastewater, waste gas and solid waste gravity centers have been moving 18.11km, 28.92km and 3.84km respectively. Moreover, the economic gravity will still move toward northwest, in the contrary, the environmental gravity toward southeast in the near future．In detail, the decoupling phenomenon mainly attributes to the following aspects: Firstly, the economic structure optimization and unbalanced development aggravate the economic center of gravity move to the northwest. Secondly, environmental protection investment promotes the industrial pollution gravity center move to the southeast. Lastly, heavily industrial structure and pollution transferring between regions have sharpened the industrial pollution gravity center move to the southeastern of the Yangtze River Delta.
2013 Vol. 33 (10): 1911-1919 [Abstract] ( 357 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 918KB] ( 1154 )
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