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2013 Vol.33 Issue.11,Published 2013-11-20
1921 The vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties in a severe haze event
DENG Tao, WU Dui, DENG Xue-Jiao, TAN Hao-Bo, LI Fei, CHEN Huan-Huan
This study uses lidar data to investigate a severe haze event in the Guangzhou area. We analyze the impact of the boundary layer structure evolution on the distribution of aerosol extinction coefficient profile, based on the aerosol extinction coefficient and depolarization ratio retrievals. Results show that aerosol particles mainly concentrate below 1.5km in this event. The haze layer mostly extends to 1km and up to 1.5km in the afternoon under moderate haze condition, but only up to 500m under severe haze condition. During clean days, the aerosol extinction coefficient decreases linearly with height, and the scale height at the altitude of 1490m. In contrast, it decreases exponentially and the scale height maximizes at the altitude of 789.5m during haze days. The evolution of boundary layer is well represented by the change of aerosol extinction coefficient profile. The aerosol extinction coefficient peaks at the top of the residual layer. The aerosol depolarization ratio exhibits strong diurnal variation with higher value during daytime than at night and maximum value in the afternoon. In this event, the aerosol depolarization ratio is mostly less than 0.2. Only the clean days display local aerosol profile that is close to the Elterman profile.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 1921-1928 [Abstract] ( 368 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1525KB] ( 1333 )
1929 Haze variations over 1980-2009and connecting factors over the Yangtze River Delta Region
LIU Xiao-Hui, ZHU Bin, WANG Hong-Lei, ZHANG 恩Hong
Based on the meteorological data from 38observation stations of year 1980~2009and the Chinese urban API (Air pollution Index) data of 2001~2009, the haze distributions over the Yangtze River Delta region for the period of 1980~2009 are characterized. The extinction coefficients for all observation sites were calculated with double correction.The corrected extinction coefficients varied seasonally from the peak in winter to the bottom in summer. Over the 30years, there was a significantly increasing trends in haze days. Horizontal visibility, haze days, dry coefficient and API of three urban stations of Nanjing, Hangzhou, Hefei were analyzed. visibility was negative correlated with API in the haze days, and the correlation coefficients gradually increased in higher relative humidity.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 1929-1936 [Abstract] ( 376 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2316KB] ( 1463 )
1937 Carbonyl compounds in PM2.5 in the atmosphere of shanghai
FU Zheng-Ru, FENG Yan-Li, REN Qing-Qing, ZENG Cui-Ping, ZOU Ting
A method for detection of carbonyl compounds in atmospheric PM2.5 in Shanghai was established by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). Five mono-carbonyl and two dicarbonyl compounds were detected in atmospheric PM2.5 samples in Shanghai. Among the mono-carbonyl compounds, formaldehyde was found to have the highest annual average concentrations at (1579.47 ± 672.81) ng/m3, followed by acetaldehyde at (572.02 ± 470.58) ng/m3. The annual average concentrations of the two dicarbonyl compounds (glyoxal and methylglyoxal) were (63.74 ± 54.27) and (97.28 ± 39.62) ng/m3, respectively. Some of the carbonyl compounds in the PM2.5 samples showed obviously diurnal and seasonal variations. The concentrations of carbonyl compounds increased during rush hours in the morning and evening. The annual average concentrations of mono-carbonyl compounds were the highest in the winter and the lowest in the summer, whereas the concentrations of dicarbonyl compounds were higher in the summer than those in the winter. In addition, the concentrations of carbonyl compounds in the PM2.5 samples were also related with the temperature, humidity, and the mass concentrations.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 1937-1945 [Abstract] ( 324 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 610KB] ( 875 )
1946 Effect of ozone on the combination performance of ceramic membrane ultrafiltration-biological activated carbon filtration
GUO Jian-Ning, ZHANG Xi-Hui, ZHANG Jian-Guo, SHENG De-Yang, HU Jiang-Yong, TAO Yi
Two combination processes, including ozonation-ceramic membrane-biological activated carbon (BAC) (processⅠ) and ceramic membrane-BAC (processⅡ), were tested to treat polluted raw water. The performance was evaluated with the removal efficiencies of turbidity, ammonium and organic matters in a scale of 3L/d.The effects of ozone on membrane flux and BAC were also considered. More than 96% of turbidity was removed by both combination processes either with or without ozone addition. The ammonium that can be removed by both processes was limited to 1.0~2.0mg/L. Increasing the dissolved oxygen to 30.0mg/L can lead to a complete removal of ammonium with the concentration as high as 5.5mg/L. The average removal efficiencies of the total organic carbon (TOC) and ultraviolet absorbance at 254nm were 48.3% and 51.8% for processⅠwithout ozone addition, 51.1% and 48.2% for processⅡwhen ozone dosage was 2.0mg/L. Ozonation had no effect on turbidity removal, while it resulted in the changes of organic molecular structure at an ozone dosage of 2.0mg/L and this helped alleviate the membrane fouling. Membrane flux in processⅠincreased by 25%~30% compared with that in processⅡ with no ozone addition. However, residual ozone may affect the microbial activities in the BAC, which impacted the removals of organic matter and ammonia negatively.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 1946-1952 [Abstract] ( 323 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 493KB] ( 1129 )
1953 Study on the influence of oxygen aeration as a means of controlling sulfide accumulation of sewer system
ZHANG Tuan-Jie, WU Chen, LIU Yan-Chen, ZHOU Xiao-Hong, WANG Tong, SHI Han-Chang
The production and emission of hydrogen sulfide in sewer systems is associated with several problems, including malodor, toxicity on sewer workers and biogenic corrosion of concrete pipe. Oxygen aeration is a more adopted method of controlling hydrogen sulfide production and accumulation. The paper aims to study on the influence of different oxygen aeration condition on sulfide accumulation, carbon source consumption process of sewer system by lab-scale batch experiments. Result indicated that the liquid sulfide concentration can be controlled by oxygen aeration which oxidizes the sulfide generated of sewer system. The sulfide accumulation, carbon source consumption is significantly affected by aeration frequency. The way of more short intermittent oxygen aeration can effectively suppress sulfate reduction, prevent the accumulation of liquid phase sulfide and consume less organic carbon source in the sewer system.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 1953-1957 [Abstract] ( 261 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 325KB] ( 777 )
1958 Kinetics and impact factors of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation in drinking water by UV/TiO2
GAO Nai-Yun, ZHANG Yan-Yan, MA Yan
Photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in nano titanium(Degussa P-25) suspended system was studied. Effects of TiO2 dosage, initial mass concentration, pH value, CO32- and tertiary butanol on photocatalytic degradation of SMX were respectively investigated. The results indicated that SMX could be effectively removed by UV/TiO2 following pseudo first order kinetics. SMX degradation rate constant was 0.1438min-1with half-life period t1/2 of 4.82min with TiO2 dosage at 500mg/L and initial SMX concentration at 5mg/L in neutral pH. Maximum degradation was reached when TiO2 dosage was 500mg/L under pH 7. SMX degradation was slightly inhibited under low concentration of CO32- while on the other hand the reaction get promoted when CO32- concentration continuous increased. Tertiary butanol was observed greatly inhibited the reaction as well. The electrical energy per order (EEo) values for photocatalytic degradation of SMX were also calculated to estimate the operational cost of the process.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 1958-1964 [Abstract] ( 350 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 528KB] ( 996 )
1965 Mechanism of copper-iron bimetallic particles immobilized by sodium alginate in removal of Cr(Ⅵ)
ZHU Wen-Hui, WANG Xing-Run, DONG Liang-Fei, WANG Qi, HE Jie
The reduction of Cr(VI) by Fe0 is self-inhibiting and Fe0 easily agglomerates in groundwater. As such, iron cannot be fully utilized in Fe0-permeable reactive barrier (PRB) as the PRB is prone to compaction and blockage. To overcome these limitations, this study adopted sodium alginate (SA) to immobilize copper-iron bimetallic particles (SAB). Experimental results demonstrate that application of SA and copper-iron bimetallic particles dramatically increase the removal capacity of Cr (VI) by Fe0. Application of SA could decrease copper loading and obtain higher Cr (VI) removal rate than copper-iron bimetallic particles. SAB loaded with 0.9% copper (SAB0.9) were found to be the most optimal filler. From scanning electron microscopy images pore structures are observed, created by cross-linking SA with Ca2+, which increases the surface area of the copper-iron bimetallic particles. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrate that the copper loaded onto the Fe0 surface presents a loose layer structure that acts as a catalyst to improve the utilization rate of Fe0 through variation of valence to transfer electrons. Based on permeability coefficient experiments, SAB0.9 can control the release of precipitation from the reduction of Cr(VI) by Fe0 and resolve the deficiency that Fe0-PRB is prone to compaction and blockage.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 1965-1971 [Abstract] ( 337 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1204KB] ( 976 )
1972 The achievement of partial nitrification and denitrification at normal temperature and maintenance at low temperature for real landfill leachate
SUN Hong-Wei, GUO Ying, PENG Yong-Zhen, XIE Hong-Gang
The landfill leachate treatment was investigated by using an UASB-SBR biological system. The long-term stability of nitrogen removal via nitrite at normal and low temperature was studied. Furthermore, the achievement mechanism of partial nitrification and characteristic of nitrifying bacteria were investigated in SBR. 598days experimental result showed that the removal efficiencies of COD, NH4+-N and TN reached 92.0%, 99.2% and 98.0%, respectively. The advanced nitrogen removal was achieved in the system. Partial nitrification was achieved after 116days operation in SBR, and nitrite accumulation ratio (NAR) reached above 90%. The higher NAR was maintained for 171days at low 15℃ and the lowest temperature of 10.2℃ during two winters. The effect of free ammonia (FA) inhibition and process control was used to achieve nitrite pathway in the SBR. The ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was dominant by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques analysis, and the spherical Nitrosococcus and rod-shaped Nitrosomonas were dominant in ammonia oxidizing bacteria by scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques analysis.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 1972-1977 [Abstract] ( 234 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1052KB] ( 797 )
1978 Enrichment and sludge characteristics analysis of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB)
DONG Yi-Jun, WANG Shu-Ying, WANG Chuan-Xin, ZHANG Yu-Kun, PENG Yong-Zhen
Nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was cultured mixedly in whether nitrification sludge or partial nitrification sludge system, as a result, its characteristics are not so clear to the researchers. In this paper, NOB, which was inoculated by the excess activated sludge from the pilot-scale SBR in the same lab, was enriched with the way of increasing NO2--N concentration gradually, and combining high concentration of Free nitrite acid (FNA) and DO. After 65days, FISH analysis showed that more than 80% of the bacteria population was NOB (Nitrobacter: 80%; Nitrospira: 5%), which demonstrated the successful enrichment of NOB. Furthermore, the activated sludge granulated naturally under the average MLSS concentration, MLVSS/MLSS and SVI of 700mg/L, 0.278and 6mL/g, respectively. The reason about the extremely low SVI was probably that the sludge had high fraction of inorganics, which could be used as crystal nucleus to form the granules. Results of the research indicated that even with the wastewater whose NO2--N concentration was up to 1000mg/L, this sludge could play a good performance with specific nitrifying rate and specific OUR of 131.03mg/(g MLVSS·h) and 169.5mg O2/(g MLVSS·h), respectively.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 1978-1983 [Abstract] ( 423 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 722KB] ( 1250 )
1984 Effect of influent ammonia concentration on biological nutrient removal in sequencing batch reactor with static/aerobic/anoxic regime
XU De-Chao, CHEN Hong-Bo, LI Xiao-Ming, YANG Qi, LUO Guan, PENG Bo, WANG Zhi-Long, XIE Ji-Ci, WU Xiu-Qiong
To investigate the effect of influent ammonia concentration on biological nutrient removal (BNR) performance of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with static/aerobic/anoxic configuration, fours SBRs (R1, R2, R3 and R4) were operated with influent ammonia concentration of 20, 30, 40and 50mg/L respectively. The results demonstrated that 82.3%, 92.8%, 92.6% and 89.1% of phosphorus (P) removal efficiencies and 97.2%, 88.6%, 84.5% and 72.6% of total nitrogen (TN) elimination efficiencies were respectively obtained in R1, R2, R3 and R4 during the long-term operation. It could be concluded that static phase without stirring could function as anaerobic phase in this process, and thus enhanced the biological phosphorus removal. Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) was observed in the four systems and achieved respective 14.7%, 16.6%, 17.8% and 14.8% of TN elimination. Post-denitrification was driven by glycogen, achieving 0.57, 4.43, 6.61 and 13.70mg/L of effluent TN in R1, R2, R3 and R4 respectively. The research indicated that different influent ammonia loadings had impacts on P release in static phase, aerobic P uptake and denitrifying P uptake in anoxic period; Post-anoxic denitrification process with anaerobic stage replaced with static phase displayed excellent BNR efficiencies, and could save cost and simplify procedure.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 1984-1992 [Abstract] ( 278 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 542KB] ( 658 )
1993 Laboratory investigation of solubilization of naphthalene by nonionic surfactant Tween80
BAI Jing, ZHAO Yong-Sheng, ZHOU Bing, ZHAO Xiao-Bo
This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation performed to study the solubilization of naphthalene by nonionic surfactant of Tween80. A series of batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of temperature, ionic strength, and coexisting contaminants (e g. benzene and nitrobenzene) on the solubilization efficiency. The results demonstrated that naphthalene solubility in water was greatly improved in the presence of Tween80, the apparent solubility of naphthalene reached 489.70mg/L in Tween80 solution of 10.0g/L; there was a linear positive correlation between the naphthalene apparent solubility and the factor of temperature or ionic strength, and the effect of temperature on solubilization was more obvious; the coexisting contaminants negatively influenced the naphthalene apparent solubility, and the effect was greater in the presence of benzene.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 1993-1998 [Abstract] ( 319 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 359KB] ( 1609 )
1999 Optimization of CTN-4to chlorothalonil-degrading conditions and a kinetics model
WANG Guang-Li, LI Xin-Feng, ZHANG Hui, XIONG Ming-Hua, LI Feng
A selection of a chlorothalonil-degrading strains was bacteria CTN-4 (Pseudomonas sp.) which had been selected and could use chlorothalonil as the sole carbon source. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum conditions for the biodegradation of chlorothalonil by Pseudomonas sp., and to establish a kinetic model to simulate the degradation process. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on CCD experimental design was employed to determine the optimum conditions. Results indicated that the optimum conditions for chlorothalonil degradation based on RSM and contour plots were as follows: concentration of glucose, 0.40% (w); initial concentration and pH of chlorothalonil were 102.66mg/L and 7.05, respectively. In addition, the predicted value of chlorothalonil degradation rate under the optimum conditions was 93.89%, which was in good agreement with the experimental result: under the optimum conditions, the degradation rate of chlorothalonil was 95.07%. Moreover, experiments show that the effects of pH, temperature and the initial substrate concentration on the degradation of chlorothalonil were obvious. And the degradation kinetics curves of chlorothalonil can be fitted by the modified Gompertz model which is similar with the process of chlorothalonil degradation.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 1999-2005 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 746KB] ( 1105 )
2006 Effect of output and reflux of hydrolysate on hydrolysis and acidification process of agricultural straw
CHEN Guang-Yin, 吕Li-Li , CHANG Zhi-Zhou, YE Xiao-Mei, XU Yue-Ding, ZHANG Jian-Ying
Effect of output and reflux of hydrolysate on hydrolysis and acidification process of baling wheat straw were investigated by batch model at (37±1)℃. Ejected the hydrolysate from anaerobic system was good for the dissolving of organic matter of wheat straw. After hydrolysate ejection, more organic matter of wheat straw were dissolved into hydrolysate and content of COD and SCOD increased and pH value decreased rapidly while content of TVFAs increased in the initial stage and than decreased. More hydrolysate ejected from the anaerobic system was benefit for the dissolving of organic matter of wheat straw and amount of COD, total solid losing rate, hemi-cellulose losing rate and cellulose losing rate of the treatment of evacuation of hydrolysate were 44.45%, 25.97%,30.23% and 43.34% higher than that of the treatment of one third hydrolysate ejection. Amount of COD obtained from 1 gram wheat straw was up to 0.33g COD. There was no significantly improvement on the dissolving of organic matter of wheat straw by reflux of hydrolysate. However, daily biogas yield and methane content were increased obviously by reflux of hydrolysate at the end of the experiment. Cumulative biogas yield and methane content of the treatment of reflux hydrolysate once a day were higher than that of the treatment of reflux hydrolysate three times a day and without reflux.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 2006-2012 [Abstract] ( 218 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 494KB] ( 725 )
2013 Migration and emission of heavy metal elements in the multi-resource utilization of high alumina fly ash process
HAN Yong-Peng, LI Hui-Quan, CHEN Bo, LI Qiang, JIA Xiao-Ping, ZHANG Jing-Feng, ZHANG Yi
Substance flow analysis was adopted to study the migration behavior and quantitative potential environmental impact of heavy metal elements in multi-resource utilization of high alumina fly ash process. The input, output, and internal migration of heavy metals in this process are obtained. The result showed that 54% of lead was from fly ash, and the other was from industrial raw materials. 64% of lead was brought out through products,and the other through wastes. The environmental emission of this process were from sintering and cement production. The Relative Environment Emission Index (REEI) was defined to compare this process with the Bayer process. The result showed that the lead emission of this process was significantly less than Bayer process and the chromium emission of this process was fair with Bayer process. It meaned that this process could not only utilize the resource of high-alumina fly ash but also significantly reduce the environmental impact of heavy metals in alumina product.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 2013-2017 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 429KB] ( 802 )
2018 Research progress in multimedia cycle processes and simulation of POPs in urban surface system
LIU Min, WANG Lan-Hui
The urban surface system is an integral part of the land surface system. And the spatio-temporal processes of urban LUCC (land use/cover change), mainly featured in covered with impervious surfaces, breaking the original physical geographic patterns and processes of the system, affecting material circulation and energy flow among different media or interfaces, and changing cycles and mechanisms of POPs, act as an indicator and an important driving force of changes in the urban environment and human-land interaction, as well as the key basis for planning and management of urban environmental protection. We begin with a comprehensive summary of effects on POPs’ distribution and migration of urban LUCC, involving spatio-temporal distribution of POPs in a single medium, migration and cumulative processes of POPs in multimedia. Secondly, the paper investigates the key progress in simulation of multimedia cycle processes and fate of urban POPs, including urban multimedia fate model and GIS-based urban multimedia fate model. Finally, the outlook for future research needs to focus on the following scientific problems: (i) technology of accurate retrieval of urban LUCC based on impervious surfaces and assimilation and integration of urban LUCC and POPs’ emission inventory, as well as other relevant data, (ii) coupling mechanism of migration and transformation processes of POPs in multimedia and multiple interfaces, (iii) establishment and derivation of key model parameters of processes and mechanisms of cycles of POPs in the context of urban LUCC, (iv) construction and application of urban multimedia fate model with high spatio-temporal resolution based on GIS and processes and mechanisms of cycles of POPs in urban areas.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 2018-2026 [Abstract] ( 358 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 424KB] ( 1329 )
2027 The effect of pipeline construction on vegetation pattern in the desert steppe region
XIAO Jun, WANG Ya-Feng, SHI Peng, CHEN Li-Ding
Desert steppe, as a fragile ecosystem, is easy to be influenced by human activities which may cause degradation. The typical desert steppe in the north of Urumqi was selected to study the impact of oil and gas pipeline construction. The land use types of different construction stages were obtained by remote sensing images interpretation, and dimidiate pixel model was used to extract vegetation coverage. Comparing the changes in vegetation cover pattern and landuse pattern, we can analyze the influence intensity and extent of oil and gas pipeline. The land use types varied greatly in different stages of construction. Grassland area decreased by 32.53%, while shrub land area increased to 24.61% from 2002 to 2010. Construction land area increases obviously in construction period, and declines after taking vegetation restoration measure. The study area became complicated, and original ecological structure changed. In construction period, vegetation coverage of buffer which is above the pipe and in 10m range was significantly lower than the surrounding areas, and which in 50~100m and 100~200m ranges were significantly different from that in 200~300m range. The main influence scope is the construction area with the range around 10m; the indirectly affect scope could reach 200m on either side of the pipeline. In vegetation-restoring period, construction area above the pipeline was the main influence scope. In conclusion, the oil and gas pipeline construction is the main driving force on the land use types change in desert steppe which is cut up by pipeline. Artificial restoration measures could hardly rehabilitate the vegetation of the influenced area as the same as it was used to be.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 2027-2034 [Abstract] ( 280 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 994KB] ( 702 )
2035 Effects of domestic sewage sludge on the accumulation and transfer of mercury in crop-soil system
DI Li-Mei, XI Bin, LIU Hong-Bin, LIU Shen
A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of domestic sewage sludge on accumulation and transfer of mercury in soil in wheat/maize rotation system. Five treatments were chosen for this work: chemical fertilizer without sewage sludge (S0), chemical fertilizer with 4.5t/hm2 sewage sludge (S1), chemical fertilizer with 9t/hm2 sewage sludge (S2), chemical fertilizer with 18t/hm2sewage sludge (S3), and chemical fertilizer with 36t/hm2 sewage sludge (S4). The results showed that the Hg concentration obviously increased with age of the sewage sludge utilization. There was a significant linear relationship between the input amount of Hg in sewage sludge and accumulated amounts of Hg in soil. The Hg mainly accumulated in 0-20cm topsoil and accumulation rate could reach 90%. The 5-year continuous application of sewage sludge did a little effect on the Hg concentration in crop grains and shoots when the dose of sewage sludge was less than 2400t/(hm2×a), in which the Hg concentration of sewage sludge was less than the Chinese sludge agricultural pollution control standard limit (GB18918-2002).
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 2035-2039 [Abstract] ( 271 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 351KB] ( 640 )
2040 The morphological changes and analysis of phosphorus in the root soil of emergent aquatic plant in the wetland.
LIU Jing-Jing, LI Min, QU Bo, QI Mei
Take Scirpus planiculmis、Phragmites communis and Zizania aquatica in Yeyahu Wetland as studied objects, then different forms of inorganic phosphorus (IP) and organic phosphorus (OP) in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil samples were extracted by chemical continuous extraction. The content characteristics and distribution regularities of different P forms were analyzed, and the P absorption mechanism of plants was also discussed.Results show that the content of Ca-P in the rhizosphere is significantly lower than non-rhizosphere,while Ex-P、Fe-P and Oc-P are the opposite.Also there is a OP cumulative trend as all the four different forms of OP in rhizosphere are higher than non-rhizosphere. The Ca-P/TP in rhizosphere is significantly less than that of non-rhizosphere, which indicated that the plants can transform Ca-P which is difficult to be absorbed into other forms to use.HR-OP/TP in rhizosphere is less than non-rhizosphere, but MR-OP/TP is just the opposite, indicating that there is a trend that the stable forms of OP can convert into high activity ones. TIP/TP in rhizosphere of all the three plants is less than the non-rhizosphere, meanwhile, almost the whole TOP/TP in rhizosphere is greater than non-rhizosphere. Accordingly, a hypothesis can be infered that in the P up-take process of roots, IP is the main part which is absorbed, yet a large number of OP wil be accumulated until transformed.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 2040-2046 [Abstract] ( 253 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 533KB] ( 1348 )
2047 Study on the aerobic decomposition and nutrient release of cyanobacteria detritus in Dianshan Lake
SUN Yuan-Jun
The aerobic degradation and nutrients release rule of cyanobacteria debris collecting from Dianshan Lake was studied，after ultrasonic treatment. The results showed that the cyanobacterial cell mineralization rate of organic carbon was up to 9.415mg/(L×d), the ammonification rate of organic nitrogen up to 0.441mg/(L×d), the degradation rate of organic phosphorus up to 0.044mg/(L×d). Aerobic degradation will result in a massive release of dissolved nutrient, the nitrate and orthophosphate concentration was 4.22and 4.20times higher than initial value after degradation.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 2047-2052 [Abstract] ( 292 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 419KB] ( 1157 )
2053 The effects of submerged macrophyte (Vallisneria natans) at different biomass levels in one-year life cycle on water quality
ZHANG Lai-Jia, YE Chun, LI Chun-Hua, SONG Xiang-Fu, KONG Xiang-Long
The effects of submerged macrophyte at different biomass levels in one-year life cycle on water quality were studied. Vallisneria natans, which was planted in greenhouse, was used in the present study. The sediment was collected from Taihu Lake and water was prepared according to the water quality of Taihu Lake. The experimental results showed that, the effects of submerged macrophyte on water quality had significant differences under different biomass levels, which were mainly influenced by Vallisneria natans from the different period in life cycle. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, the results showed that, from the view of whole life cycle in one year, the treatment with biomass level of 992.00g had the highest effective on pH value of water column and adversely affected on the absorbed amount of NH4+-N and TOC. When the biomass was 496.00g, ρ(DO) always maintained a high level (approximately 8.65mg/L). The biomass of 228.00g was beneficial to the reduction of ρ(TP) in water column, but unbeneficial to the reduction of ρ(TN) and ρ(NO3--N).During the growing season, the removal rate of water nutrients kept increasing with biomass increasing until the biomass reached 2380.00g. Then, the removal rate reduced gradually. During the decomposing season, the removal rate of ρ(TN) reached maximum value when the biomass was 168.00g, while the removal rate of ρ(TP) reached minimum value when the biomass was 784.00g. In summary, 214.00g was the optimum biomass in terms of water quality, which was corresponding to the density of 118.00g/m2.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 2053-2061 [Abstract] ( 332 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 615KB] ( 1165 )
2062 Pollution levels and spatial distributions of polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments of Yangtze Estuary during water impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir
GAO Shuo-Han, CHEN Jing, SI Zheng, SHEN Zhen-Yao
The surface sediment and core sediment samples taken from the Yangtze Estuary during the water impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir were analyzed to reveal the pollution levels and spatial distributions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The PCB levels of the Yangtze Estuary were relatively low compared to other industrial/urban coastal environments worldwide. Generally, the samples taken in November were less polluted by PCBs than those taken in August and February because of the changes of PCB input and the water impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Samples collected in the north branch showed higher PCB concentrations. In the adjacent sea area, PCB values along the –20m isobath were higher than those along the –10m isobath due to the “marginal filter” phenomenon formed by different water currents. The effects of the physicochemical characteristics (TOC and grain size) of surface sediments on the distributions of PCBs were also investigated. Masked by various other factors, the TOC contents and sediment grain sizes did not exhibit a strong influence on the distributions of PCBs. Analysis of the PCB congener distribution patterns revealed the predominant proportion of light PCBs with 2~3chlorines. According to the principal component analysis (PCA) of source contributions, the PCB sources of the north and south branch were quite different, and the PCB sources have changed from the past.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 2062-2068 [Abstract] ( 357 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 587KB] ( 1201 )
2069 Distribution and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Dishui Lake water system
MEI Wei-Ping, RUAN Hui-Hui, WU Hao, LE Huy Tuan, JIANG Min
Dishui Lake is the largest artificial lake in China. 16polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in sediments from Dishui Lake water system every two months in 2012. The ∑PAHs concentrations ranged from 74.03to 579.20ng/g, with the mean of 272.55ng/g. ∑PAHs in river sediment outside the diversion sluice [(407.64±6.90) ng/g] were similar to sediment inside the diversion sluice [(427.99±213.84) ng/g], while both were greater than those in Dishui Lake [(156.33±62.00)ng/g]. As the value of Ant/(Ant+Phe) in each site of study area was higher than 0.1, petroleum combustion was considered to be the main sources of PAHs. The result of ecological risk assessment indicated that serious ecological risk didn￠t exist, but the flowing rivers maybe had a weak potential risk, while Dishui lake was considered risk-free.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 2069-2074 [Abstract] ( 291 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 495KB] ( 642 )
2075 Pollution characteristics of PAEs derived from indoor settled dust of dormitory and exposure assessment in summer
ZOU De-Kun, WANG Fu-Mei, JIAO Jiao, ZHANG Lei-Bo, JI Ya-Qin, DAN Chun-Yan
35 indoor dust samples were collected from Nankai University dormitory. Using CH2Cl2 and ultrasonic extraction for extraction and separation, gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was applied to analyze DMP, DEP, DBP, BBP, DEHP and DOP. And then the pollution characteristics and assessment of human exposure to PAEs from indoor dust were studied. The results showed that DEHP and DBP were the main pollutants from indoor settled dust of Nankai University dormitory, their median concentrations were 126.916 and 123.591μg/g, respectively, the sum accounting for more than 99% of the Σ6PAEs concentration. The phthalate levels and major characteristics were affected by the quantities of phthalate products, cleaning habits, ventilation and the gender of members. The total exposures of PAEs (DBP, DEHP, DEP, BBP) for students through the mouth were higher than the skin. The exposures of DBP and DEHP which were accounted for a higher proportion of the total intake of PAEs were higher in Tianjin than those in USA. The importance of students’ exposure to PAEs in indoor environment should be paid more attention.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 2075-2080 [Abstract] ( 297 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 409KB] ( 961 )
2081 Air quality health index in China: a pilot study
CHEN Ren-Jie, CHEN Bing-Heng, HAN Hai-Dong
Daily concentrations of PM10, SO2 and NO2 from 2001 to 2010 in 16 Chinese cities were collected to obtain the exposure-response relationships with daily mortality using the standard time series regression and Hierarchical Bayesian models. The coefficients of PM10-mortality association and NO2-mortality association were directly used to construct the air quality health index (AQHI). Then, the AQHI was validated by examining its ability to predict daily mortality and comparing this ability with existing air pollution index (API) and air quality index (AQI). The results showed the formula of AQHI was AQHI=10/16.4×100×[exp(0.00019×PM10)-1+exp(0.00061×NO2)-1]. The magnitude of AQHI’s predictive ability was greater than API and AQI.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 2081-2086 [Abstract] ( 335 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 314KB] ( 2263 )
2087 An evaluation of the economic loss due to the heavy haze during January 2013 in China
MU Quan, ZHANG Shi-Qiu
The heavy haze during January 2013in China has drawn public attention worldwide. Based on the available data reported in the media, we evaluate the direct economic loss due to the heavy haze during this period. The results find a lower bound of the total direct cost on health and transportation attributed to the heavy haze is 23 billion Chinese Yuan, among which the east cities and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China suffered the most. The cost due to increased outpatient and emergency accounts for 98% of the total direct economic cost of the event, and is nearly twice as much as the total cost of health impacts attributed to particulate air pollution in non-haze events estimated in the literature.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 2087-2094 [Abstract] ( 612 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 469KB] ( 2809 )
2095 Assessment model for Dongting lake’s comprehensive nutrition state based on extended blind number
ZHI Guo-Zheng, CHEN Yao-Ning, YUAN Xing-Zhong, ZENG Guang-Ming, ZHU Hui-Na, HUANG Hua-Jun, LIANG Jie, JIANG Hong-Wei
Based on the characteristics of various uncertainties coexist or cross-existence of lake water environment system, extended blind number theories were applied to the field of lake eutrophication assessment. Connecting the extended blind numbers represented the concentrations of parameters with the comprehensive nutrition state index model, the comprehensive trophic level index model was established on the basis of extended blind number theory. Then it was used to evaluate the eutrophication state of Dongting lake. The results showed that the mesotropher region was in the west, south and export of Dongting lake. However, the east Dongting lake were higher, ranging from mesotropher level to light eutrophic level, and had the tendency to the level of meso-eutrophic. Compared with the deterministic method, the comprehensive evaluation model can calculate both the possible ranges and their credible degrees of the comprehensive nutrition state index. Therefore, this model gave a better characterization of the actual eutrophication status and spatial distribution difference of the nutrients which was more scientific and comprehensive.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 2095-2101 [Abstract] ( 314 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1052KB] ( 793 )
2102 Analysis of potential carbon reduction for different food waste processing mode
CHEN Hai-Bin, LIU Jin-Tao, ZHONG Hui, DENG Bing, PEI Xiao-Hui
Based on the mass balance method introduced by IPCC, this article analyzed reduction potential of carbon reduction on landfilling, aerobic composting, anaerobic digestion and “pressure extrusion pretreatment and dry fraction burning and wet fraction anaerobic digestion”. The study found that “pressure extrusion pretreatment and dry fraction burning and wet fraction anaerobic digestion” has the great potential of carbon reduction, which is 947.6kg CO2/t, compared to the landfilling. Taking Shenzhen City for example, if processing of food waste adopt the mode of “pressure extrusion pretreatment and dry fraction burning and wet fraction anaerobic digestion” in 2011, it would generate electricity for 450million degrees and reduce carbon emissions by 2.014million tons throughout the year.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 2102-2106 [Abstract] ( 354 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 332KB] ( 3662 )
2107 A framework analysis on seasonal rivers￠ pollution total load control
CHEN Long, ZENG Wei
This study based on an overview of research contents about the Seasonal discharge programs(SDP), combined with our country’s total amount control policy, and draw lessons from the successful experience of domestic and international implementation of the SDP, build up a basic framework for the seasonal total load control. According to the water environment quality of China￠s rivers, points out that the research and implementation of seasonal total load control in our country is feasible. In view of the current problems in the implementation of seasonal total load control, put forward the main research directions in the future.
2013 Vol. 33 (11): 2107-2111 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 292KB] ( 1326 )
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