Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae

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CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

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	2014 Vol.34 Issue.1,Published 2014-01-20

	1	China 10km carbon dioxide emissions grid dataset and spatial characteristic analysis
		WANG Jin-南, CAI Bo-Feng, CAO Dong, LIU Lan-Cui, ZHOU Ying, ZHANG Zhan-Sheng, XUE Wen-Bo
		Based on the exclusively statistics on 1.58 million industrial enterprises in the First China Pollution Source Census, 10km resolution CO2 emissions grid of China was built bottom-up by point emission sources. Our results showed the spatial pattern of CO2 emissions of China was distinctly marked by the China’s population HuHuanYong line. The CO2 emissions in the eastern region of this line were obviously higher than that in the western region. Hotspot cities, suchas Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou had decisive effluence on the spatial pattern of emissions of China. The Jing-Jin-Ji region, Yangtze River Delta region and Pearl River Delta region were the key regions of CO2 emissions. The calculated global Moran's I indicated that there was significant spatial autocorrelation in CO2 emissions of China. The local Moran's I showed that the spatial autocorrelation concentrated in some hotspot regions centered by hotspot cities, which implied that the CO2 emissions reduction strategies would receive multiplied effects when implemented on these cities.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 1-6 [Abstract] ( 489 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1775KB] ( 1256 )

	7	Carbon isotope compositions and source apportionments of PAHs in PM10 of Taiyuan City during heating period.
		BAI Hui-Ling, LIU Xiao-Feng, SONG Chong-Fang
		Atmospheric particulates with the aerodynamical diameter ￡10mm (PM10) were collected during heating period in Taiyuan City. The carbon isotopic compositions of 9 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on particulates associated with atmosphere and pollution sources (soot and vehicle exhaust) were measured using the gas chromatography-isotope ration mass spectrograph, and then the contributions of the two sources to atmospheric PAHs were calculated based on the notion of carbon isotope mass balance. The PAHs from soot were 13C-depleted with increasing ring size, but the ones from vehicle exhaust were in inverse. The δ13C values of PAHs in Taiyuan city were almost identical, and the variation trend was the same as the one of soot, which indicated that the soot was the primary pollution source of PAHs in this city. For each sampling sites, the apportionments of soot to Fluoranthene and Benz[a]anthracene were all larger than that of vehicle exhaust, but the contribution of soot to Chrysene was the same as the one of vehicle exhaust, so the soot was the primary pollution source of Fluoranthene and Benz[a]anthracene, and the Chrysene was the combined effect of soot and vehicle exhaust. The contributions of soot versus the ones of vehicle exhaust to Fluoranthene, Benzo[ghi]fluoranthene, Benz[a]anthracene and Benzo[b+k]fluoranthene were all in proportion of 7:3, which based on the city’s average δ13C values of PAHs, that is, the atmospheric pollution of PAHs in Taiyuan city was combined pollution of coal soot and vehicle exhaust.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 7-13 [Abstract] ( 342 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 462KB] ( 803 )

	14	Contributions of local tourism and regional air pollution to atmospheric aerosols in Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan, China.
		QIAO Xue, XIAO Wei-Yang, TANG Ya, Daniel JAFFE, JIANG Li-Jun
		From April 2010 to April 2011, weekly to biweekly samples of total suspended particle (TSP) were collected at two sites in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve (Jiuzhaigou hereafter). The site at the entrance was much more affected by local tourism (e.g., tour bus), compared with the site at the Long Lake meteorological station. Ionic concentrations of the samples were measured. The results show that TSP, SO42-, Ca2+, K+, NH4+ and NO3- concentrations in air were significantly higher at the entrance than at the Long Lake meteorological station, while Na+, Mg2+ and Cl- concentrations were similar between the two sites, respectively. Pronounced seasonal variations in ionic concentrations were observed. Concentrations of TSP and most ions were lower during the peak season of tourism (from June to October), probably due to the higher cleaning effect of precipitation on air. In contrast, concentrations of TSP and most ions were higher during the other months, likely owing to low precipitation amount and the spring dust from northwestern China. Furthermore, the equivalent ratios of [SO42-]:[NO3-] were relatively high. All above suggest that atmospheric environment in Jiuzhaigou was considerably polluted by local tourist activities, regional combustion of coal and biomass, and spring dust transported from northwestern China.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 14-21 [Abstract] ( 289 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1305KB] ( 845 )

	22	Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals and their impacts on soil environmentin in typical urban areas of Nanjing.
		LI Shan-Quan, YANG Jin-Ling, RUAN Xin-Ling, ZHANG Gan-Lin
		Atmospheric deposition (wet and dry) of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni) in six different urban function zones of Nanjing were monitored monthly from year 2005 to 2008. Heavy metals of surface soils in each zone and 206Pb/207Pb ratio in a particular soil profile were studied to explore the effect of atmospheric deposition on soil environment. Enrichment factor and potential ecological risk index showed that Cu, Zn andPb were strongly anthropogenicallyenriched, and Cu, Pb were the critical elementswith potential ecological risksin atmospheric deposition. Atmospheric deposition induced the enrichment of heavy metals in surface soils except for the forest scenic zone. Prediction results based on a simple accumulation model found that the accumulation of heavy metalsby atmospheric depositionwassignificant in the iron metallurgicalindustrial zone, especially for elements Zn and Pb. The verticaldistribution of Pb content and 206Pb/207Pb ration in thesoils in the vicinity of an iron metallurgical industrial zone showed that the influence of atmospheric deposition was mainly occurred in surface soils. The binary model of 206Pb/207Pb validated the prediction of the accumulation modelof heavy metals in iron industrial zone soil and showed that heavy metals such as Pb in the surface soils were affected obviously by atmospheric deposition.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 22-29 [Abstract] ( 529 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 505KB] ( 2458 )

	30	The mass concentration and chemical compositions of the atmospheric aerosol during the Spring Festival in Nanjing
		WANG Hong-Lei, ZHU Bin, SHEN Li-Juan, ZHANG Ze-Feng, LIU Xiao-Hui
		In China, the most intensive burning of firework event occurs in the New Year Festivities, which release the high concentrations of particles, and cause acute short term air pollution. Concentrations and chemical components of PM10 were measured and analyzed in Nanjing, during the Spring Festival on January 19~31, 2012, for assessing the impacts of fireworks on ambient air quality. The PM1.0 concentration increased at the rate of 15.5μg/(m3·h) and the visibility was reduced at the rate of 1.625km/h during the study period. The results of the mass spectra and water-soluble ions spectrum can be described as trimodal distributions during the burning periods and bimodal distributions during non-burning periods. The ions of K+, SO42-, NO3-, Cl- and Mg2+ in PM2.1 and PM1.1 increased by the range of 16%~38% during the burning periods. For aerosol in the range of 0.2~2.0μm, nitrate, zinc, copper and part of K-including particles were mainly originated from firework burning, however, sulfate particles were hardly originated by this process, Pb-including particles were from industry emission.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 30-39 [Abstract] ( 329 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 585KB] ( 1198 )

	40	Geochemical characteristics and pollution sources identification of the near-surface atmosphere dust-fall in Jining City
		DAI Jie-Rui, ZHU De-Cheng, PANG Xu-Gui, WANG Xue
		Samples of near-surface atmosphere dust-fall and different pollution end-members were collected in the urban area of Jining City. The element characteristics of the near-surface atmosphere dust-fall and pollution end-members were analyzed systematically and the spatial distribution of the dust-fall and its pollution sources were studied. The results showed that the contents of elements varied obviously in different pollution end-members. The contents of As, Cd, Cu, F, Pb, S and Se within coal dust-fall were the highest, higher than those in atmosphere dust-fall and exerted great influence on the environment. The contents of Cd, Pb, Se, Zn, Hg and CaO within near-surface atmosphere dust-fall were affected by human activities in different degrees. Results of correlation analysis and factor analysis showed that Cd, Pb, Se and Zn mainly came from enterprise coal consumption, with a contribution ratio of 26.32%. The contents of the above four elements near chemical factories, steel factories and high populated regions were generally high, which was consistent with the spatial distribution of the coal pollution sources. CaO was related to traffic pollution, with a contribution ratio of 10.06%. Hg was mainly due to automobile emissions, with a contribution ratio of 8.12%. The contents of As, Cr, F and Ni within dust-fall were seldom influenced by human activities and mainly came from soil sedimentation (natural sources), with a contribution ratio of 30%. The above four pollution sources (enterprise coal consumption, traffic pollution, automobile emissions and soil sedimentation) were the main sources of atmosphere dust-fall in Jining city. The enrichment coefficients of As, Cr, F and Ni were smaller and the spatial correlations of the four elements were better; while the enrichment coefficients and variable coefficients of elements influenced by human activities, such as Cd, Pb, Se and Hg were larger, and the spatial distributions of these elements were consistent with those of the pollution sources.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 40-48 [Abstract] ( 320 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1481KB] ( 1478 )

	49	Size distribution of water-soluble ions in aerosol from an offshore site of Nantong in autumn
		WEN Bin, KONG Shao-Fei, YIN Yan, CHEN Kui, YUAN Liang, LI Li, LI Qi
		Size fractionated aerosol particles were collected with an Anderson cascade sampler at an offshore site of Nantong in October and November, 2012. Ten types of water-soluble ions were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC, Metrohm Inc. Swiss). Results show that the mass concentrations of all the ions in PM10 and PM2.1 were 59.70mg/m3and 45.96mg/m3, respectively. The descending order of mass concentration for major ionic species in PM2.1 was: SO42->NO3->NH4+>Ca2+. SO42-, NH4+ and NO3- were found to contribute about 80% of total ionic concentrations in PM10, indicating that the secondary ionic species were major component in aerosol. SO42-, NH4+ and NO3- were unimodally distributed in particles, with a peak value in size-bin of 0.43~1.1mm. Ca2+, Na+ and Cl- exhibited bimodal distribution. Ca2+ showed the dominant peak at 4.7~3.3mm, while Cl- and Na+ exhibited the peak values in the size ranges of 0.43~1.1mm and 3.3~5.8mm. However, the maximum concentrations of Cl- and Na+ were located in different size ranges. The value of nss-SO42-/SO42 was higher than 90% in PM10, indicating that the terrestrial sources exert significant influence upon the sulfate aerosols of the offshore site. The ratios of nss-SO42-/NO3- were all higher than 1.0 for aerosol particles less than 2.1mm in diameter, indicating that the stationary sources were more important for ions in fine particles than vehicle emission in this region. The influence of vehicle emission on coarse particles should also be paid attention. Case study showed that the stable weather system and the transport of pollutants from inland regions with high pollutant emissions can explain the severe pollution episode occurred in October 27th.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 49-57 [Abstract] ( 302 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1392KB] ( 1089 )

	58	Preparation of the hydroxyapatite to remove fluorine from groundwater and its removal performance
		LIU Cheng, HU Wei, LI Jun-Lin, JIANG Cheng-Hao, CHEN Wei
		Powdered and spherical hydroxyapatite were prepared in the lab for the removal of fluorine from groundwater, in addition, character and removal effect were determined using infrared spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy instrument, X ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer and batch scale experiment. The results show that, powdered hydroxyapatite prepared in lab had high purity but relatively low crystallinity, while the prepared spherical hydroxyapatite is relatively regular, porous spherical particles with particle size about 1mm. Removal capacity of powdered hydroxyapatite and spherical hydroxyapatite to fluoride from groundwater were about 15.2mg/g and 7.5mg/g respectively, however, the removal process had great difference. Powdered hydroxyapatite could remove most fluorine in 30min, while the process of spherical hydroxyapatite to remove fluorine lasted longer time and needed an interval of more than 8h. The combined process of powdered and spherical hydroxyapatite could decrease the concentration of fluorine in groundwater to 0.8~0.9mg/L stably. In all, the combined process could be used to remove fluorine from groundwater.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 58-64 [Abstract] ( 311 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 525KB] ( 1277 )

	65	Performance and influencing factors of nitrate removed by magnetic resin from ground water
		LIU Cheng, ZHANG Qian, JIANG Cheng-Hao, CHEN Wei
		The groundwater nitrate removal efficiency and its influence factors which were common organic and inorganic ions in the groundwater were studied by underbrush experiment. The research results showed that the exchange capacity of magnetic ion exchange resin in prepared 20mg/L of nitrate nitrogen(NO3--N) solution was 55.91mg/mL, and the magnetic ion exchange resin removal rate was faster than other common resins, which could get equilibrium in 10min. Humic acid had an unconspicuous influence on nitrate removal by magnetic ion exchange resin. On the contrary, common inorganic anions had more obvious influence, and the influence degree was SO42->CO32->Cl->HCO3-. The research on groundwater of a Xuzhou waterworks showed that magnetic ion exchange resin in the groundwater could remove about 50% NO3--N when the water ratio got to 500BV. In conclusion, magnetic ion exchange resin could be a processing technology on nitrate removal in the groundwater.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 65-71 [Abstract] ( 269 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 760KB] ( 856 )

	72	Application of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize chemical phosphate precipitation from phosphorus enriched supernatants of a SBR at anaerobic stage.
		吕Jing-Hua , YUAN Lin-Jiang, ZHANG Ting-Ting
		Ferric salt was used as precipitator for phosphorus removal from supernatant of a SBR at anaerobic stage to recovery phosphorus source. To reduce adverse effect of chemical residue on the microorganism and reclaim phosphorus resources as much as possible, Box-Benhnken center combination experimental principle and response surface methodology were adopted, rations of dosage of ferric salt to that of phosphate, agitation speed, flocculation reaction time were chosen as independent variable and residual ferric ion concentration for response value to explore the interaction among those parameters in this study. With the aid of Design-Expert 8.0 software, a quadratic curved surface model was obtained. The result showed that the optimum conditions to be a dose of 1.40:1molar ratio of ferric ion to phosphate, stirring intensity for 275r/min with 30s in coagulation and 60r/min with 18min in flocculation, and precipitation time of 20min. The residual iron ion concentration could be kept at 0.37mg/L, and the efficiency of phosphorus removal could be achieved more than 97.66%.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 72-77 [Abstract] ( 304 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 398KB] ( 966 )

	78	Study on methylene-blue adsorption from water phase by palygorskite clay sludge
		GAO Shu-Ling, YANG Cui-Ling, LUO Xin-Sheng, ZHOU Peng-Xin, ZHANG Zhe
		The absorption effect of the palygorskite clay sludge (obtained from the sodium lignosulfonate wastewater) and acid-treated palygorskite (1mol/L HCL) was investigated, methylene blue in aqueous solution as an adsorbate. The structure and surface electricity-performance of two types of adsorbents were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FT-IR spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XRD) and zeta potential. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacities of palygorskite clay sludge and acid-treated palygorskite were 98.7mg/g and 97.50mg/g at 30℃, respectively. When the palygorskite clay sludge was selected as the adsorbent, the absorption process was spontaneous endothermic, the adsorption isotherms followed Langmuir equation, and the dynamic data fitted pseudo-second order kinetic model well.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 78-84 [Abstract] ( 357 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 991KB] ( 1464 )

	85	Ammonia removal kinetics of spent liquor of T-acid crystallization by evaporation
		ZHANG Sheng-Han, CHEN Quan-Yuan, LIU Huan-Huan
		For the purpose of reducing the concentration of ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen of spent liquor of T acid crystallization, which was pre-treated by complex extraction process, Fenton oxidation and ammonia evaporation was tested in order to create the favourable condition for the following biological treatment. The influence of fenton oxidation, pH, gas-liquid volume ratio, temperature and reaction time on the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen was investigated. The experimental results showed that concentration of ammonia nitrogen was reduced by Fenton oxidation, which enhanced the removal of ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen. The removal of ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen increased significantly after Fenton oxidation. It was found that the removal of ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen increased with increasing pH, temperature and gas-liquid volume ratio. The removal of ammonia nitrogen exceeded 99% and total nitrogen exceeded 97% at pH 11, gas-liquid volume ratio of 3000, temperature of 95℃and 120min of reaction time. It was also found that ammonia removal rate of spent liquor of T-acid crystallization by evaporation followed the first-order kinetic equation and the reaction rate constant k was 0.00883min-1. The Arrhenius equation was fitted as ln(k)=-1.97161-1016.5026/RT, R2=0.9959, where the activation energy was 8451.20J/mol and the pre-exponential factor was 0.139min-1. It was concluded that ammonia evaporation was the effective method of treating spent liquor of T-acid crystallization containing high concentration of ammonia nitrogen and may be applied in industry.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 85-90 [Abstract] ( 305 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 488KB] ( 706 )

	91	Landfill leachate treatment by microwave-enhanced persulfate oxidation process using activated carbon as catalyst.
		LI Na, LI Xiao-Ming, YANG Qi, LIU Xian, WU Xiu-Qiong
		Microwave-enhanced persulfate (PS) oxidation using activated carbon (AC) as catalyst was originally applied to disposal landfill leachate. The comparison of different process was studied and so as to the effects of pH、dosage of AC、PS dosage、microwave power and radiation time. The obtained results showed that the rates of COD and NH4+-N removal increased with the increase of AC dosage、 PS dosage(S2O82-:12COD0)、 microwave (MW) power and radiation time. The effect of pH value on COD removal was unconspicuous while NH4+-N removal got better efficiency under alkaline condition. The optimal condition was that: AC dosage =10g/L, S2O82-:12COD0 =1.2, pH =9, microwave power =500W and radiation time =10min. Under the optimal condition, the rates of COD and NH4+-N removal were 78.2% and 67.2% respectively, and the biodegradability (BOD5/COD) of the landfill leachate increased to 0.38. The results of comparison experiments showed that the rates of COD and NH4+-N removal in the process of MW-AC-PS were remarkable higher than the other treatments. There might be certain cooperation actions in MW-AC-PS system during the degradation of COD and NH4+-N and thermal effects of MW played a key role. When AC was used for the fourth time, the efficiencies of COD and NH4+-N removal were 61.2% and 46.1% respectively.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 91-96 [Abstract] ( 361 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 402KB] ( 996 )

	97	Experimental and numerical investigation of the effects of turbulence on phosphorus release from sediment
		XIA Bo, ZHANG Qing-He, NIE Xiao-Bao, HUANG Xiao-Yun, CHEN Shu-Xiu
		Nearly isotropic homogeneous turbulence in a water column was generated by an oscillating grid turbulence device. Effects of flow turbulence on phosphorus release from sediments were investigated. Results show that the turbulent diffusion was an important factor in phosphorus release from sediments. Under the low turbulent shear stress, sediments remained at the bottom of water body, and the phosphorus absorption onto bottom sediments released into the pore water. The phosphorus in pore water would be mixed into upper water due to the vertical turbulent diffusion to increase the concentration of phosphorus in the upper water column. While the higher turbulence intensity led to sediment suspension, the phosphorus adsorbed onto suspended sediments would be released into upper water directly through the desorption process. The dissolved phosphorus concentration increased and the equilibrium time decreased with increasing suspension-sediment concentration. Coupling the turbulence model, hydrodynamic and sediment transport model, convection-diffusion model and the Langmuir adsorption kinetics model, a one dimensional vertical numerical model was established to simulate dynamic processes of sediment transport and phosphorus release in the turbulent flow. The numerical results and the experimental data show an agreement and an average relative error of less than 10%. The model can be used to simulate phosphorus release processes in real environments.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 97-104 [Abstract] ( 352 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 581KB] ( 982 )

	105	Investigation on the removal of trichloromethane using modified cellulose supported zero-valent iron adsorbents
		YAN Ai, BIAN Qiong, LIU Ming-Hua
		Grafted cellulose was used as carrier for preparing cellulose supported zero-valent iron adsorbents (ZVI-SCB) by aqueous reducing technique. The ZVI-SCB was characterized by XRD and ESEM. The removal of trichloromethane (TCM) by ZVI-SCB was investigated under different conditions, i.e., catalyst kinds, ZVI-SCB dosage, initial concentration of trichlormethane (TCM), pH value and concentration of chloridion. When dosage of ZVI-SCB was 5g/L, the initial concentration of TCM was 36.7mg/L and the solution pH was 3.1, the removal percentage of TCM reached 84.4%. In addition, the obtained data were modeled using pseudo-first-order equation and second-order equation. The correlation coefficient R of pseudo-second-order equation was 0.996~0.999, indicating that the better fit of experimental data was obtained by means of the pseudo-second-order model.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 105-110 [Abstract] ( 326 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 513KB] ( 805 )

	111	Performance and sludge characteristics of the CANON process
		HU Shi, GAN Yi-Ping, ZHANG Shu-Jun, HAN Xiao-Yu, ZHANG Liang
		Completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) has been regarded as an efficient and economical process for nitrogen removal from wastewater. The CANON process was successfully developed in an CSTR (Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor) which was fed with synthetic wastewater and operated at 30°C and mean DO 0.27mg/L. The experiment lasted for 120 days. Under high ammonium influent, the highest ammonium removal efficiency was 84.4% and the maximum ammonia removal rate was 0.42kg/(m3·d), the highest total nitrogen removal efficiency was 72.0% and the maximum removal rate was 0.35kg/(m3·d). Rising ammonium concentration (76.05~583.93mg/L) in the influent caused the increase of ammonium (2.66~167.52mg/L), and no accumulation of nitrite was found in the reactor. In order to indicate the contribution of nitrifiers to the nitrate production, the ratio of total nitrogen removal and the amount of nitrate generated (△TN/△NO3-) was used. According to the OUR test experiment,the rate of oxygen consumption of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria was 169.46 mgO2/(gVSS·h) while the rate of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria was 39.63 mgO2/(gVSS·h). Sludge particle size on day 102 (86.36μm) increased by 60% than the size on day 30 (54.09μm). Sludge SEM analysis showed filamentous bacteria decreased while extracellular polymeric substances increased on surface of sludge sample. The experimental results proved that the system had a certain granulation capability, which was beneficial to the start-up and improvement of autotrophic nitrogen removal.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 111-117 [Abstract] ( 358 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 683KB] ( 1607 )

	118	Treatment of wastewater containing chromium with periodic reversal electrocoagulation
		YU Shao-Qin, XIONG Dao-Wen, CHEN Xiang-Bin, YOU Jian-Jun, XIONG Shan, WANG He-De
		Wastewater containing chromium was treated with periodic reversal electrocoagulation by using iron plate as electrode. Several affecting factors for the removal of chromium, such as initial concentration, pH, retention time, reversal period and current density were investigated. The results showed that the removal rates of total Chromium and Chromium (VI) were above 99.5% under initial concentration of 40 mg/L, pH of 8.0~9.0, retention time of 2min and current density of 16.37A/m2. Furthermore, the electrode passivation was reduced with the reversal period of 10~15min, and the energy consumption decreased by 10%~20%. The experiment results indicated that periodic reversal electrocoagulation was effectively and energy-saving for treatment of wastewater containing chromium.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 118-122 [Abstract] ( 304 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 450KB] ( 973 )

	123	Efficiency of a multi-stage anoxic/oxic process treating tannery wastewater following a biochemical pretreatment.
		LI Jian-Zheng, ZHAO Bo-Wei, ZHAO Zong-Ting
		Ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) removal is not satisfactory in the existing tannery wastewater treatment processes. In order to solve the problem, a multi-stage anoxic/oxic process (MAOP) was introduced as a secondary biological treatment unit to treat tannery wastewater deeply. The MAOP was a four-stage anoxic/oxic process and the influence of step-feeding, hydraulic retention time (HRT) and sludge return rate (R) on its simultaneous removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH+ 4-N was investigated. The results showed that the MAOP was effective in COD removal. Whatever the step-feeding was carried out, the effluent COD was less than 300mg/L with HRT 24h and solid residence time (SRT) 18d, coming up to the secondary emission standards of GB8978-1996. With the same HRT and SRT, the NH4+-N removal was up to 97.7% when the inflow distribution ratio and R were 4:3:2:1and 100% respectively. The effluent NH4+-N about 3.6mg/L met the primary emission standards of GB8978-1996. A multiple mechanism of denitrification, shortcut nitrification, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification could be occur in the MAOP. It was suggested that MAOP was a promising biological denitrification process for tannery wastewater treatment.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 123-129 [Abstract] ( 313 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 469KB] ( 1453 )

	130	Studies on dissolved organic nitrogen compositions and water-treatment behavior in micro-polluted water.
		ZHU Wen-Qian, XU Bin, LIN Lin, CHEN Ying-Ying, XU Qian
		Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was the main precursors of toxic N-DBPs, and the removal effect of DON was unknown for conventional water treatment process (CWTP). Variation of existence and molecular composition of DON in Huangpu River and the Yangtze River and the removal effect in CWTP was investigated. The results showed that the small molecular (< 5kDa) and hydrophilic organic matters dominated the composition of DON, DOC and UV254 in both two kinds of raw water. In Huangpu River, both autochthonous and allochthonous NOM sources were found. However, the autochthonous sources dominated NOM sources in the Yangtze River. As the result of linear regression analysis of DON and regular water indexes, DON was moderately correlated to DOC with coefficient of 0.59 in Huangpu River and 0.52 in Yangtze River. DON was also correlated to UV254 with coefficient of 0.74 and 0.51 respectively. The DON removal rate by CWTP in the Huangpu River (40.0%) was higher than Yangtze River (16.7%). The great limitation of DON removal by CWTP indicated that the technology of enhanced conventional and advanced water treatment must be applied by the drinking water plants.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 130-135 [Abstract] ( 345 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 402KB] ( 1933 )

	136	A method for determining water pollutant discharge limit based on combination of administrative goal-oriented and environmental capacity-based total pollution load control patterns
		WEI Wen-Long, ZENG Si-Yu, DU Peng-Fei, CHEN Ji-Ning, LIU Yi
		Since China was facing the challenge to transit its control pattern on total pollution load from an administrative goal-oriented way to an environmental capacity-based way, an approach for determining water pollutant discharge limit which could combine advantages of two patterns was put forward. To establish the method, five principles were involved, i.e., calculations were dependent on water body classification; relations between catchment and administration boundaries were considered; bottom-up way was applied; protection levels for different water bodies were differentiated; and more kinds of pollutants were covered. Water bodies were grouped into five categories, according to different ways to utilize environmental capacities and corresponding total load management patterns. Five categories were named as protective utilization, restorative utilization, controlled utilization, developmental utilization, and restricted utilization, to which a goal-oriented pattern, mixed pattern, capacity-based pattern, capacity-based pattern, and mixed pattern was assigned, respectively. A general procedure instructing calculation of pollutant discharge limit for both catchment and administrative zone was given. The approach was applied to a project on strategic environmental assessment of social-economic development in Yunnan and Guizhou Province. The case study showed that 31.25% of cities in Yunnan should decrease the load of COD and 43.75% should decrease the load of ammonia nitrogen, while 55.56percent of cities in Guizhou could increase the load of COD properly and 44.44percent could increase the load of ammonia nitrogen properly. It was capable of linking pollution load reduction more closely to local water environmental improvement, tightening up environmental restrictions on regions with poor water quality by stricter discharge permit, and leaving more development room to regions with surplus environmental capacity by loosening existing pollutant reduction goals. For local governments, discharge limits given in the paper could be used to adjust existing pollution load control plans. The approach was a practical tool for China to transit its water pollution load management pattern.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 136-142 [Abstract] ( 363 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 483KB] ( 1373 )

	143	Pretreatment of soybean protein wastewater by coagulation
		QI Qiu-Bo, GAO Bao-Yu, LU Shi-Yu, DONG Hong-Yu, WANG Yan, YUE Qin-Yan
		As a kind of concentrated organic wastewater, soybean protein wastewater is difficult to be safely disposed. In order to reduce organic loading of the subsequent bio-treatments, Al2(SO4)3, FeCl3, PAC, PFS, TiCl4 and flocculant synthetized by paper mill sludge (PSF) were utilized as coagulants for pretreatment by of soybean protein wastewater. The application and performance of PDMDAAC, PAM and enteromorpha as coagulant aids were also examined in this research. Experimental results showed that efficient coagulation performance could be achieved by PAC as coagulant and PAM as coagulant aid at dosages of 0.3g/L and 10mg/L, respectively.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 143-149 [Abstract] ( 288 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 449KB] ( 792 )

	150	Study on flocs characteristics under three common dominant coagulation mechanisms
		WU Yan, YANG Yan-Ling, LI Xing, ZHOU Zhi-Wei, WANG Wei-Qiang, SU Zhao-Yang
		Simulated low turbidity and micro-polluted water was used as raw water and aluminium sulfate was used as coagulant,the flocs growth process, two-dimensional perimeter fractal dimension (Dpf), specific surface and the relationship between flocs characteristics and coagulation efficiency under three common coagulation mechanisms (charge neutralization, bridging and sweep flocculation) were investigated. The results indicated that the highest growth rate S (0.951), stable flocculation index (FI) value (3.7%) and two-dimensional perimeter fractal dimension (1.588) of flocs were formed under bridging dominated the coagulation mechanism. Additionally, the flocs stick together in clumps with porous space in such condition and its specific surface was between that formed by sweep flocculation and charge neutralization as the following hierarchy: sweep flocculation (83.646m2/g)>bridging (98.808m2/g) >charge neutralization (116.046m2/g). The FI value, S and Dpf had a significant linear correlation with the turbidity removal efficiency, the correlation coefficient reaching up to 0.979、0.982 and 0.963, respectively. The flocs with higher specific surface and bigger adsorption capacity may be contributed to a higher organic matter removal.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 150-155 [Abstract] ( 411 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 691KB] ( 1131 )

	156	Influencing factors of Microcystis Aeruginosa removal by enhanced coagulation with diatomite
		WANG Lin, WU Chun-De, NI Mu-Zi, GUO Hui-Fen, LIANG Guo-Jian, XIONG Ru-Si
		Microcystis aeruginosa was selected to explore the removal performance of coagulation by combining PAC with diatomite. The effects of PAC dosage, diatomite dosage, initial solution pH, concentration of humic acid on the removal of algae and turbidity were investigated. The zeta potential of the reaction system in coagulation processes was determined. Results showed that diatomite could effectively improve floc settle ability and algae removal. The Chl-a removal reached 96% and the residual turbidity was less than 0.9 NTU with 6mg/L PAC and 30mg/L diatomite when initial solution pH ranged from 7 ~ 8. The presence of humic acid in water obviously inhibited the coagulation removal of Microcystis aeruginosa. When the concentration of humic acid was higher than 1.0mg/L, the algae removal declined sharply and the residual turbidity increased; the addition of diatomite would mitigate the negative effect to some extent.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 156-160 [Abstract] ( 366 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 413KB] ( 1762 )

	161	Immobilization of phosphorus in Taihu Lake sediment-water systems by lanthanum-modified zeolite
		LI Jia, ZHAN Yan-Hui, LIN Jian-Wei, YANG Meng-Juan, FANG Qiao, ZHENG Wen-Jing
		In-situ sorbent amendment is a promising contaminated sediment remediation technology. The immobilization of phosphorus (P) in Taihu Lake sediment-water systems using lanthanum-modified zeolite (LaMZ) as a novel amendment was investigated by conducting a series of experiments. P could be released from unamended and LaMZ-amended Taihu Lake sediments at a very low initial concentration of P in water. The amount of P released from LaMZ-amended Taihu Lake sediment was less than that from Taihu Lake sediment. The content of NaOH-P (P extracted with NaOH) or HCl-P (P extracted with HCl) in LaMZ-amended Taihu Lake sediment was higher than that in Taihu Lake sediment. The content of BD-P (P extracted with bicarbonate dithionite) in LaMZ-amended Taihu Lake sediment was less than that in Taihu Lake sediment. The equilibrium sorption of phosphate from aqueous solution at a high initial concentration of P (0.5~15mg/L) could be described by the Langmuir isotherm model. The phosphate sorption capacity for LaMZ-amended Taihu Lake sediment was much higher than that for Taihu Lake sediment. The phosphate sorption capacity for LaMZ-amended Taihu Lake sediment decreased with increasing aging time. Sequential extraction of P from phosphate-sorbed Taihu Lake sediment and LaMZ-amended Taihu Lake sediment indicated that most of sorbed phosphate onto LaMZ existed in NaOH-P and HCl-P forms, and was relatively stable and unlikely to be released under anaerobic condition. Results of this work indicate that in-situ LaMZ amendment is a promising method for controlling P release from Taihu Lake sediment.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 161-169 [Abstract] ( 305 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 491KB] ( 1290 )

	170	Characteristics of nitrate in surface water and groundwater in the Hun River Basin
		ZHANG Ya-Li, ZHANG Yi-Zhang, ZHANG Yuan, MENG Wei, LIU Xiang-Chao, WAN Jun
		Hydrogeochemistry and nitrate pollution characteristics in surface water and groundwater of the Hun River basin were investigated by analyzing concentrations of the main ions and nitrogen. The results showed that the water types of the surface water changed from Ca-HCO3 to Ca-SO4 along the river while it varied from Ca-HCO3、Ca-SO4 to Ca-Cl in shallow groundwater. Concentrations of NO3--N in the surface water were increased to 6.13mg/L from the initial 1.06mg/L. However, the NO2--N and NH4+-N were only detected in the middle and lower Hun River. These results indicated that the surface water was significantly affected by anthropogenic activities. Concentration of NO3--N in groundwater was evidently higher than that in surface water. There were no significant differences of NO3--N content in surface water samples of the four land-use types (forest land, dry land, urban land and paddy field). However, significant difference for NO3--N levels in shallow groundwater were found between dry land and paddy field. Serious pollution of NO3--N, NO2--N and NH4+-N were found in shallow groundwater. In general, most of shallow groundwater samples showed medium water quality. The denitrification might exist in the shallow groundwater of the middle and lower areas based on variations of ORP, DO, Cl- and nitrate concentrations showing the content of NO3--N was decreased gradually and increase of NO2--N concents.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 170-177 [Abstract] ( 319 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1281KB] ( 1341 )

	178	Simulation study and analysis of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus load in the Taizihe Watershed in Liaoning Province
		LUO Qian, REN Li, PENG Wen-Qi
		In order to estimate the non-point source (NPS) pollution loads of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Taizihe watershed quantitatively, after a detailed field survey and data collection, the method of unit load and export coefficient modeling and the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) were comprehensively used to simulate the runoff, sediment and nutrients loads during 1997to 2008. Based on the observed runoff, sediment loads and water quality data, detailed calibration and validation of multi-parameters, multi-objective and multi-site were carried out. Then, the temporal and spatial distribution of NPS pollution loads of nitrogen and phosphorus load was analyzed. The results showed that the simulation of runoff was pretty good. The simulation results of sediment and nutrients loads met the requirements. The model had good adaptability in the Taizihe watershed and was available. The model could be used to simulate and analyze the NPS pollution problems. The annual average loads of the TN and TP from 1997 to 2008 were 17357.43t and 7110.91t. The temporal and spatial distribution of the TN and TP loads was affected greatly by the process of rainfall-runoff. The total load during the flood season (from June to September) accounted for 77.76% and 80% of the annual load. The spatial distribution of the TN and TP loads varied greatly, with the long-time average annual values of the TN being 13.20kg/hm2and TP being 5.41kg/hm2. The Dengta City and the Liaoyang County, located in the middle and lower of the Taizihe watershed, were the critical source areas of NPS pollution.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 178-186 [Abstract] ( 321 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1645KB] ( 1201 )

	187	Application of PRA in deriving soil cleanup level for a coking plant site
		JIA Xiao-Yang, XIA Tian-Xiang, JIANG Lin, ZHONG Mao-Sheng, YAO Jue-Jun, LIANG Jing
		A Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) was used to characterize variability and uncertainty of 17 parameters related to human exposure and 5 related to soil physicochemical properties in deriving the soil cleanup levels of 8 pollutants in a coking plant. Results showed that the ratios of PRA clean-up level to DRA clean-up level were 1.11~2.49, except for Nap in subsoil (0.9), therefore, the cleanup levels derived by using deterministic risk assessment (DRA) method were in general more conservative than these by using PRA in this case. If contaminants in soil were reduced to the PRA clean-up levels, all the exposure risks would be acceptable but at different levels, and Ben in topsoil was more likely to cause harm to human health than others. The sensitivity analysis revealed that adult exposure duration (EDa) and child exposure duration (EDc) both contributed most to the uncertainty (sensitive ratio: 35%~59.8% for EDa and 6.2%~20.2% for EDc) in the derivation of all the clean-up levels. Soil physic-chemical parameters, such as soil organic carbon content (foc), volumetric air content in soil (θair,vad) and volumetric water content in soil (θwater,vad), were more sensitive to volatile Ben and Nap and less to semi-volatile BaA~DBA. Contrastingly child soil ingestion rate (Irs-c) were more sensitive to BaA~DBA and less to Ben and Nap.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 187-194 [Abstract] ( 347 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 552KB] ( 1033 )

	195	Vertical distribution and behavior of fluoride and cadmium in the wastewater irrigated agricultural land of industrial oasis region, Northwest China
		XUE Su-Yin, LI Ping, WANG Sheng-Li, 南Zhong-Ren , WU Wen-Fei
		Distribution and behavior of fluoride (F) and cadmium (Cd) in cultivated soil profile from suburban oasis soils in baiyin city irrigated with waster water for a long time was investigated. Results showed that there had the different levels of leaching transport for different elements under the influence of infiltration of irrigation or precipitation, and the order of element transport levels was F>Cd, the migration depth of F reached to 80~100cm, the migration depth of Cd reached to 40~60 cm; the significant model of negative power function were both found for F and Cd to explain the heavy metal transfer in soil profile, while F and Cd showed different migration behavior that F had high mobility with large dose, but Cd exerted opposite effects. As a source of soil pollutants, wastewater irrigation could make difference on accumulation and mobility of F and Cd, and F may pose a threat to groundwater.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 195-200 [Abstract] ( 293 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 456KB] ( 1087 )

	201	Study of bioreactor for mainly valuable metals recovery from waste printed circuit boards
		XU Zhi-Guo, ZHU Neng-Wu, YANG Chong, WU Ping-Xiao
		To explore the bioleaching characteristics and process conditions of valuable metals in bioreactor which from waste printed circuit boards so as to promote the practical application of bioleaching technology, the designed batch mode bioleaching reactor and was used and strain Thiobacillus ferrooxidans Z1 was isolated, the optimum operation conditions of bioreactor was determined on the basis of investigation of bioleaching characteristics of valuable metals from waste printed circuit boards. The results showed that the optimum operation conditions of the reactor was: aeration rate 1L/min, retention time 30h, stirring speed 300r/min and powder dosages 12g/L. Under the conditions, 90.24% copper leaching efficiency was achieved in 101h. Meanwhile, 93.06% of magnesium, 85.59% of zinc, 85.59% of aluminium and 64.51% of nickel was bioleached in 197h, respectively. Therefore, the bioleaching reactor can effectively recover valuable metals in the waste printed circuit boards, which provided experimental evidence for the practical application of the technology.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 201-206 [Abstract] ( 305 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 483KB] ( 800 )

	207	Influence of total solid content and inoculum-to-substrate ratio on anaerobic digestion of leaf vegetable waste
		HE Pin-Jing, HU Jie, 吕Fan , ZHU Yi-Shu, SHAO Li-Ming
		Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate mesophilic anaerobic digestion of vegetable waste. The performances of anaerobic digestion were compared at different total solid contents (3%, 5%, and 7%) and inoculum-to- substrate ratios (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5). Gas and liquid phase analysis showed that the lower total solid content and the higher inoculum-to-substrate ratio shortened the lag phase of methanogenesis, and increased the average daily methane production rate. After 52 days, the treatment at 3% in total solid content and inoculum-to-substrate ratio of 3.5 had the highest average daily methane production rate from VS of 9.5mL/(gVS?d), and the highest daily highest methane production rate from VS of 49.8 mL/(gVS?d). This treatment was also the first to enter the rapid methanogenic phase. At an inoculum-to-substrate ratio of 3.5, it was observed that as the total solid content increased the lag phase was prolonged and there was an increase in the methane production rate, and an increase in the net cumulative methane production per substrate. The amount of net cumulative methane production per substrate was 481mL/gVS when the total solid content was 7%. At an inoculum-to-substrate ratio of 1.5, the treatment with a total solid content of 5% and 7% was not sufficient to initiate methanogenesis, whereas the treatment with a total solid content of 3% had a relatively long lag phase of 15 days. The observed inhibition is presumably due to the accumulation of volatile fatty acids. Furthermore the extended lag phase can be attributed to the increase in the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the liquid phase. On the other hand, a lag phase was not observed when the volatile fatty acid concentration was less than 1260 mg/L.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 207-212 [Abstract] ( 328 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 402KB] ( 928 )

	213	Relations of Enteromorpha prolifera blooms with temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH in the Southern Yellow Sea
		GAO Song, FAN Shi-Liang, HAN Xiu-Rong, LI Yan, WANG Ting, SHI Xiao-Yong
		In March-June 2010, five cruises were conducted at “hot spots” for Enteromorpha prolifera bloom in the Southern Yellow Sea to study the importance of environmental factors in the outbreak of green tide. Waters in the investigated area were observed to have a low salinity and high nutrients due to the terrestrial runoff and northern Jiangsu coastal current. These characteristics may result in the frequent outbreak of green tide in this area. Water temperature increased gradually from 8.8℃ to 21.6℃ during the five cruises. During the third cruise (average temperature, 14.6℃; average salinity, 31.6), floating Enteromorpha prolifera mats were observed at the survey area. Temperature and salinity during 3-5cruises were found to be suitable for the growth and spore release of Enteromorpha prolifera. DO was over-saturated at most sampling stations and it decreased gradually from cruise 1to 5. pH was found to be less than 8.0at almost the entire survey area due to the terrestrial input. Results of this study implied that temperature, salinity, pH and DO could be the factors that enhance the growth and spore release of Enteromorpha prolifera, subsequently promoting the occurrence of green tide in the southern Yellow Sea.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 213-218 [Abstract] ( 431 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 668KB] ( 1415 )

	219	Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on glass surface of industrial zone in Shanghai
		YU Ying-Peng, YANG Yi, LIU Min, WANG Qing, ZHENG Xin, LIU Ying
		Sixteen priority control polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on glass surface from major industrial areas in Shanghai were quantitatively analyzed by GC-MS. High levels of PAHs were observed. Average concentrations of PAHs from the Baoshan Industrial Zone, Wu Jing Chemical Industry Zone and Jinshan Chemical Industry Park were 10.66, 16.48, 31.94mg/m2, while those of control sites were 2.70, 8.86, 4.18mg/m2, respectively. The PAHs compositions were dominated by 3 and 4 rings PAHs, which accounted for 25% and 47% of Σ16PAHs, while 5 and 6 rings PAHs accounted for 14% and 9% of Σ16PAHs, respectively, and 2 rings PAHs only accounted for 5%. The most abundant PAHs were phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene and chrysene. The source apportionment showed that the PAHs mainly came from the combustion of coal and coke, and partly derived from petroleum sources. The concentration of BaPeq (benzo [a] pyrene equivalent) varied from 0.07 to 3.23 mg/g, and the major carcinogenic contributor of 16PAHs were benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo (k) fluoranthene, bibenzo (a,h) anthracene.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 219-224 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 423KB] ( 806 )

	225	Biomonitoring of heavy metal pollution in Wulihu Bay of Taihu Lake by transplanting “standardized” Anodonta woodiana
		CHEN Xiu-Bao, SU Yan-Ping, LIU Hong-Bo, YANG Jian
		“Standardized” Anodonta woodiana mussels, with the same biological factors, stable inherited quality, and low contamination background, were transplanted to Wulihu Bay of Taihu Lake for assessment of heavy metal pollution. Meanwhile, the same batch mussels were continually reared in the unpolluted pond of Nanquan Aquatic Base of Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences as control. Ten individuals were recollected every three months to determine heavy metal (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ag, Cd, Ba, Tl, and Pb) concentrations using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The results showed that metal bioaccumulation in the mussels appeared to be transplant period-/seasonal-dependent and the higher concentrations were generally found in the spring-collected mussels than in the summer-collected mussels. Additionally, concentrations of Mo and Tl in the mussels transplanted to Wulihu Bay for three months were significantly higher than those in the control mussels of Nanquan Aquatic Base (P<0.05), while concentration of Ba in the former was significantly lower than the latter (P<0.05). Concentration of As in mussels transplanted to Wulihu area for six months were significantly lower (P<0.05) than that in the control mussels. Nevertheless, both aquatic environments of Wulihu Bay and Nanquan Aquatic Base should be without obvious pollution by the aforementioned metals, based on the assessment of integrated metal pollution index (MPI) and comparison with the corresponding national and international residual limits for aquatic products.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 225-231 [Abstract] ( 307 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 407KB] ( 1173 )

	232	Multi-objective optimization of land use structures for water resources area based on eco-service value
		ZHAO Yang, ZHANG Yi, TU Zhi-Hua, JIA Jian-Bo, YU Xin-Xiao, SUN Jia-Mei, LIANG Hong-Ru
		To explore the most appropriate optimal allocation of soil and water resources in the water source of Beijing, Huairou reservoir watershed, located in Beijing mountains area, was selected as study object. Based on five satellite images of the study region(1990、1995、2000、2005and 2008), spatio-temporal evolution of land use from 1990 to 2008 were obtained. Linear programming of grey parameters and CLUE-S model, based on ecosystem services value theory, were applied to optimize the allocation of land use of the watershed. The results showed that the eco-service value after the optimal allocation were significantly larger than those in 2008, increased by 17.954 million yuan at a growth rate of 5.4%. Among them, the value of water conservation had the most change, with an increase of 5.609million yuan. The value of purify atmospheric got the largest growth rate, which reached 9.3%.The results can provide a scientific reference for sustainable utilization, development and management of land and water resources in this region.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 232-238 [Abstract] ( 326 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 863KB] ( 1037 )

	239	Phytoplankton community and validation of phytoplankton biodiversity criteria in Liaohe River
		GENG Wen-Hua, CHEN Ji-Miao, FENG Jian-Feng, ZHU Lin
		To establish Chinese water environment ecological criteria and to validate its reasonableness, an investigation was conducted on the phytoplankton community structure in Liaohe River water system in summers of 2011 and 2012. with other recults refered, the reasonableness of phytoplankton biodiversity criteria was validated preliminarily. The 169 phytoplankton species were recorded in all of the samples; the mean cell density was 4.91×106cells/L in 2011 and was 7.04×106cells/L in 2012, and dominated by Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta. The 59 indicator species of water pollution were detected and most of them were of β-mesosaprobic; The 35 dominant species were found and many of them were Bacillariophyta. All of these biological indicators showed that the Liaohe River water system was in eutrophication and at moderate polluted level in the summers. The Shannon index (H) was between 1.18 and 3.56, less than the proposed criteria value of 3.65 previous. The analysis showed the reference sites for calculation of the ecological criteria were appropriate. Considering the H and water quality of the Liaohe River water system and some other rivers, the proposed criteria value was a little higher, so it was recommended to set the lower limit H = 3.29 in Liaohe River water system.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 239-245 [Abstract] ( 344 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 456KB] ( 1020 )

	246	Gochemistry characteristic of phosphorus in costal surface sediments
		QU Ying-Xuan, SHENG Yan-Qing, DING Chao-Feng, SUN Qi-Yao
		Five fractions of phosphorus in marine and fluvial surface sediments of Laizhou Bay wereinvestigated by a sequential extraction method. The results indicated that the authigenic calcium-bound phosphorus (ACa-P) in marine sediments (average 45.6%) was higher than that (average 37.3%) in fluvial sediments, but iron-bound phosphorus (Fe-P) in marine sediments (average 18.2%) was lower than that in fluvial sediments (average 31.3%). In coastal zone, a positive correlation was found between exchangeable and loosely sorbed phosphorus (E&L-P) and silt (grain size), indicating that E&L-P was mainly sorbed onto fine particles. A significant correlation (P<0.01) was observed between Fe-P and Fe concentrations in fluvial sediments, which indicates the distribution of Fe-P in fluvial sediments was determined by Fe concentration. The Fe-P concentration in estuary sediments was lower than that in corresponding river sediments. This may be attributed to the input of marine sediments and the reduction of sulfate or the accumulation of sulfide under anaerobic section (Fe fixed by sulfide). The mean values of total extracted phosphorus in sediments presents a decrease trend from offshore to estuaries.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 246-252 [Abstract] ( 276 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 436KB] ( 956 )

	253	Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from Xin’anjiang Reservoir
		ZHANG Ming, TANG Fang-Liang, WU Zhi-Xu, CHEN Feng, CHENG Xin-Liang, XU Jian-Fen, YU Ya-Yun
		Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantitatively determined by HPLC in several surface sediment samples collected in December 2012 from Xin’anjiang Reservoir. The results showed that 15 of the 16 US EPA priority controlled PAHs were detected. Total concentrations of PAHs in surface sediments of the studied reservoir ranged from 258 to 906ng/g dry weight (dw), with average 558ng/g dw, lower pollution level. The distribution of PAHs is found to be influenced by riverine discharge and point-source pollution. The PAHs in the sediments were dominated by high molecular weight PAHs. According to the ratio of feature components, the PAHs in surface sediment from the Xin’anjiang Reservoir originated largely from coal and biomass incomplete combustion in the surrounding areas and exhaustion of boats or cars. In addition, the ecological risk of surface sediment in Xin’anjiang Reservoir was assessed with the methods of sediment quality guidelines and sediment quality standards (SQSs), and the result indicated that there was no great biological impact associated with the PAHs in the surface sediment of Xin’anjiang Reservoir. However, the concentrations of some points have been exceeded the threshold effect level evaluated in accordance with SQSs. It is necessary to identify the contamination source and control the pollution input.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 253-258 [Abstract] ( 384 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 386KB] ( 1318 )

	259	Investigation the intersex of wild Mactra veneriformis from Liaodong Bay
		AN Li-Hui, LEI Kun, LIU Ying, LIU Yue, ZHENG Bing-Hui
		To evaluate the biological effects and the potential risk on marine invertebrate exposure to the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in Liaodong Bay, the intersex of wild Mactra veneriformis were investigated. At the same time, the typical phenols contaminations including nonylphenols (NP), octylphenol (OP) and bisphenol-A (BPA) in soft tissues were detected using GC-MS/MS. The results showed that the incidences of intersex were 30%, 20% and 14% collected from May, June and August, respectively. Corresponding to the three samplings, the concentrations of NP in soft tissue were 410.70, 254.95, 227.15ng/g dry weight (dw), and the BPA were 7.60, 4.30 and 7.05 ng/gdw, but no OP was detected in all samples. The above results suggested that the EDCs have already affected marine organism reproductive system and might play a potential risk to the marine ecosystem in Liaodong Bay.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 259-265 [Abstract] ( 250 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1482KB] ( 742 )

	266	Route optimization for hazardous materials transportation based on environmental risk assessment——A case of Zhangjiagang
		XIA Qiu, QIAN Yu, LIU Meng-Fei
		Zhangjiagang City, with enormous petrochemical industries, boasts the bonded area which is the only one of its kind in the inland-river-type ports in China. With respect to the hazardous materials (HAZMATs) transportation on urban and suburban road network, there is an urgent need to improve the way the trucks carrying HAZMATs. One of the key measures to solve the problem is the environmental-risk-assessment-based route optimization. Therefore, analysis on risks was made in detail when a release occurs during the transportation: distribution of HAZMATs road transportation was identified; accident probability modification coefficient was introduced to revise the basic release probability; ALOHA model was applied to simulate accident scenarios, Geographical Information System (GIS) was employed to calculate the threat zone accurately; and exposed population and polluted environment were both taken into account. Subsequently, a risk assessment model was put forward and recognized as the evaluation criteria for route optimization. Last but not least, the proposed approach was demonstrated on the road network platform and network analysis module was processed. Results showed that the optimal route of all possible goals was calculated, whose risk index was 14.12. It is verified that route optimization could provide scientific support to decision-making for Zhangjiagang City.
		2014 Vol. 34 (1): 266-272 [Abstract] ( 344 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1361KB] ( 900 )

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