Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae

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CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

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	2014 Vol.34 Issue.3,Published 2014-03-20

	545	Comparison of three statistical methods on calculating haze days-taking areas around the capital for example
		WU Dui, CHEN Hui-Zhong, WU Meng, LIAO Bi-Ting, WANG Ying-Chun, LIAO Xiao-Nong, ZHANG Xiao-Ling, QUAN Jian-Nong, LIU Wei-Dong, GU Yue, ZHAO Xiu-Juan, MENG Jin-Ping, SUN Dan
		This study set Beijing (BJ), Tianjin (TJ), Hebei (HB) and Shanxi (SX) among the areas around the capital as example to compare three methods on calculating haze or mist (fog) days. The three methods include single value method, daily mean method and 14:00PM moment method. The main results are as below: the regional haze days’ distribution during the past 60years in North China calculated by the three methods showed difference. The rank of the haze day numbers was single value method, daily mean method and 14:00PM moment method, with the ratio of about 1:0.54:0.45. But the regional trends appeared similar for the three methods. The long term trends of haze days for the typical cities were quite similar. The long term trends of mist (fog) days calculated by three methods turns out that single value method counted obviously more fog days and presented a long term decreasing trend, while the values gained by daily mean method and 14:00PM moment method had no significant difference, both with no significant long term trends and showed clear the interannual and inter-decadal variation. The long term trends calculated by the three methods presented obvious difference in some cities in North China. For the long term trends of seasonal variation, the seasonal distributions obtained by the three methods were similar although the difference in numbers. One outstanding feature was that there were obviously more haze days in summer besides in the heating season, mainly concentrated in June to September, especially in July to August, occurring at the same time as the sultry weather. This distribution was a unique phenomenon in North China, which was quite different from most of the other cities in China. Calculating by the single value method will include all haze processes, i.e. wide and lasting haze, which is related to the specific synoptic systems and near-surface diffusion conditions, or some other formed by decreased visibility under higher relative humidity caused by radiative cooling at the stable clear night. Calculating by the daily mean method will result in more wide and lasting haze processes, while using 14:00PM moment method can highlight the wide and lasting haze processes but neglect the haze with poor visibility caused by humidity rising in the morning and at night.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 545-554 [Abstract] ( 171 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 6509KB] ( 1075 )

	555	A review of methods for quantifying secondary organic aerosol
		ZHENG Mei, YAN Cai-Qing, LI Xiao-Ying, WANG Xue-Song, ZHANG Yuan-Hang
		Regional air pollution is complex and becomes increasingly important in China. Among many others, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is one of the most important components of PM2.5. This paper discusses various methods for quantifying SOA in the atmosphere (including methods based on the EC tracer, WSOC, receptor model, the SOA tracers, and air quality model), presents the basic principle of each method and points out that 1) the EC-tracer method, the WSOC method and the receptor model method are relatively simple and convenient, but limited by the availability of local source profiles and some specific tracers; 2) the SOA-tracer method is analytically challenging but can supply source-specific SOA information; and 3) the air quality model method can provide large scale spatial distribution of SOA. This paper also summarizes the most recent results of SOA research in China and abroad and indicates that SOA is important in organic aerosol, and anthropogenic VOCs play a significant role in SOA formation in China. The primary purpose of this review is to provide basic and integrated information and suggestion for future directions of SOA study in China.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 555-564 [Abstract] ( 370 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 450KB] ( 2736 )

	565	A study of multiple regression method for estimating concentration of fine particulate matter using satellite remote sensing
		JIA Song-Lin, SU Lin, TAO Jin-Hua, WANG Zi-Feng, CHEN Liang-Fu, SHANG Hua-Zhe
		In comparison with the simple linear model (Model 1), we developed two multiple regression models- linearmodel (Model 2) and nonlinear model (Model 3)-to estimate the ground PM2.5concentration using satellite observationsover Beijing and its surrounding area based on the analysis of the PM2.5data, the meteorological data, the MODIS AOD dataand the NCEP FNL data. Results showed that Model 1, Model 2 and Model 3 could explain 32.5%, 56.1%, 62.7% of the variability in ground-level PM2.5 concentration respectively. Correlation coefficients (R) of the three model estimated values of PM2.5 mass concentration with the actual observations were 0.5488, 0.7449, 0.7431 respectively. With an average PM2.5 concentration of 63.1652 μg/m3, their RMSEs were 43.5562, 35.3321,36.8450μg/m3 respectively. Meteorological factors in Model 2 and Model 3 could separatelyexplain 23.6%, 12.6% of the variability in ground-level PM2.5 concentration, which indicatedtheir significant influenceson the PM2.5-AOD relationship. In addition, there were low-value overestimation and high-value underestimation phenomenon in the three models.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 565-573 [Abstract] ( 302 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1758KB] ( 840 )

	574	Cloud detection application on NPP VIIRS
		XIA Lang, MAO Ke-Biao, SUN Zhi-Wen, MA Ying
		Cloud is an important factor that affects global climate change, so the research of cloud monitoring is very important. In order to identify pixel as cloudy or clear from the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensor and overcome the shortage of current VIIRS cloud mask algorithm in China, this paper made an introduction for the basic theory of current cloud detection algorithm, and then the cloud detection method was presented.The brightness temperature of was used to detect high cloud to overcome the limit of using 1.38 μm in elevated surface, and the appropriatethreshold of M12-M13 cloud detection was determined by some analysis. Application analysis showed that the method presents in this paper could be used to accurately detect the cloud, and the brightness temperature auxiliary M12-M13and 1.38 μm could inhibition the surface reflection. With the artificial interpret of the remote sensing image, the results showed the estimation accuracy was higher than 85% which can satisfy the requirements of the cloud detection accuracy for the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) program.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 574-580 [Abstract] ( 179 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1164KB] ( 720 )

	581	Comparative analysis of winter and summer heavy atmospheric pollution events around Nanjing
		WU Wan-Ning, CHA Yong, WANG Qiang, HE Jun-Liang, BAO Qing
		This paper characterizes air pollution induced by combustion of crop residues in the Xianlin area of Nanjing under temperature inversion. Analysis of variations in the concentration of atmospheric pollutants in different periods reveals that combustion of crop residues causes a marked increase in the concentration of particulate matter in the atmosphere. These particulates are suspended in the atmosphere for up to 36hours, with a peak PM10 concentration of 0.65mg/m3. In winter they remain in the atmosphere longer, but have a lower peak PM10 concentration at around 0.4mg/m3 than in summer. According to AOD calculated from the LiDAR extinction coefficient derived using the Fernald method, the pollutants originating from combustion of crop residues have a more or less spatially uniform distribution at different heights, and contribute more than 40% towards near-surface AOD in winter. Back trajectory analysis demonstrates that during pollution the sources of air mass at 1500m differ from those below 1000m. It is found that within 48hours, the pollutants derive from relatively neighboring sources. Consequently, near-surface air quality is heavily affected by pollutants from the surrounding area. During no-pollution air mass comprises more vertically uniform constituents originating from more consistent and distant sources than during pollution.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 581-587 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 990KB] ( 589 )

	588	Aerosol optical depth in urban site of Hangzhou
		QI Bing, DU Rong-Guang, YU Zhi-Feng, ZHOU Bin
		The characteristics of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Angstrom wavelength exponent (α) were analyzed and compared using Cimel sunphotometer data from 2011 to 2012 at national basic meteorological station in Hangzhou city of China. The results showed that the mean value of AOD500nm and α440-870nm were 0.86±0.47and 1.25±0.23, respectively. The averaged AOD over Hangzhou had no obviously seasonal variation characteristics. It was closely related to the weather patterns and internal and external sources influence in this region. The seasonal variation of α was not distinct. Due to dust aerosol spreading from north of china, the α measured in spring was a little lower compared to other seasons. The diurnal variation of averaged AOD showed a single peak distribution with the peak value and valley value at 15:00 and 06:00 respectively. The significantly increased value of AOD in the afternoon were due to the secondary aerosols generated from photochemical reactions that caused by strongly solar radiations and the aerosols in the surface layer spreading to upper layer influenced by turbulent transfer action. Both the AOD and α showed obvious single peak of frequencies based on the frequency distribution. It was found that the AOD and α can be better characterized by a lognormal distribution. The frequency of α, occurring in the high value range between 1.1and 1.7was 77.8%, which indicated that the average effective radii of aerosol particles were small and the aerosols should be classified as urban-industrial aerosols in Hangzhou. The data also showed high AOD(>1.0) both clustering in the fine mode growth wing and the coarse mode.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 588-595 [Abstract] ( 203 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 700KB] ( 847 )

	596	Effects of relative humidity on the aerosol size distribution and visibility in the winter in Tianjin
		YAO Qing, CAI Zi-Ying, HAN Su-Qin, LIU Ai-Xia, LIU Jing-Le
		Taking use of the aerosol number concentration, visibility and other observation data during January of 2013 at Tianjin, the effects of relative humidity on the aerosol size distribution and visibility were analyzed. During the observation period, there were four episodes in which the visibility was continuously less than 10km. The aerosol size distribution and relative humidity were the main factors on effecting visibility. When RH was lower than 90%, number concentration of aerosol particles increased gradually as RH increased. When RH was higher than 90%, number concentration of aerosol particles between 1μm and 2.5μm in diameter increased gradually as RH increased, while number concentration of aerosol particles less than 1μm and between 2.5μm and 10μm in diameter decreased gradually as RH increased. The mean value of aerosol hygroscopic growth factors at 80% RH [f (RH=80%)] was 2.04. Water vapor had a great influence on the visibility with high RH in fog and may even exceed the influence of aerosol particle concentration on visibility.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 596-603 [Abstract] ( 231 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 464KB] ( 838 )

	604	Effects of sewage sludge on coal combustion using thermo-gravimetric kinetic analysis
		LI Yang-Yang, JIN Yi-Ying, NIE Yong-Feng
		Co-combustion characteristic and kinetic behaviour of coal and dried sewage sludge were studied at different heating rates (10, 25 and 40℃/min) and different sewage sludge ratios (3%, 5% and 10%) by a thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) in the temperature ranging from ambient temperature to 1000℃. Weight loss and kinetics during the combustion of coal and sewage sludge and co-combustion were also illustrated. With the increase of heating rate, terminal temperatures would be higher when mass of fuels corresponding to the ashes remained constant and weight loss started. Increasing the sewage sludge ratio could obtain a lower temperature of ignition point and terminal stage. During the co-combustion process, a clear weigh loss phase appeared between 400~600℃. During co-combustion of sludge and coal, about 20~100℃ was decreased in the temperature range of burning comparing to that of single coal. It could be obtained from further analysis of non-isothermal kinetic model that a small amount of sludge had a little influence on the combustion process. The generation and emission characteristics of NOx, SO2 and CO2 in flue gas varied from content of N, S and C with different sludge blended ratios. Thermal-gravimetric analysis and model analysis could be used as an effective way of assessing co-combustion process and providing initial theoretical basis.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 604-609 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 447KB] ( 647 )

	610	Stability for shortcut nitrification in SBR under low ammonia atlow temperature
		ZHANG Gong-Liang, LI Dong, ZHANG Xiao-Jing, ZENG Hui-Ping, SU Dong-Xia, ZHOU Yuan-Zheng, ZHANG Jie
		At 11~15℃, in SBR the stability of shortcut nitrification was researched under low ammonia nitrogen (55±5mg/L). Results show that system could achieve good stability and removing effect under two kinds of the DO level (initial DO 0.9~1.5, 4.5~5.0mg/L).In 150cycles the nitrosation rate had been maintained above 95%, ammonia oxidation rate was more than 85%, and the average SVI was 35.22mL/g. At two DO average levels ammonia nitrogen removal Sludge load was 0.15, 0.23kgN/(kgMLSS·d) respectively. When the initial DO was 4.5~5.0mg/L, at 21~23℃ stable operation of the shortcut nitrification cannot be realized.Nitrosation rate fell to 70% after 42cycle.Butthe shortcut nitrificationcan be restored at 31~33℃. In this analysis and FISH test research, the activity of the NOB can be inhibited at 11~15℃ and 31~33℃ so that shortcut nitrification has a stable operation.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 610-616 [Abstract] ( 201 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 729KB] ( 689 )

	617	Stable shortcut nitrogen removal performed in a SBR by controlling aeration duration based on HPR on-line monitoring
		ZHANG Xin, ZHANG Dai-Jun, ZHANG Tian
		The hydrogen ion production rate (HPR) and the pH were measured by a novel automatically respirometric- titrimetric system, and shortcut nitrogen removal in an SBR was studied in the laboratory. An SBR was used to treat synthetic wastewater containing 360mg/L COD and 40mg/L NH4+-N at 20℃ with DO lower than 2.0mg/L. Controlling the aeration duration based on HPR online monitoring, shortcut nitrification-denitrification was successfully performed for approximately two months with a stable nitrite accumulation rate (NAR) above 88%, and the COD and NH4+-N removal ratios were both higher than 90%. Based on the HPR online monitoring data, the estimated NH4+-N concentrations in nitrification were closely related to the measured concentrations, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9722, and the estimated values were lower than the measured values mainly because of the titration delay at the beginning of the aeration phase.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 617-622 [Abstract] ( 204 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 352KB] ( 577 )

	623	Production wastewater reuse in waterworks using Qingcaosha raw water by the coagulation/MF process
		WU Zhi-Ling, XU Pei-Jia, CHEN Hong-Bin
		The bench-scale study on wastewater of water work which purifies Qingcaosha raw water was fulfilled using the combined process of coagulation and micro-filtration (MF), and the removal effect of traditional pollutants, trace organics and metal ions as well as the generation trend of the disinfecting by-products were analyzed. It was showed by the results that ,coagulation pretreatment could mitigate flat-sheet membrane fouling effectively; the combined process was effective to remove particles、strains、Escherichia coli and other suspended substances with over 85% removing rate, but it could not do well with the dissolved components, especially aluminum and trace organics, with the degradation of under 20%. At the same concentration of the chlorine disinfectant, the generation trend of the disinfection by-products after membrane filtration was higher than the effluent of the sand filter or carbon filter. It was suggested that the optimal reuse points of the treated wastewater could be placed in front of the sand filter or the biological activated carbon filtration.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 623-629 [Abstract] ( 161 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 490KB] ( 803 )

	630	Influences of magnetic resin pre-treatment on powdered activated carbon removing CBZ in water
		CHEN Wei, CHEN Wen, LIU Cheng, ZHANG Shan, ZHU Hao-Qiang
		Facing increasing PPCPs pollution in source water, carbamazepine (CBZ) as typical pollutant was studied to be removed by powdered activated carbon with magnetic resin pre-treatment. Freundlich model was more appropriate to describe the adsorption pattern of CBZ in aqueous solution. The adsorption kinetics of CBZ could be well described with pseudo-first-order kinetic equation, whereas pseudo-second-order kinetic equation was better for the description of the adsorption process more than 1h. 200~300mesh PAC showed the largest adsorption capacity and fastest adsorption speed to CBZ. In the study of simulated source water treatment, compared with using PAC alone, the combination of magnetic resin and PAC improved the removal efficiency of DOC by 40.64%, UV254by 41.27%, CBZ by 14.72% respectively. The results of this research indicate that there is a kind of cooperative effect between magnetic resin and PAC on removing organic pollutants in water, which results in the enhanced removal efficiency of CBZ by PAC adsorption with magnetic resin pre-treatment.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 630-637 [Abstract] ( 185 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 654KB] ( 607 )

	638	Methods of increasing the adsorption capacity of TMA-bentonites
		CHENG Xing-Rong, ZHAO Jun-Bo, ZHU Run-Liang, XU Yin, GE Fei
		A new method that can increase the exposure of siloxane surface was developed in this work. First the inorganic cations on bentonite were exchanged with Li+, and then a part of the Li+ were further exchanged with tetramethylammonium cation (TMA), i.e., 20% or 60% of the bentonite's cation exchange capacity. After that the samples were heated under 180℃ for 10h to make sure that most of the Li+ were transferred to bentonite sheets. By this way, the layer charge of bentonites can be effectively reduced while the layers of bentonite can be preserved by pre-exchanged TMA. The resulting organic bentonite showed larger specific surface areas and better adsorption capacity than those synthesized using traditional method (i.e., first reducing the charge density and then exchanging TMA). For example, in the case of organic bentonite with 20% CEC TMA, the one synthesized using new method has almost twice the specific surface areas as the one synthesized using traditional method (236 vs 131m2/g), and the adsorption capacity of nitrobenzene also significantly increased.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 638-643 [Abstract] ( 183 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 466KB] ( 620 )

	644	The experimental study of activated carbon adsorption and microwave regeneration for the treatment of ester-containing wastewater from lithium-ion battery factory
		ZHANG Zhi-Hui, ZHENG Tian-Long, WANG Xiao-Qiang, WANG Zhi-Gang, MA Yu-Hui, WANG Qun-Hui
		Lithium-ion batteries became an important direction for the clean energy development, but the ester-containing wastewater produced from the battery factory was not suitable for direct biological treatment,for its high levels of COD and low biodegradability.The treatment of ester-containing wastewater by activated carbon adsorption method was investigated in this study, especially the effects of adsorption time, pH conditions and activated carbon dosage on the COD removal rate. The saturated activated carbon was regeneratedby microwaveafter adsorption. The effects of irradiation time and microwave power on the activated carbon regeneration were also studied. Under the optimum conditions of activated carbon dosage was 10g/L, adsorption time of60min, the wastewater COD removal rate was 69.5% and biodegradability of raw water was improvedfrom 0.05 to 0.25. Moreover, under the conditions of the microwave power was 420 W and the irradiation time was 6min, the activated carbon could be effectively regenerated, the regeneration efficiency was 98.0%, and only about 5.2% was lost in the regeneration process.The infrared spectra of activated carbon before and after regeneration showed thatthe surface functional groups of the activated carbonhad changed,thus improved the adsorption of pollutants.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 644-649 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 362KB] ( 780 )

	650	Effect of pH on phosphorus release from chemical-biological mixed sludge during anaerobic fermentation
		ZHANG Li-Li, LI Yong-Mei
		Two chemical phosphates (AlPO4 and FePO4) were usually generated during chemical phosphorus removal processes in wastewater treatment plant. To investigate the release of chemical phosphates and biological phosphorus when each chemical phosphate was mixed with surplus active sludge (biological sludge) respectively for anaerobic fermentation, the two chemical phosphates were used. The results showed that in pure water, phosphorus could be released from AlPO4under either strong acid or strong alkaline conditions, and be released from FePO4only under strong alkaline conditions. For anaerobic fermentation of mixed sludge containing AlPO4at 35±1℃, more chemical phosphate could be dissolved under strong acid but microbial activity was inhibited, which was unfavorable to volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. Under alkaline conditions (pH=10~11), 28%~55% of the chemical phosphate and 43%~49% of the biological phosphorus were released and the total released phosphorus amount was 17.5%~62.7% higher than those under neutral condition. Alkaline conditions were also beneficial to VFA production; at pH=10 and pH=11, VFA production was 233% and 117% higher than those under neutral conditions, respectively. For anaerobic fermentation of the mixed sludge containing FePO4, 40% of chemical phosphate and 50% of the biological phosphorus in sludge could be released under neutral condition, which were higher than those under alkaline condition (pH=11).
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 650-657 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 454KB] ( 858 )

	658	Degradation behaviors of H-acid solution in suspended photocatalytic nanofiltration membrane reactor
		YUAN Qiu-Sheng, NI Guang-Le, ZHANG Ai-Yong
		The removal efficiencies and degradation kinetics of the target H-acid from multi-component aqueous solutions in suspended photocatalytic nanofiltration membrane reactor were performed, the concentrations of co-existing Tobias acid and Chromotropic acid were set to 5, 10, 20, 25and 40mg/L respectively, while the target H-acid was set to be 100mg/L. The experimental results indicated that, in the single-component reaction system, the photocatalytic degradation kinetics of H-acid obeyed the combined reaction kinetics model of L-H zero-order (about 0~12min) and L-H first-order (about 12~20min) within Ct/C0 3 0.7; while it imperatively obeyed the L-H first-order reaction kinetics model (0~20min) in the multi-component system within the same range. The drastic changes in H-acid degradation kinetics were mainly attributed to its substantial concentration differences both in the photocatalytic membrane reactor and on the photocatalyst surface between the single-component and multi-component conditions.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 658-663 [Abstract] ( 193 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 443KB] ( 511 )

	664	The heavy mental leaching rules and influence mechanism of different particle size of tin mining waste rock
		LIN Hai, YU Ming-Li, DONG Ying-Bo, LIU Quan-Li, LIU Shu-Yue, LIU Yue
		In order to obtain the leaching rule of different particle size of waste rock from tin mining zone, a dynamic simulation test was carried out. Three metal ions, Pb、Zn and As were investigated in the test. Concentrations of heavy metals leached were increasing in the early stage of the test. As leaching time extending, the concentrations of heavy metals leveled off then began to decrease. The influence of the particle size on leaching shown that smaller particle size led to better leaching result. X-ray diffraction、SEM、EDS、Surface Area and Pore Size analysis indicated that the leaching process was primarily influenced by particle size in the early stage of leaching. The solute flow was convective. During the later phase, leaching was influenced by particle size, porosity, specific surface, surface structure and morphologic distribution. In this period, the solute transport was influenced by convection transport and molecular diffusion.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 664-671 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 961KB] ( 626 )

	672	Fate of pharmaceutically active compounds in a municipalwastewater treatment plantand risk assessment
		YAN Qing, ZHANG Yi-Xin, GAO Xu, ZI Cheng-Fang, GAN Xiu-Mei, PENG Xu-Ya, GUO Jin-Song
		The occurrence and fate of eight therapeutic groups, including antibiotics, analgesics, antiepileptics, antilipidemics, antihypersensitives, were studied at a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Chongqing. PhACs were detected using high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry after solid-phase extraction, and the sludge samples were extracted by ultrasonic-assisted extraction before solid-phase extraction. The distribution of PhACs in water and sludge phase was calculated by mass balance analysis. Risk quotients, expressed as the ratios of environmental concentrations and the predicted no-effect concentrations, were used to analyze the ecotoxicological assessment of the target PhACs in the environment. Results showed that all the target pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) were present in wastewater, in concentrations ranging from low ng/L to a few μg/L.Among the target PhACs, 18were detected in the sludge samples and most PhACs were found at low ng/g dry weight levels. Only about 1.1% of the total mass load of the studied PhACs was removed by sorption of sludge. The removal of PhACs was insignificant in primary and disinfection processes and was mainly achieved during the secondary treatment. The aqueous removals for the selected PhACs were mainly attributed to the biodegradation processes. Risk quotients were higher than unity for sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, ofloxacinand erythromycin-H2O, in effluent and sludge samples, indicating a significant ecotoxicological risk to human health. Therefore, further removal of PhACs in effluent and sludge is required before their discharge and application to prevent their introduction into the environment.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 672-680 [Abstract] ( 223 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 445KB] ( 1050 )

	681	Pollutant mitigation and synergistic control of CO2 in sewage treatment system
		LI Wei, TANG Ye, XU Yi, JIE Yu-Lei, JIA Jie-Lin
		Due to the increase wastewater discharge with the rapid economic development, it is desired to achieve the energy conservation and emission reduction of sewage treatment. In addition, realization of the relationship between COD removal and CO2-emission is valuable for improving the COD removal rate and reducing the CO2-emission in the sewage treatment system. In this study, an optimization model for sewage treatment planning is developed for pollutants control and CO2-mitigation emission in sewage treatment system. The optimized sewage-allocation scheme would be generated through the proposed model with the objective of minimized system operation cost. Based on the analysis of COD discharge standard and CO2-emission constraints, the adjustment plans for sewage plant operation would also be obtained, achieving both economic and environmental benefits simultaneously. When COD discharge standard is second, first B, first A, the amount of CO2 emission would be 13408.74, 15304.47, 15900.81t/a, respectively. The results demonstrate that willingness to meet higher COD emission standard would be related to higher COD removal rate and CO2 emission.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 681-687 [Abstract] ( 209 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 632KB] ( 769 )

	688	Remediation effects of shrub litters on biochemical properties of petroleum-contaminated soil in oil producing region of northern Shaanxi
		WANG Guo-Bao, LIU Zeng-Wen, SHI Teng-Fei, YU Qi, ZHANG Quan-Wei
		A laboratory simulation experiment was conducted to analyze the improvement effects of 9kinds of shrub litters on biochemical properties of three levels petroleum-contaminated soil (light, 15g/kg; moderate, 30g/kg; severe, 45g/kg) for 120days, by collecting typical wasteland soil in petroleum contaminated areas of northern Shaanxi, and then mixing oil and shrub litters with the soil. The results show that: Litters of Caragana microphylla, Hippophae rhamnoides, Amorpha fruticosa, Rtemisia desterorum and Ligustrum quihoui can significantly contribute to the soil respiration and growth of microbes in three levels of petroleum contaminated soil. Litters of Tamarix chinensis, Caragana microphylla, Hedysarum scoparium and Hedysarum fruticosum can obviously promote the activities of soil alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase in three levels of petroleum contaminated soil. Litters of Caragana microphylla, Rtemisia desterorum, Hedysarum fruticosum, Ligustrum quihoui, Hedysarum scoparium, Tamarix chinensis and Amorpha fruticosa can obviously increase the soil organic carbon and available potassium contents in three levels of pollutions. Litters of Sabina procumbens, Hippophae rhamnoides and Hedysarum scoparium can significantly improve the contents of soil available Fe, Mn and Zn in three levels of pollutions. According to comprehensive analysis, litters of Caragana microphylla and Hedysarum fruticosum have significantly improving effects on biochemical properties of three levels of petroleum contaminated soil, and it will be better for Amorpha fruticosa in light pollution, Ligustrum quihoui in moderate pollution, Tamarix chinensis and Amorpha fruticosa in severe pollution than others.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 688-696 [Abstract] ( 209 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 433KB] ( 454 )

	697	Influence of ozone/ceramic membrane on performance and microbial community in biological activated carbon filtration
		GUO Jian-Ning, CHEN Lei, ZHANG Xi-Hui, WANG Ling-Yun, TAO Yi, SHENG De-Yang
		Micro-polluted raw water was treated using a pilot plant with a scale of 120m3/d. The performance of ozone/ceramic membrane-biological activated carbon (BAC) process was studied. The diversity and detailed structure of microbial community of the microorganisms in BAC were also investigated. The hybrid process removed organic matter and ammonia effectively. The aeration with ozone-containing gas increased the dissolved oxygen in water flow and improved the removal of ammonia. The total removal efficiencies of ammonia and CODMn were 90% and 84%, respectively. The BAC played an important role in the final removals of pollutants. The microorganisms in the BAC bed were divided into 36phyla. Compared with the conventional BAC process, ozone/ceramic membrane in the hybrid process decreased the diversity and evenness of the microorganisms in the BAC. There were abundant Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira in the BAC in the hybrid process, which probably strengthen the ammonia removal. Moreover, the pathogenic bacteria and opportunistic pathogen were significantly inhibited by ozone/ceramic membrane, resulting in the decrease of their relative abundances in the following BAC. Therefore the biological safety of drinking water was enhanced significantly.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 697-704 [Abstract] ( 242 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 425KB] ( 511 )

	705	Effects of silver and gold nanoparticles on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and its ammoxidation
		CHEN Zheng, LUO Zhuan-Xi, QIU Zhao-Zheng, YAN Chang-Zhou
		In order to understand the effects of silver and gold nanoparticles (nano-silver and nano-gold) on ammoxidation in the environment and its mechanisms involved, the AOB (ammonia-oxidizing bacteria) enrichment cultures, from surface sediments in Jiulong River estuary wetland in Fujian Province, China, were inoculated in media with different concentrations of nano-silver and nano-gold.Then the changes of ammonium nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen concentrations, and the ammoxidation rate were measured, and the AOB biodiversity and abundance were analyzed using the methods of molecular fingerprint technology of PCR-DGGE and qPCR.Results showed that nano-silver significantly inhibited ammoxidation in the environment, of which the average ammoxidation rate and the transformation of ammonium nitrogen decreased with increasing nano-silver concentration.Interestingly, the average ammoxidation rate was significantly correlated to AOB diversity indices (Shannon index and Simpson index) and AOB abundance.Obviously, the ammoxidation inhibition resulted primarily from the reduction of AOB biodiversity and abundance, which caused by the bactericidal ability of nano-silver.However, there was insignificant correlation between the AOB biodiversity and the abundance and ammoxidation average rate under the nano-gold treatment.And there was not inhibition upon AOB and ammoxidation average rate, yet a slight promotion of ammoxidation with nano-gold.The DNA sequencing found that the AOB tested in this study was belonged to b-Proteobacteria, closing to Nitrosospira or Nitrosomonas.Undoubtedly, the species of AOB in the environment is complicated, and the ambient conditions are various as well.Therefore, more attention is still needed to be paid to how and to what extent different nanomaterials impact AOB diversity and abundance and in turn ammoxidation.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 705-712 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 582KB] ( 531 )

	713	Effect of magnesium ions on the formation of secondary iron minerals facilitated by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
		LIU Fen-Wu, GAO Shi-Ying, WANG Min, BU Yu-Shan, CUI Chun-Hong, ZHOU Li-Xiang
		In this study, secondary iron minerals was synthesized by A. ferrooxidans in the solution with 48 or 4.8mg/L magnesium ions and other elements in consistent with 9K liquid medium. pH, oxidation reduction potential, Fe2+ oxidation rate, total Fe precipitation rate, secondary iron minerals phase and mineral crystal size in two systems were investigated. pH in the treatment with 48or 4.8mg/L of magnesium ion decreased from 2.50at 0h to 2.30or 2.19at 48h, whereas ORP increased from 259mV to 269mV or 276mV, respectively. Ferrous ions could be completely oxidized by A. ferrooxidans within 48h, secondary iron minerals morphology and total Fe precipitation rate, however, were different in two systems. With 48mg/L of magnesium ion, the total Fe precipitation rate was 23.7% after 48h reaction, while it rose to 32.2% in the presence of 4.8mg/L of magnesium ion. The precipitates formed in the two treatments were a mixture of jarosite and schwertmannite. However, unlike the precipitates closely adhered to the flask bottom in the treatment with 48mg/L of magnesium ion, the precipitates formed in the presence of 4.8mg/L of magnesium ion uniformly dispersed in the solution, and the crystal length (~1.60μm) of jarosite was 1.2times larger than it in the former.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 713-719 [Abstract] ( 127 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1364KB] ( 549 )

	720	Nitrogen forms in surface sediments of urban river and their influence factors: A case study of Qingyi River in Xuchang City
		WANG Mei, LIU Yan, ZHENG Bing-Hui, ZHOU Juan, JIANG Qiu-Feng
		The amounts of nitrogen forms in 10surface sediments of Qingyi River in Xuchang City were determined by the sequential extraction technique and 4forms of extractable nitrogen (TTN) including ion exchangeable form (IEF-N), weak acid extractable form (WAEF-N), strong alkali extractable form (SAEF-N), and strong oxidant extractable form (SOEF-N) and non-extractable form (NTN) were found. The distribution characteristics, influence factors and potential risks of nitrogen forms to the river environment were also discussed. The results indicated that the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) was in the range of 2140~9470mg/kg, and had the similar distribution trend with the sediment organic matter (OM) along the mainstream. The dominant form of TTN changed from IEF-N to SAEF-N and then to SOEF-N from upstream to downstream, finally tended to be stable. IEF-N content in the sediment was influenced by sediment OM, pH value, and the amount of ammonia and suspended solid in the overlying water, and was significantly related to TN, which showed that TN can be used as an important indicator for judging the endogenous pollution risk of Qingyi River. In addition, in the overlying water high COD concentration had great effect on the sediment of SAEF-N and NTN, high content of ammonia intensified the release of IEF-N and TN, and TP influenced the activity of NTN. Therefore, the interaction of the overlying water and the sediment must be taken into account during the practical river improvement, and the regulation of water body and sediment. This study could provide important guidance to the water environment comprehensive improvement of Qingyi River and the other similar rivers.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 720-726 [Abstract] ( 242 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 476KB] ( 540 )

	727	Effects of nutritional conditions on the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope of microalgae
		WANG Hai-Xia, LIU Yu, GUAN Chun-Jiang, LU Lin, BAO Hui-Ming, LIU Bao-Zhan
		With five microalgae (dinoflagellates, diatoms, green algae species) as test materials, the effect of different nutrient conditions had been explored on the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic throughout the growth phases. The result showed that among different classes of microalgae the d13C and d15N at the exponential phase were lower than those at the stable phase, indicating no correlation with growth velosity (P>0.05). Bacillariophyceae presented a higher d13C than dinophyceae and chlorophyceae, while the d13C of dinophyceae was nearly identical to that of chlorophyceae. In terms of d15N, the dinophyceae falls behind both bacillariophyceae and chlorophyceae, with bacillariophyceae approximating to chlorophyceae. In addition, significant d15N differences have been discovered among Prorocentrum micans, Alexandrium tamarense and Amphidinium carterae Hulburt. In this study, all five classes were grown under three distinctive cultures—nutrient sufficiency, nitrogen deficiency and phosphorus deficiency; either nitrogen or phosphorus limitation contributed to a more positive d13C and d15N, yet less obvious effect was observed in phosphorus-deficiency culture than in nitrogen-deficiency condition.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 727-733 [Abstract] ( 182 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 509KB] ( 979 )

	734	Geostatistical analysis on spatial variability of suspended solids concentration in the coast water of Hongkong
		吕Jun-Wei , LIU Xiang-南
		This article studied the spatial distribution and the variability of suspended solids concentration (SSC) in the coast water of Hongkong leveraging the HJ-1A/B CCD data of 2009~2012and the measured data. The remote sensing inversion model had been set up. Based on which, the analysis was conducted by means of the geostatistical method. SSC in the north part of the area (i.e., the Shenzhen bay) was higher than other areas all the year around; SSC in the northeast part of area (i.e., the estuary of the Pearl River) fluctuated remarkably from seasons to seasons; SSC in the south of Lautau island was relatively lower all the year around, and fluctuated from seasons to seasons. The study of data from 2009to 2012indicated that the total SSC in the area was low. Specifically, the average SSC was 12.25mg/L, and SSC was higher in the north part and lower in the south part; SSC was characterized as remarkable variation in spatial and temporal dimensions. Besides, SCC showed a strong autocorrelation in spatial dimension, where the value of nugget/sill was lowest in March (0.0005).
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 734-741 [Abstract] ( 175 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1237KB] ( 656 )

	742	Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphate retention in the headwater stream of Shiwulihe in Lake Chaohu basin based on OTIS model
		LI Ru-Zhong, DING Gui-Zhen
		To investigate the basic characteristics of nitrogen and phosphate nutrient retention in the headwater stream of Shiwulihe, Lake Chaohu basin, a solution containing NH4Cl or KH2PO4 addition and a conservative tracer (NaCl) was used to conduct field experiments by slug injection. According to the data sets of breakthrough curves of chloride and nutrient concentration, the OTIS model code and OTIS-P software, proposed by Runkel (United States Geological Survey, USGS), were employed to estimate hydrological parameters (e.g. D, A, As, a) and first-order uptake rate coefficients (i.e. λ and λs). And on this basis the reach-scale transient storage metrics and nutrient uptake parameters were calculated as well as the fraction of uptake contribute to and SRP between the main channel and transient storage zone was estimated. Study results showed that the mean values of first-order uptake rate coefficients for in main channel and transient storage zone were 3.88×10-6s-1and 8.81×10-4s-1, respectively, and 7.80×10-6s-1and 7.98×10-8s-1for SRP, respectively. The average values of total uptake rate k-NH4 and k-SRP were 1.64×10-4s-1and 7.80×10-6s-1, respectively. The uptake lengths of Sw-NH4 and Sw-SRP were getting pretty big and approach 1632.88m and 25471.32m, respectively, suggesting a low probability to remove the nutrients by physical or biological processes. Relative to mountain headwater streams with low nutrient concentration, the studied reach had lower values of Vf-NH4and Vf-SRP, but higher U-NH4and U-SRP. Estimates of mass loss indicated that 93.82% of the uptake occurred in the transient storage zone, whereas 99.70% of the SRP uptake occurred in the main channel.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 742-751 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 716KB] ( 653 )

	752	Characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in surface sediments from the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent areas
		LI Lei, JIANG Mei, WANG Yun-Long, YUAN Qi, XU Guo-Dong, SHEN Xin-Qiang
		In order to investigate the characteristics of the distribution and pollution level of the petroleum hydrocarbon in surface sediments. Based on data obtained from the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent areas in the rainy season from year 2004to 2009, the distribution characteristics and pollution level of the petroleum hydrocarbon in surface sediments analyzed, and their influencing mechanisms was further analyzed. The average content of the petroleum hydrocarbon was 176.25mg/kg and there was almost no pollution in the investigation area. The distribution pattern of the petroleum hydrocarbon was decreased from the alongshore to the open sea and hydrographic dynamics, adsorption and flocculation played important roles in the distribution of the petroleum. According to the spatial analysis results, the petroleum hydrocarbon in surface sediments was classified into four areas and the results were supported by multidimensional analysis and ANOSIM test. The investigation area could classify into inshore turbidity maximum areas, inshore areas, muddy areas, and there was a perennial low value area in the offshore area located in the southeast.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 752-757 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 924KB] ( 507 )

	758	Simulating the transfer and fate of typical PBDEs in Guangzhou
		TIAN Hui, GUO Qiang, MAO Xiao-Xuan, HUANG Tao, MA Jian-Min, WU Jun-Nian, ZHANG Gan, LI Jun, GAO Hong
		A multimedia fugacity model was applied to simulate the concentrations distribution, transfer and fate of typical polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE47、BDE99、BDE209) in air, water, soil, sediment of Guangzhou Area. Meanwhile, the transfer fluxes between different compartments were analyzed in order to infer the main transfer process. Moreover, the simulated concentrations in air, soil and sediment were compared to monitored data for validation purpose. In addition taking BDE47and BDE209as samples, input parameters of the model were tested and the key parameters were identified using sensitivity analysis method, while the uncertainty of these key parameters was estimated taking BDE209as sample. The reliability of the model was verified by the agreement between calculated and measured concentrations. When the system reaches equilibrium, soil and sediment compartments were the main reservoirs of PBDEs in Guangzhou area because of the mass fraction of BDE47、BDE99 and BDE209 in soil and sediment of the total content, respectively, were 17.73% and 82.26%, 14.65% and 85.35%, 4.81% and 95.19%;The air advection outflow and soil degradation were the major routes for PBDEs to disappear in the study area. The results of sensitivity analysis in this study also indicated that the logKow、air advection inflow had significant influence on concentrations of PBDEs in various media. Uncertainty analysis for environmental multimedia fugacity model predicted that the coefficient of variation of BDE209in the soil concentrations had the most significant compared with others.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 758-765 [Abstract] ( 189 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 419KB] ( 615 )

	766	Changes in the ecological environment and there determining factors in the middle Heihe River Basin
		ZHOU Sha, HUANG Yue-Fei, WANG Guang-Qian
		This paper analyzed several aspects of the spatio-temporal variations in the vegetation cover in the middle Heihe River Basin, and developed a grey correlation model of ecosystem to identify the determining factors. The results demonstrated that 1) the annual maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) increased considerably in upland, grassland with low vegetation cover, and forested area, by about 0.1~0.2; while sparse woodland has maintained a rapid growth since 2004with the annual maximum NDVI increased by 0.21; 2) the annual maximum vegetation cover for the study area as a whole has increased by 0.0063per annum, the change is most significant in Ganzhou District, where the annual growth was mostly around 0.03~0.3, however, for some oasis-desert transition zones in Linze and Gaotai, the vegetation cover decreased by 0.1~0.3; 3) the vegetation cover from July to October showed significant growth trends, the peak increased and delayed about one month, reaching 0.39in 2007; the hierarchical structure of the annual maximum vegetation cover optimized, the lowest vegetation cover gradually transformed into low vegetation cover, decreased by 25% from 2000to 2007, and the highest vegetation cover increased approximately 16% from 1998to 2008; 4) the results of correlation analysis showed that the main meteorological and hydrological factors were rainfall, evaporation and runoff ,with the maximum correlations of 0.91, -0.83, 0.76, respectively, and that the main socio-economic factors were agricultural acreage, primary industry and the level of agricultural science and technology, with the maximum correlation were -0.81, 0.78, 0.81, respectively.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 766-773 [Abstract] ( 183 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1100KB] ( 646 )

	774	Personal exposure levels to atmospheric fine particulate matters in Beijing, China
		YAN Wei-Qi, ZHANG Xiao-Yin, LANG Feng-Ling, CAO Jun
		From December, 2012to April, 2013, measurements of personal exposure levels to atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Beijing were conducted using laser dust monitor (Model LD6S) with the method of daily tracking for single participant, and the different participants’ time-activity journals were also collected to calculate the daily averaged exposure levels and merge application. During the monitoring period, the ambient PM2.5 concentrations issued by the Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Centre were recorded synchronously. The local mean concentrations of PM2.5 in winter and in spring were 127mg/m3and 69 mg/m3, respectively, and the former was much higher than the latter. The median value of personal daily exposure level was 54μg/m3and the averaged ratio to the ambient PM2.5 concentration was 0.60. The averaged indoor exposure fraction reached 80% of the total exposure, and the outdoor exposure and the traffic exposure separately accounted for about 10%. There was no significant difference between the exposure levels of different populations and different seasons. As the ambient PM2.5 concentration exceeded 75μg/m3, a significant correlation existed between the ambient PM2.5 concentration and the PM2.5 concentrations in different microenvironments, including residential house, office, restaurant, bus and street.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 774-779 [Abstract] ( 231 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 425KB] ( 915 )

	780	Oxidative injury effect of different compositions of coal-fired PM2.5 on vascular endothelial cells
		WANG Fei-Fei, WANG Xian-Liang, LIU Fang-Ying, 吕Zhan-Lu , QIAN Yan, PENG Ling-Long
		To explore the effects of different compositions of fine particles on the cardiovascular system. Coal sample taking Datong coal as a sample, Coal-fired PM2.5 was sampled by fixed source dilution channel in the laboratory. All particles, as well as isolated inorganic and organic compositions, were extracted to contaminate EA.hy926cells for 24h respectively. To evaluate oxidative damages of different compositions of coal-fired PM2.5 exposed to the EA.hy926cells, the assays of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were carried out using assay kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The results showed that as the dose increased, SOD activity decreased in EA.hy926exposed to different compositions of coal-fired PM2.5 24h. Each dose group was statistically different (P inorganic compositions > all particles, with statistically significance differences among the same dose. Compared to solvent control, as the dose increased, GSH-Px activity decreased in EA.hy926exposed to different compositions of coal-fired PM2.5. At the same dose, GSH-Px inhibition of different compositions was: inorganic compounds > organic compositions > all particles, with no statistically significance differences. As the dose increased, MDA levels in supernatants treated with all particles, inorganic compositions and organic compositions increased, respectively. At the low doses, MDA level of different compositions of coal-fired PM2.5 on EA.hy926was: organic compositions > all particles > inorganic compositions, while at the high doses : all particles > inorganic compositions > organic compositions with statistically significance, and as the dose increased, MDA level caused by all particles and inorganic compositions increased significantly, while changes of organic compositions is leveling off. The results can be seen from the above, different compositions of PM2.5exerted oxidative damage to EA.hy926 ,reduced activities of SOD, GSH-Px, and increased MDA level. But the mechanisms underlying them need futher exploration.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 780-785 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 331KB] ( 665 )

	786	A toxicological assessment of PM2.5 in Urumqi based on plasmid DNA assay
		SU Du-尔·Ke-Re-Mu-La, HU Ying, DI Li-Nu-尔·Ta-Li-Fu, SHAO Long-Yi, MAI Li-Ke-Zha-Ti-·Mai-He-Mu-Ti
		An in vitro plasmid DNA assay was employed to study the oxidative capacity of PM2.5 collected in Urumqi during January 2012 to December 2012, and the correlation between the toxicity represented by oxidative capacity and the corresponding environmental factors and mass concentrations were investigated. The result showed that, the mass concentrations of atmospheric PM2.5 in Urumqi with the values of oxidative damage to DNA had seasonal variation, characterized by a highest in winter, moderately high in spring and autumn, the lowest in summer. The oxidative capacity of whole and water soluble fraction of PM2.5 in different seasons varied greatly, with the values of oxidative damage to DNA being highest in winter, followed by summer, spring, and autumn in descending order. The average TD30 values (toxic dosages of PM2.5 causing 30% of plasmid DNA damage) of whole solution of PM2.5 in winter, spring, summer and autumn were 440, 491, 503and515μg/mL, respectively, and the average TD30 values of corresponding water-soluble fraction were 474, 721, 666 and 600μg/mL, respectively. The TD30 values of the whole solution were mostly less than the water-soluble fraction,indicating that the toxicity of whole particles were higher than their corresponding water-soluble fractions. The TD30 value of whole fraction showed a notable (P<0.05) positive correlation with average temperature, implying that the cold weather/season may facilitate a higher toxicity of PM2.5. the TD30value of water-soluble fraction showed a notable (P<0.01) positive correlation with wind speed, and a notable (P<0.01) negative correlation with the relative humidity. This demonstrated that the higher wind speed and lower relative humidity may be associated with a lower higher toxicity of PM2.5. Further analysis showed no obvious correlation between the TD30 value and mass concentrations of PM2.5, showing that the method of evaluating the health impact of atmospheric particulate matter only by the mass concentration did not truly reflect its degree of harm to human health, and the chemical composition of particulate matter and its harmful components of surface adsorption should be considered.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 786-792 [Abstract] ( 173 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 387KB] ( 539 )

	793	Analyzing integrated impacts of various policies on economic-environmental systems
		LIANG Sai, ZHANG Tian-Zhu
		This study proposed a concept to analyse integrated impacts of various policies on physical and monetary flows of the socioeconomic system. We further established a framework comprising seven sub-modules based on this concept. Taking China as an example, we analysed both integrated and individual impacts of China’s seven categories of economic-environmental policies on its economic growth and material flows. Results demonstrated the necessity of integrated policy analysis.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 793-800 [Abstract] ( 168 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 410KB] ( 461 )

	801	Use of a minimum environmental Gini Coefficient model on optimizing the allocation plan of total pollutant load in water bodies: a case study at Zhangjiagang river-network plain
		TIAN Ping, FANG Xiao-Bo, WANG Fei-儿, ZHU Yao
		A Gini Coefficient model was developed in an attempt to optimize the total pollutants load allocation plan at the study area, Zhangjiagang river-net plain, where the environmental capacity of target pollutants and spatial distribution at six different towns in this region have been well addressed via WASP model. The local social, economic and resource factors were integrated and processed in developing this Gini Coefficient model, by which the best solution to the allocation pollutant plan was successfully figured out. As a consequence, the COD Gini Coefficients were decreased by 15.1% and 8.5% while ammonia Gini Coefficients were decreased by 11.0% and 13.7% in terms of pollutant discharge and capacity allocation respectively. The largest reduction rate of COD,approximately 20%,was achieved at Changjing town by the optimized load reduction strategy with an annual reduction, of 231.74tonnes. As to the ammonia pollutant load reduction, Zhutang Town showed the largest reduction rate of 59.9% with an annual reduction amount of 59.74tonnes.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 801-809 [Abstract] ( 223 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 650KB] ( 1032 )

	810	Water quality prediction of Haihe River using grey-fuzzy-markov chain model
		YU Hui, SUN Bao-Sheng, LI Ya-Nan, ZHANG Yan, QI Geng-Shen
		The GM(1,1) model has been widely used in the prediction of water quality. But it had the disadvantages of grey bias and weak anti-jamming capability. To solve this problem, the markov chain theory and fuzzy classification were introduced into the grey forecasting model and a new method named the Grey-Fuzzy-Markov Chain Model was proposed. In this paper, the tendency changes of DO,CODMn and NH3-N’s concentration were predicted in Haihe River from 2012 to 2016. The results showed that from 2004 to 2016 the concentration of DO and NH3-N would increase to 9.15 and 1.47mg/L respectively in 2016. Meanwhile the CODMn would decrease to 3.91mg/L in 2016. The concentration of DO,CODMn and NH3-N in 2012 were forecasted to check the precision of this model. The precision of the Grey-Fuzzy-Markov model was better than the GM(1,1) model and it would be a scientific method for the prediction of water quality.
		2014 Vol. 34 (3): 810-816 [Abstract] ( 171 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 776KB] ( 916 )

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