Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae

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CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

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	2014 Vol.34 Issue.5,Published 2014-05-20

	1089	Simulation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in China in 2010
		ZHENG Dan-Nan, WANG Xue-Song, XIE Shao-Dong, DUAN Lei, CHEN Dong-Sheng
		The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system was applied to simulate the atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in China during 2010. The budget of N deposition for China was 7.6′103Gg in 2010, which was dominated by deposition of reduced nitrogen (accounting for 2/3). N deposition was highest in summer and lowest in winter. Dry deposition was the predominant form of N deposition (accounting for 62%), mainly contributed by the gaseous nitrogen pollutants, while wet deposition was mainly attributed to particulate ammonium and nitrate. The N deposition varied greatly in space, with high values in the east and low in the west. Specifically, high N deposition was found in the North China Plain, the Sichuan Basin, southern central of Central China, Guangdong and Guangxi, and parts of the Northeast. Thus, reduction of N deposition in China would depend on the control of emissions of ammonia, as well as those of nitrogen oxide in the developed eastern coastal areas.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1089-1097 [Abstract] ( 426 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3037KB] ( 1538 )

	1098	Spatial and temporal distributions of tropospheric CO2 concentrations over Guangdong province based on satellite observations
		MAI Bo-Ru, DENG Xue-Jiao, AN Xing-Qin, LIU Xian-Tong, LI Fei, LIU Xia
		SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) retrievals of tropospheric CO2 concentrations were validated using ground-based measurements collected at the Waliguan (WLG) site (representing background conditions) and at the Panyu meteorological site (PYQXJ) in Guangzhou province from January 2003 to December 2009. Residuals and correlation coefficients from a linear regression of SCIAMACHY retrievals as a function of ground measurements were 1.33×10-6 and 0.72, respectively, at the WLG site 1.29×10-6 and 0.69, respectively, at the PYQXJ site. In Guangdong region, the satellite-retrieved annual mean CO2 concentration (384.84×10-6) and annual growth rate (1.53×10-6/a) were greater than those measured from the ground. The maximum and minimum CO2 concentrations across Guangdong province were seen in spring and summer, and all the CO2 concentrations in eastern, western, northern Guangdong and into the Pearl River Delta region (PRD) were higher in spring and winter, but lower in summer and autumn. The annual mean growth rate of CO2 was highest in western Guangdong (1.82×10-6/a), moderate over the PRD and in eastern Guangdong (1.65×10-6/a and 1.64×10-6/a, respectively), and lowest in northern Guangdong (1.61×10-6/a).
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1098-1106 [Abstract] ( 364 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1924KB] ( 1413 )

	1107	Diurnal variations and formation mechanisms of water-soluble inorganic ions in aerosols during a haze-fog period in Guangzhou
		HE Jun-Jie, WU Geng-Chen, ZHANG Guo-Hua, WANG Bo-Guang, BI Xin-Hui, SHENG Guo-Ying, FU Jia-Mo
		To investigate the formation mechanism of SO42-, NO3? and NH4+ during a haze-fog period (18~23 April 2013) in Guangzhou, China, particulate matter smaller than 10 μm was collected with an Anderson sampler equipped with a six-stage cascade impactor. Size-resolved mass concentrations of water soluble inorganic ions were quantitatively analyzed. During the haze-fog episode, the average mass concentrations of the total water soluble inorganic ions in PM3 and PM10 were (32.7±13.3)μg/m3 and (39.4±15.7)μg/m3, respectively. NH4+, NO3? and SO42? were found to be the dominant species, accounting for 76% and 71% of the total inorganic ions in PM3 and PM10, respectively. These ions were principally present in the size range of 0.49~1.5μm (i.e. droplet mode). Ammonium was mainly in the forms of (NH4)2 SO4 and NH4NO3 in the droplet mode, while present in the forms of (NH4)2 SO4 and NH4 HSO4 in the condensation mode (<0.49μm). Further analysis on the diurnal variation of these ions suggested that SO42- in droplet mode was mainly formed through in-fog processes and/or aqueous-phase reactions, while NO3- through the hydrolysis of N2O5, and NH4+ by heterogeneous neutralization. In addition, it was found that condensation mode SO42-, NO3? and NH4+ had higher mass concentration in the daytime than at night due to the influence of solar radiation.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1107-1112 [Abstract] ( 331 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 447KB] ( 1445 )

	1113	Characteristics of PM2.5 emitted from cement kiln and the risk assessment of PAHs in PM2.5
		WEI Lin, TANG Hai-Long, GUO Ying-Ying, ZOU Zheng-Yu, LIU Yang-Sheng
		An electrical low-pressure imapctor (ELPI) and a portable PM2.5 sampler equipped with an air dilution system were employed to investigate the emission characteristics of PM2.5 from the cement manufacturing process. Three new dry cement manufacturing enterprises located in the northern China were chosen. Mass concentration and particle number concentration of PM2.5 emitted from the outlet of precipitator at the kiln head and the rear were examined, and concentration of PAHs in PM2.5 was also investigated. Afterwards, cancer risk levels resulting from PAHs inhalation were calculated. Experimental results showed that, the number concentration for PM0.33 accounted for over 70% of that for PM2.5. PAHs species in all sampling points were dominated by two-ring and three-ring PAHs. PAHs concentration sampled in the kiln head of Factory C was the highest, where BaP value exceeded the related national standard limited value (8ng/m3), and its corresponding inhalation cancer risk was 4.46′10-4, much higher than the upper limit of carcinogenic level.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1113-1118 [Abstract] ( 297 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 415KB] ( 956 )

	1119	Numerical analysis on growth of soluble PM2.5 by vapor heterogeneous condensation
		WEN Gao-Sen, FAN Feng-Xian
		In order to remove the fine particles (PM2.5) from ammonia desulfurization system by vapor heterogeneous condensation, the dynamic model for condensation growth of polydispersed particles was established. The condensation growth of soluble ammonium sulfate particles was numerically investigated and the growth processes of typical size soluble particles were analyzed and compared to those of insoluble particles. The ammonium sulfate particles of different sizes appear to grow at a similar rate and that more effective particle growth can be achieved in the isothermal system than in the adiabatic system. For the soluble and insoluble particles with the same initial size distribution, the growth rate of the micron soluble particles is higher than that of insoluble particles; whereas the growth rate of the submicron soluble particles is higher at first and then lower than that of the insoluble particles, thus the growth curves for the two kinds of particles have a cross point. The growth of ammonium sulfate particles can be significantly promoted by increasing vapor saturation. Strong influence of gas temperature on growth of ammonium sulfate particles in the isothermal system is observed whereas the effect of gas temperature on particle growth in the adiabatic system is very weak.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1119-1124 [Abstract] ( 307 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 514KB] ( 1067 )

	1125	Removal of NOx in flue gas by complexation-oxidation-reduction coupling method
		LI Bao-Lin, LI Ming-Yu, LIU Hai-Hao, CAO Gang, REN Gang, SONG Lin, YE Xiang-Dong
		[Fe(NO)]2+ formed by the complexation between NO and Fe2+ was easily oxidized by O2 to NO2- and NO3-. Furthermore, NO2- and NO3- were reduced to N2 by urea in solution. Based on these reactions, we developed a new method for removing NOx in flue gas, i.e., complexation-oxidation-reduction method in which ferrous sulfate solution, oxygen and urea were selected as complex agent, oxidant and reductant respectively. Effects of some factors including initial concentration of urea, pH value of absorbing solution, initial concentration of NOx and flow rate of flue gas on removal rate of NOx in flue gas were investigated. Results showed that the removal rate of NOx was positive correlation with the initial concentration of urea and the initial concentration of NOx, but negative correlation with the pH value of absorbing solution and the flow rate of flue gas. When initial concentration of urea, pH value of absorbing solution, initial concentration of NOx and flow rate of flue gas were 1.19mol/L, 3.2, 1493mg/m3and 800mL/min respectively, the removal rate of NOx was more than 92% in the initial stage (0~6min) and this removal rate still maintained about 69% after treatment of NOx for an hour.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1125-1130 [Abstract] ( 283 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 399KB] ( 973 )

	1131	The effect of dissolved oxygen on running CANON process in sequencing batch reactor
		LI Dong, CUI Shao-Ming, LIANG Yu-Hai, ZHANG Xiao-Jing, SU Qing-Ling, WU Qing, ZHANG Jie
		The sludge that deriving from a stable CANON biofilter was seeded to two same SBR reactors at room temperature (22~26℃), in which the influence of DO on the nitrogen removal, stability and sludge morphology of CANON process were studied by setting different initial DO and DO gradient. The results showed that the reactor with the initial DO of 0.05~0.1mg/L could run stably with the ammonia and TN removal efficiency of 99% and 85.4%, respectively, while the reactor with initial DO of (0.40±0.5)mg/L showed rather lower removal efficiencies of 99% and 0, respectively. DO concentration was increased gradually from 0to 0.2, 0.4, 0.5mg/L, correspondingly, the anaerobic ammonia removal rate reached to 35.95, 23.89, 31.50, 19.25mgN/(L·h), respectively. Moreover, the reactor could still run normally after two hours’ extended aeration The activity of the CANON reactor went up with the increase of DO within a certain DO range, and the higher DO presented a large and irreversible impact on the early vaccinating CANON reactor while showed little and reversible influence on the stable CANON reactor. Micrographs indicated the tendency of sludge granulation in the stable CANON reactor.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1131-1138 [Abstract] ( 272 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 885KB] ( 778 )

	1139	The process characteristics of the pulsed-SBR for advanced nitrogen removal via nitrite pathway from landfill leachate
		SUN Hong-Wei, YOU Yong-Jun, PENG Yong-Zhen, WANG Shu-Ying
		The pulsed-SBR process was used to achieve the advanced nitrogen removal via nitrite pathway from landfill leachate. The effect of feed frequency on the process characteristic of pulse-SBR was discussed theoretically and nitrogen removal efficiency formula was established. The operation of the SBR under alternating aerobic-anoxic conditions was optimized by process control. The experimental results showed that up to 95.8% NH4+-N and 90.0% TN were eliminated via nitrite from leachate in the pulsed-SBR and advanced nitrogen removal was successfully obtained. The accurate on-line process control was main factor of the achievement and stabilization of partial biological nitrogen removal. With increasing feed frequency, the external carbon source dosage decreased obviously. Therefore, the objectives of saving external carbon source dosage and achieving advanced nitrogen removal were obtained when pulsed-SBR was used to treat landfill leachate.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1139-1144 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 395KB] ( 714 )

	1145	Effect of phenol on startup and nitrogen removal performance of ANAMMOX coupling denitrifying
		LIU Chang-Jing, LI Ze-Bing, ZHENG Zhao-Ming, ZHAO Bai-Hang, LI Jun
		The startup of ANAMMOX coupling heterotrophic denitrifying reactor and the influence of concentration of phenol on the nitrogen removal performance of coupled reactor were investigated. Cultivated with 2L (20% of effective volume of reactor) anaerobic ammonia oxidation granular sludge that the volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) was 6000mg/L, anaerobic ammonia oxidation coupling heterotrophic denitrifying was started up successfully for 86days under the condition of pH 7.8, water temperature 25℃ and hydraulic detention time (HRT) 1.5h. The steady phase, the average removal rates of NH4+-N、NO2--N and TN were 85.39%,86.12% and 79.85% respectively, the average volumetric load of total nitrogen and the average removal load of total nitrogen were 2.63kg/(m3·d) and 2.10kg/(m3·d) respectively. ANAMMOX granular sludge was coated with phenol denitrifying bacteria. The relationship between heterotrophic denitrification and anammox was cooperative and competitive in the system. The activity of ANAMMOX bacteria was suppressed strongly when the concentration of phenol30.3mmol/L, the competition between phenol denitrifying bacteria and ANAMMOX bacteria was intensified as the increasing of concentration of phenol.When the concentration of phenol was 0.2mmol/L, the denitrification effect of system is best considering from denitrification and the stability of system. The ratio of removed NH4+-N, reomved NO2--N and generated NO3--N was 1:1.52:0.11.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1145-1151 [Abstract] ( 275 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 508KB] ( 908 )

	1152	Effects of different ratios of aeration time and anaerobic time on shortcut nitrification in the intermittent aeration SBR
		SU Dong-Xia, LI Dong, ZHANG Xiao-Jing, ZHANG Gong-Liang, ZHOU Yuan-Zheng, ZHANG Jie
		Under room temperature (20~25℃), in intermittent aeration sequencing batch reactors 1 #, 2 #, 3 #, it was studied that effects of different ratios of aeration time and anaerobic time (3:1, 3:2, 3:3) on the nitrite accumulation, the stability of nitrosation, the pollutants removal efficiency and sludge settling performance with domestic wastewater. The smaller the ratio of aeration time and anaerobic time within a certain rangeis,the more beneficial to the accumulation of nitriteis.It realized the start-up of nitrosation by 35d, 30d, 29d respectively.In stable operation stage, the removal of ammonia nitrogen volume of load were 0.57, 0.48, 0.40kgN/m3 drespectively.The smaller the ratio of aeration time and anaerobic timeis,the smaller ammonia nitrogen removal load was. The differences of COD removal effect were not obvious.At 82d the nitrosation rate of 1# showed a trend of gradual decline, but it had a stable operation in 2 #, 3 #.So the smaller the ratio of aeration time and anaerobic timeis , the more conducive to maintain the stability of nitrosation, and the better sludge settling performance was.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1152-1158 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 494KB] ( 1240 )

	1159	Advanced treatment of secondary effluent by ozonation
		ZHENG Xiao-Ying, WANG Jian-Long, LI Xin-Wei, TIAN Wen-Jing, LI Kui-Xiao
		The objective of this work was to investigate the effectiveness of ozonation on the removal of organic residues and pathogenic microorganism from the municipal secondary effluent. The DOC, UV254, chroma, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP),di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and organic pollutants of three-dimensional fluorescence removals of ozonation were 15.49%, 36.36%, 73.61%, 37.29%, 14.6% and above 80% at a dose of 6mg/L, respectively. And the ozonated secondary effluent concentration of DBP and DEHP was 2.64mg/L and 1.4mg/L, respectively, which meets the standard of the Reuse of Urban Recycling Water Quality Standard for Groundwater Recharge (GB/T 19772-2005). The fecal coliforms were close to 103CFU/L and 10CFU/L by ozonation (at a ozone dose of 10mg/L) and chlorination (at a available chlorine dose of 5mg/L), respectively. However, the combination of ozonation (at a ozone dose of 6mg/L) and chlorination (at a available chlorine dose of 5mg/L) led to an increased removal of fecal coliforms of 3CFU/L, which meets the standard of the Reuse of Urban Recycling Water-Water Quality Standard for Scenic Environment Use (GB/T 18921-2002). The generation of trihalomethanes (THMs) increased with the increase of available chlorine dosage, while it was reduced by 78.08% by using the combination of ozonation and chlorination.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1159-1165 [Abstract] ( 322 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1061KB] ( 1363 )

	1166	Effects of ultrasound on flocs characteristics of drinking water precipitated sludge and its impact on coagulation efficiency of sludge recycling process
		WU Yan, YANG Yan-Ling, LI Xing, ZHOU Zhi-Wei, SU Zhao-Yang, GUO Xuan
		In the process of enhanced coagulation by recycling sludge, drinking water precipitated sludge was pre-treated by ultrasound and the recycle trails were subsequently carried out, in order to solve the enrichment problem of poisonous and pernicious substance. The effect of ultrasound on the variability offlocs characteristics of drinking water precipitated sludge was mainly focused on, and so was its impact on coagulation efficiency of sludge recycling process. After the exposure to ultrasound, the temperature of sonicated sludge solution was raised and floc size was decreased, even could drop to a few microns after a long-term treatment. And The floc size exhibited a linear correlation with the energy density. Zeta potential of flocs of pre-sonicated sludge was decreased while specific surface was improved with energy density of 1W/mL and 5W/mL, contrastively Zeta potential was raised and specific surface was decreased with energy density of 10W/mL and 15W/mL. The coagulation efficiency was enhanced by recycling pre-sonicated sludge with a low energy density (1W/mL) within 30min ultrasonication. The improvement of turbidity, UV254 and CODMn removal was 2.7%, 23.12% and 10.02% respectively. Comparatively, a long time of ultrasonication under high energy density (15W/mL) could reduce the coagulation efficiency. Therefore, the ultrasound technique could enhance the pollutant removal, but the ultrasound time and energy density must be well controlled.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1166-1172 [Abstract] ( 235 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 915KB] ( 942 )

	1173	Impact of nonpoint source pollution on water quality of the Bahe River based on rainfall events monitor
		QIN Yao-Min, LI Huai-恩
		Based on the 5 rainfall processes and 2normal discharge events monitored from July to December in 2009at the Ma du-wang section on the Bahe River, impact of nonpoint source pollution (NPS) on water quality of the Bahe River was analyzed. The results indicate that: (1) concentrations of COD, TN, NH3-N, NO3--N, NO2--N and TP in the rainfall processes were lower than those in normal discharge events. (2) The load transport rate of each pollutant gradually increased up to peak value and then started to drop, which was in accordance with the process of flow change. Concentrations of COD, NO3--N and TN increased initially and then decreased, while those of NH3-N and NO2--N decreased first and then increased, change pattern for concentration of TP was not obvious. The peaks of concentration and load transport rate of TN and NO3--N occurred either close or behind the flow peak, while those for TP and NH3-N in the opposite trend. COD concentration peaked close or behind the flow peak, but its load transport rate peaked prior to the flow peak. Changes for NO2--N concentration werenot obvious and its load transport rate peak was close or prior to the flow peak. (3) The estimation of NPS pollution load by mean concentration method indicated that NPS pollution load of COD, TP, TN and NH3-N of the Bahe River in the year of 2009were 8707.28t, 43.07t, 723.63t and 245.52t. (4) The NPS pollution load proportions of COD, TP, TN and NH3-N of the Bahe River in the year of 2009 were 31.86%, 34.42%, 32.69% and 42.21%. Therefore, NPS pollution accounted for a large proportion of the total pollution loads of the Bahe River, which shouldn’t be ignored.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1173-1180 [Abstract] ( 306 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 570KB] ( 1067 )

	1181	Monitoring thermal discharge in Daya Bay plant based on thermal infrared band of HJ-1B and TM remote sensing data
		XU Jing, ZHU Li, JIANG Jian, LI Jia-Guo, ZHAO Shao-Hua, YUAN Lei
		The infrared data of TM and HJ-1B sensor on the same day were selected to monitor the distribution of surface temperature and thermal discharge in Daya Bay plant by the radiation transfer model after getting the three atmospheric parameters. The comparative results showed that there was a high consistency between the two kinds of sensors. Specifically, the absolute temperature difference of the thermal discharge inversion was less than 1.1℃, and the difference between the two average relative temperatures in the same temperature rising level was no more than 0.4℃. Therefore, the infrared satellite data of HJ-1B could meet the demand of the thermal pollution monitoring.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1181-1186 [Abstract] ( 263 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3016KB] ( 925 )

	1187	Influence factors of the release properties of the slow-release persulfate material
		CHEN Fang-Yi, YANG Yu, LIAN Xin-Ying, JIANG Yong-Hai, XI Bei-Dou, LI Ding-Long, ZHANG Jin-Bao, MA Zhi-Fei
		The slow-release persulfate materials were prepared under different component ratios. The release performance was tested according to NEN 7375flume experiment method developed by European Organization for standardization. The influence law of the component materials on the release properties of slow-release persulfate materials was studied by correlation analysis and Kriging interpolation method. Water, sand and cement were the matrix materials for forming slow-release persulfate materials. There was a certain adaption range for each component. The range percentages for water, sand and cement are 5% to 35%, 0% to 85%, and 5% to 85%, respectively. The diffusion coefficients of slow-release persulfate materials had significant positive correlation with sand content. It showed significant negative correlation with cement content and there is no significant correlation with water content. The comprehensive effect of the matrix materials on the diffusion coefficients of slow-release persulfate materials was more complicated. However, the main factor which affecting the diffusion coefficient was water content when cement content was higher than sand content, while cement content was lower than sand content, and then it became sand content. The release speed of slow-release persulfate material would be increased and the release cycle would become longer with the increasing of persulfate content.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1187-1193 [Abstract] ( 309 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 485KB] ( 1233 )

	1194	The effect of alkali types and ammonia stripping on volatile fatty acids accumulation in sludge alkaline fermentation
		LI Xiao-Ling, PENG Yong-Zhen, CHAI Tong-Zhi, ZHU Jian-Ping, WANG Shu-Ying
		A series of completely mixed anaerobic reactors were operated to investigate different alkalis (NaOH and Ca (OH)2) performance on sludge disintegration and organics hydrolysis and acidification in sludge alkaline fermentation systems. In addition, ammonia stripping was combined with alkali adjustment to observe the effect of NH4+ concentration on the hydrolysis and acidification effective of released organics. Results showed that at pH10, sludge disintegration as well as organics release, especially, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) was much higher in NaOH systems than that in Ca(OH)2 systems. However, part of soluble protein and PO43- were precipitated with Ca2+ in Ca(OH)2 systems. The PO43- concentration was less than 40mg/L in Ca(OH)2 systems. 43% of NH4+ was removed by ammonia stripping. The maximum hydrolysis and acidification performance was achieved in the NaOH adjustment and ammonia stripping system. The SCOD, protein, carbohydrate as well as total VFAs concentrations were 6732, 2029, 374 and 2545mg/L, respectively, and the NH4+ concentration was as low as 200mg/L. Analysis results also found that ammonia stripping could increase VFAs production by relieving the inhibition of NH4+ on acid-forming bacteria, and enhancing the fermentation of carbohydrate.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1194-1199 [Abstract] ( 286 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 402KB] ( 704 )

	1200	Effect of organic loading rate of piggery wastewater on biogas production of straw-bed bioreactor
		CAO Jie, CHEN Guang-Yin, CHANG Zhi-Zhou, YE Xiao-Mei, DU Jing
		Influence of organic loading rate (OLR) of piggery wastewater on biogas production of straw-bed bioreactor was conducted under (37±1)℃ at lab scale. Higher OLR of piggery wastewater was adverse to biogas production during day 0to 25, and then daily biogas yield and volume biogas yield increased rapidly and higher than that of treatment with lower organic loading rate of piggery wastewater. The highest volume biogas yield of 2.29m3/(m3·d) was obtained at 34d with OLR of piggery wastewater of 7.2kgCOD/(m3·d). Volume biogas yield of treatment with OLR of piggery wastewater of 7.2kgCOD/(m3·d) was 1.52~1.76m3/(m3·d) which was 50% and 130% higher than that of treatment with OLR of piggery wastewater of 2.4and 1.44kgCOD/(m3·d). The higher OLR of piggery wastewater was adverse to biogas production of wheat straw and higher OLR of piggery wastewater with lower total solid, cellulose and hemicelloluse removal rate which was consistent with the result of FTIR. The result of DGGE of water extract of digested wheat straw showed that higher OLR of piggery wastewater promoted the colonization of microorganisms in the straw surface and anaerobic microbial community structure and number were much more than that of treatment with lower organic loading rate of piggery wastewater. It was feasible to use straw-bed bioreactor for biogas production with agricultural straw and livestock wastewater as fermentation materials and higher OLR of livestock wastewater with higher volume biogas yield.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1200-1206 [Abstract] ( 297 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 427KB] ( 1106 )

	1207	Effects of ultrasonic pre-treatment on the production of VFAs from food waste
		WANG Jia-Ming, JIANG Jian-Guo, GONG Chang-Xiu, ZHANG Yu-Jing, LI Meng-Lu
		The study aims at improving the efficiency producing volatile fatty acids (VFAs) by ultrasonic pre-treatment and meanwhile overcomes the disadvantages such as the complexity of components and inequality of particles. Under the condition of treatment time of 15min, and ultrasonic intensity of 720W/L, the SCOD dissolution significantly increased, which was twice as the results of original samples. Among the SCOD dissolved, carbohydrate had the highest dissolution, which was increased from 8.2g/L to 43.5g/L. Under the condition of pH of 6and temperature of 35℃, the maximum values of VFAs from untreated and ultrasonic-treated food waste with solid content ration of around 12% were 33.4, 42.5g/L, separately. VFAs from food waste after ultrasonic treatment were increased by 27.2%.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1207-1211 [Abstract] ( 218 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 452KB] ( 1235 )

	1212	Impact of long-term heavy metals pollution on ammonia oxidizing microbial community in an iron mine soil
		HONG Chen, XING Yi, SI Yan-Xiao, LI Yang
		To examine the changes of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms community in an iron mine of the upstream area of Miyun Reservoir, soil samples were collected from fourteen sites. Quantification of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) were performed by real-time PCR, and the microbial community structures were studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The results showed that the copy numbers per gram of dry soil of AOB changed from 3.01×107to 1.08×109and the copy numbers per gram of dry soil of AOA varied from 8.65×107to 2.69×109. Pearson correlation and the redundancy analysis results showed that heavy metal pollution had changed the abundance and community structure of soil ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in this iron area. The Cu pollution had a significant inhibitory effect on abundance of AOA (r = -0.653, P < 0.05), but had no effect on AOB; The Zn pollution had a remarkable effect on AOA/AOB ratio of tailing area (r= -0.606, P<0.05); Cd pollution changed the AOB community structure and reduced its diversity; The long-term interference of Cr did not change the abundance and community structure of soil ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, but inhibited the ammonia oxidation rate obviously. The results showed that heavy metal pollution affect the circulation of nitrogen in soil ecosystem to a certain extent.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1212-1221 [Abstract] ( 293 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 580KB] ( 928 )

	1222	Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by using two-step sequential washing with different reagents
		YIN Xue, CHEN Jia-Jun, 吕Ce
		Washing performance of soil polluted by As, Cd, Cu, and Pb was studied to reveal the optimal parameters for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. Three reagents, namely citric acid, rhamnolipid, and oxalic acid, were selected and combined with EDTA, respectively. Compared with one-step washing, the two-step sequential washing with different reagents increased the removal efficiencies of As, Cd, Cu, and Pb by 8.45%~36.81%. The removal of As and Cu could reach 24.85% and 29.25%, respectively, when applying the two-step sequential washing with the combination of EDTA and oxalic acid, 47.83% of Cd and 30.59% of Pb in the soil could be eluted by washing with the combination of EDTA and rhamnolipid. After washing with the combination of EDTA and citric acid, the available contents of As, Cd, Cu and Pb in the soil decreased by 8.61%, 9.37%, 14.12%, and 25.16%, respectively. From practical perspective, the application of combining different reagents and adopting multi-step sequential washing require further process optimization, with special attention to the removal of both total metal amount and the available contents. The stability of heavy metal residues after remediation can thus be ensured, and subsequent impacts to the environment can be mitigated.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1222-1228 [Abstract] ( 299 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 365KB] ( 742 )

	1229	Application of support vector machine in soil environmental quality assessment
		JIANG Xue, LU Wen-Xi, YANG Qing-Chun, ZHAO Hai-Qing
		This paper presented a study on the soil environment quality analysis with support vector machine method (SVM) at the Yang-cao-gou coal mine area (Jilin province, China). Incorporating field investigation and laboratory analysis, copper and lead in soil samples were measured by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), the pollution characteristics of five soil heavy metals, Cd、Cr、Zn、Pb and Cu were analyzed. The nonlinear SVM classification model was employed to evaluate soil environmental quality by sigmoid kernel function programmed with MATLAB codes, and the validation process for the evaluation results was performed with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Meanwhile corresponding analysis was applied to investigate the main pollution factor in each soil partition of the study area, considering the variable load size and the relationship between variables and sampling point partition. The results showed that soil environmental quality ranked almost in theⅠclass in the study area, SVM method obtained almost the same results compared with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method with a similarity rate of 91.67%, demonstrating that the method (SVM) method is appropriate for soil environmental quality assessment. Compared with conventional assessment methods, SVM adopted the structural risk minimization principle, which resolved the problem of multi-classification, high dimensional algorithm through nonlinear to linear transfer.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1229-1235 [Abstract] ( 324 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 471KB] ( 876 )

	1236	The effect of quinone respiration on CO2/CH4 production and transformation of toxic substances in anaerobic digestion
		SONG Jia-Xiu, REN 南Qi, QIAN Dong-Xu, LU Yi-Fan, XU Yi
		In this study, anthraquinone -2 ,6 , - disulfonic acid (AQDS) was employed as a model substance to enrich the quinone respiration bacteria in the process of anaerobic digestion. The characteristics of gas production were investigated as well as the toxic substance conversion in sludge by enriched quinone respiration bacteria . A high humus reducing capacity for enriched anaerobic sludge was verified with a high ratio of CO2: CH4 = 1.7. The quinone respiration rate was found to vary while adding different sources of humus which can be attributed to different molecular structures and numbers for quinone functional groups. Fe (III), which is able to accept electron from a reductive humus, can significantly enhance quinone respiration rate. Quinone respiration in pH (4.5 ~ 6) showed the results of higher activity which indicated that at this pH, quinone respiration is likely to contribute more to anaerobic digestion. Enriched sludge can rapidly convert benzene and richlorethylene into CO2 with acetate as an electron donor. For example, the conversion rates were up to 85.9% and 82.2% in 27h which can also oxidize benzene as an electron donor and deoxidize trichlorethylene as electron acceptor simultaneously, whose conversion rates were about 81.7% and 68.8% within 30h.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1236-1241 [Abstract] ( 199 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 400KB] ( 1083 )

	1242	Effect of FA and FNA on activity of nitrite-oxidising bacteria
		ZHANG Yu-Kun, WANG Shu-Ying, DONG Yi-Jun, PENG Yong-Zhen
		Nitrite accumulation always accompanies with the nitrification process under the conditions of high concentration of free ammonia (FA) or free nitrous acid (FNA). The impact of FA and FNA concentration on nitrite-oxidising bacteria (NOB) was not clear. In this study, NOB activated sludge was enriched in a lab-scale SBR system with high concentration of nitrite nitrogen wastewater. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of NOB-rich sludge showed that Nitrobacter accounted for (71 ± 5)% of total bacteria. The effects of different FA, FNA concentrations on NOB activity were investigated using the sludge. Results showed that NOB activity decreased gradually with the increase of FA concentration. The NOB was still oxidizing nitrite at half of the maximum activity (FA=0mgNH3-N/L) at an FA concentration of 10mgNH3-N/L. Low FNA concentration (FNA < 0.03 mg HNO2-N/L) was beneficial to enhance NOB activity and it was completely restrained when FNA 3 0.2mg/L. The inhibition constant of FNA to NOB (KI,FNA,NOB ) was 0.0968mg/L with Aiba model. The activity of NOB decreased 50% as the FNA concentration increased from 0.003mg/L to 0.0968mg/L.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1242-1247 [Abstract] ( 396 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 510KB] ( 1920 )

	1248	Distribution of mercury and its response to eutrophication in reservoirs in Guizhou Province
		GAO Ting-Jin, LI Qiu-Hua, MENG Bo, HE Tian-Rong, ZHANG Lei, 欧Teng , HUANG Guo-Jia, DENG Long
		In order to understand the distribution of mercury and its response to eutrophication in reservoirs in Guizhou Province, six reservoirs including Sanbanxi, Longtan, Wanfeng, Baihua, Hongfeng, and Aha Reservoirs, were chosen in this study. Surface water samples were collected during the period from November to December in 2012.Trophic status, morphology, and species of Hg level in each sample were determined. Our results showed that, the six reservoirs presented different trophic status, with oligotrophic for the Sanbanxi and the Longtan, oligo-mesotrophic for the Wanfeng, mid-eutrophic for the Baihua and Hongfeng, eutrophic for the Aha Reservoir, respectively. The average total Hg concentration in surface water samples was (5.82±4.99)ng/L the corresponding MeHg concentrations was (0.080±0.068) ng/L. the mean concentration of MeHg in surface water samples in Aha Reservoir was 0.258ng/L, which was approximately 2~10times higher than those in the other five reservoirs. TLI in surface water samples was positively correlated with THg (r=0.477,P<0.05,n=19), MeHg (r=0.558,P<0.05,n=19), and DMeHg (r=0.502,P<0.05,n=19), respectively. The eutrophication is probably one of the key factors which controls the geochemical cycle of Hg in waterbody in the selected six reservoirs. The deterioration of water quality (i.e. hypoxia, decreasing pH, etc.) and overgrowth of phytoplankton resulted from Eutrophication influenced the distribution and transformation of species of mercury in the ecological system of reservoir.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1248-1257 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 525KB] ( 1041 )

	1258	Variability of absorption of inherent optical properties (IOPs) in the presence of phytoplankton degradation
		YI Mei-Sen, DUAN Hong-Tao, ZHANG Yu-Chao, MA Rong-Hua
		We examine the long term (37days) changes in the optical dynamics of phytoplankton concentrations during senescence and degradation. The results show that: 1) The degradation rate is fastest in the first three days and optical properties reach a steady state after 25days; 2) A significant production of inorganic particulates are formed during the degradation process at higher concentrations of algal biomass; 3) The temporal dynamics between optical properties of phytoplankton (aph(440)、aph(624)、aph(675)) and chlorophyll concentrations (Cchl) were significantly correlated (R2>0.5984,P<0.05) while those of particulates (ap(440)、ap(675)) and total suspended particles concentrations were only weakly correlated(R2<0.4613); The structure of CDOM is complex and relatively unstable while ad (440) and Sd changed not regularly with time. The optical properties of the particulate fraction and phytoplankton measured in the degradation experiment was more similar than those measured in black water masses in Taihu Lake. Optical properties of dissolved components (Sd and Sg) were greater. These optical properties of the particulate and dissolved fractions provide needed information for algorithm development for remote sensing monitoring and modeling of these important phenomena.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1258-1267 [Abstract] ( 307 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1393KB] ( 812 )

	1268	Spatial-temporal dynamic changes of nitrogen and phosphorus and difference analysis in water body of Lihu Lake
		WANG Shu-Hang, WANG Wen-Wen, JIANG Xia, ZHANG Bo, HU Jia-Chen, ZHAO Li
		Lihu Lake is a typical shallow lake in the transitional period from unshiftable state of algae-dominated turbid water to unshiftable state of macrophytes-dominated clear water. The distribution characteristics, change rule and key impacting factors of nitrogen and phosphorus in overlying water were discussed by the field survey data investigation from 2012-2013 and the historical monitoring date collection. And the spatial-temporal difference of nitrogen and phosphorus forms in overlying water and the corresponding control measures were also studied on focus. The eutrophication of Lihu Lake was still not fundamentally solved, and the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in overlying was still in an unstable state. The concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus was in the range of 0.74~4.93mg/L and 0.03~0.31mg/L, with the mean value of 1.35 and 0.073mg/L, in respectively. Concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) decreased from the east district of Lihu Lake to the west, and lakeside areas was higher than lake center. Concentrations of TN and TP were higher in summer and autumn, but lower in winter and spring. Dissolved nitrogen was the main nitrogen state in water, accounting for 35%~99% of TN, with the mean value of 77.98%.While phosphorus mainly existed in particulate state, and particulate phosphorus accounted for 11%~90% of TP, and the mean value was 59%. Results of multivariate statistics analysis showed that TN was positively correlated with DTN and TSS, but with smaller correlation coefficient with TSS. However, TP was significantly positive with both DTP and TSS. Therefore, two methods should be used to reduce the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in water body, one is cutting down the dry and wet deposition into lake, and the other is reducing sediment resuspension and restraining the release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1268-1276 [Abstract] ( 390 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1130KB] ( 1599 )

	1277	The influence of the River-Lake relation changed on the sediments ammonia nitrogen release risk of Poyang Lake
		HE Zong-Jian, WU Zhi-Qiang, NI Zhao-Kui, LIU Wan-Qing, WANG Sheng-Rui
		The total nitrogen (TN) contents and thermodynamics/kinetics of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) release characteristics of Poyang Lake surface exposed sediments were studied, tried to reveal the influence of the water level changed resulted from the relationship between Yangtze Rive and the Poyang Lake changed on the NH4+-N release risk of Poyang Lake sediments. The TN contents of Poyang Lake sediments varied from 377to 3875mg/kg; the adsorption/desorption equilibrium concentrations of NH4+-N(EC0)varied from 1.49to 2.99mg/L; the maximal release potential of NH4+-N varied from 17.00to 140.97mg/kg, the NH4+-N release process was mainly occurred within the 0~5minutes that accounted for 50.84% to 73.34% of the release amount, the TN contents, EC0 concentrations, the maximal release potential and the initial release rate of NH4+-N increased with the height increased, that’s dues to the water from Yangtze river keep reducing,resulting in the low water level advanced and the outcropped time prolonged, then caused the TN contents, EC0 concentrations, the maximal release potential and the initial release rate increased, these factors changed were the important mechanism that caused the NH4+-N release risk increased and the deterioration of water quality. With the Poyang Lake water lever keep lower, it’s bound to lead the sediments exposed area and time increased. then caused the increased of NH4+-N release risk of next year.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1277-1284 [Abstract] ( 278 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 525KB] ( 1012 )

	1285	Influence of algae bloom on distribution of total and speciation of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface sediments from Lake Chaohu
		KONG Ming, ZHANG Lu, YIN Hong-Bin, CAI Yong-Jiu, GAO Jun-Feng
		Surface sediment and overlying water from Lake Chaohu were sampled before (in April) and after (in July) algal bloom. Total and speciation of nitrogen and phosphorus in the sediments were analyzed, and their relationship with algal bloom was discussed. Algal bloom could increase the concentrations of nitrogen and decrease the concentrations of phosphorus from surface sediments, and therefore weaken the heterogenicity of sediment phosphorus concentrations. The algal bloom did not cause the obvious fluctuation of concentrations and proportion of nitrogen speciation (NH4+-N, NO3--N, Org-N), but decrease the concentrations and proportion of reactive phosphorus (LP and Fe/Al-P) rather than the proportion and content of Ca-bound P (Ca-P) in surface sediments. Meanwhile, algal boom decrease the concentrations of surface sediment bioavailable phosphorus (AAP) in whole lake. Correlation analysis indicated that the concentration of Chlorophyll-a correlated significantly with Fe/Al-bound P (Fe/Al-P) and organic phosphorus (OP) (P<0.05) but with the nitrogen forms (NH4+-N, NO3--N, Org-N) in surface sediments. These results indicated that phosphorus mainly Fe/Al-P and AAP in surface sediment played an important role in promoting algae bloom in Lake Chaohu and indicated that nitrogen and its fractions in surface sediment contributed less to the algal bloom in Lake Chaohu.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1285-1292 [Abstract] ( 325 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 628KB] ( 1272 )

	1293	The fish diversity changes in Huizhou Reach of the Dongjiang River during more than 30years based on species check-list of fish
		ZHANG Yu, LU Yong-Qiu, GUO Feng-Qing, HU Shun-Jun, CONG Pei-Tong
		Based on the investigation data and the historical data of fish species during more than 30years in Huizhou Reach of Dongjiang River, the fish diversity was assessed and the changes of water quality was monitored. The species check-list of fish recorded-and-investigated was compiled and the average taxonomic distinctness and G-F diversity index were calculated. The cypriniformes were dominated and the total of 94species were devided into 77genera, 29families and 11orders. The order form large to small of the fish diversity was , , and . The diversities decreased from the 1981~1983to the 2005~2007, then increased to the 2007~2010, and finally decreased to the 2011~2012. Thereinto, the diversity was the highest in 1981~1983and the lowest in 2011~2012. The average taxonomic distinctness and G-F diversity index are fit to research the fish species diversity in Huizhou Reach of Dongjiang River.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1293-1302 [Abstract] ( 225 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 677KB] ( 1076 )

	1303	Spatio-temporal analysis of Antarctic ice-sheet freeze-thaw variation
		WANG Xing-Dong, LI Xin-Wu, LIANG Lei
		Antarctic ice-sheet freeze-thaw variation was monitored based on improved wavelet transform and microwave radiometer SMMR and SSM/I data (1978~2013), and Antarctic 34-year ice-sheet freeze-thaw spatio-temporal variety characteristics was analyzed. Melt spatial distribution showed that the majority of melt areas were located on the edge of Antarctic ice shelves. They were affected by land cover type, altitude and geographic location. The melt temporal distribution showed that the Antarctic melt-area annual variation had regularity. The surface melt area was the largest for 1518750 km2 in 1991. The surface melt area was the smallest for 565000 km2 in 1999. In addition, Antarctic ice-sheet melt varied with seasonal changes, and the snowmelt generally concentrated in November, December, January and February, and there was the largest melt extent in January.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1303-1309 [Abstract] ( 447 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1005KB] ( 841 )

	1310	Development of marine quality criteria for crude oil pollutants from Weizhou Island in the Northern Bay
		ZHANG Ji-Wei, WANG Wei-Li, CAI Jin, ZHENG Xin, WANG Xiao-南, WU Jiang-Yue, YAN Zhen-Guang, LIU Zheng-Tao
		Acute toxicity of crude oil from Weizhou Island in the Northern Bay to nine kinds of native marine organisms was tested. According to the guidelines of development of aquatic life criteria recommended by USEPA, the marine environmental quality criteria for the crude oil pollutants were derived based on the nine toxicity data. The results showed that the LC50 (or EC50) values of Artemia saline, Brachionus plicatilis, Acartia pacifica, Fenneropenaeus chinensis, Portunus trituberculatus, Moerella iridescens, Paralichthys olivaceus, Cynoglossus semilaevis, Platymonas subcordiformis were 10.28, 2.37, 4.88, 0.31, 0.81, 65.88, 19.02, 9.10and 0.23mg/L, respectively. The acute and chronic marine quality criteria of the crude oil from Weizhou Island were 0.06and 0.012mg/L, respectively. The study provided valuable information for the oil spill damage assessment.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1310-1315 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 439KB] ( 893 )

	1316	Biodegradation of microcystins by Sphingopyxis sp
		XU Hui-Min, YAN Hai, MA Song, WANG Hua-Sheng, YIN Chun-Hua, LIU Xiao-Lu
		The contents of microcystins (MCs) in dry cyanobacterial cells taken from Dianchi Lake and the biodegradation of MC-YR, RR and LR by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 at the cellular and enzyme levels were studied. The contents of MC-YR, RR and LR in dry cyanobacterial cells were 0.16, 0.96 and 0.47mg/g, respectively. Initial concentrations of 19.5mg/L MC-YR, 79.5mg/L MC-RR and 43.6mg/L MC-LR were completely biodegraded by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 within 2d. Further studies indicated that MC-YR, RR and LR could also be biodegraded in more rapid rates by crude enzymes of Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05, and initial MC-YR, RR and LR of 14.8, 28.4, 19.5mg/L were completely removed within 10h, respectively, and two intermediate and one final products were found during the biodegradation process of MC-YR catalyzed by the crude enzymes of USTB-05.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1316-1321 [Abstract] ( 316 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 420KB] ( 1174 )

	1322	Population exposure and cancer risk assessment of typical EDCs in Pearl River.
		WANG Pan-Fei, HE Jia-Jun, GAO Min, QIN Jian-Qiao, XIAO Jun, SONG Ming-Wei
		Potential cancer risk to human beings caused by typical endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including Cd, DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in Pearl River Basin was investigated based on the US EPA guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. The risk sources, exposure media and pathways, as well as the risk contribution from each component, were analyzed through the multi-media/multi-pathway human exposure model. Results showed that the daily exposure doses of Cd、DDT and PCBs to the residents in Pearl River Basin were 2.36′10-4, 6.46′10-5, 4.62′10-5mg/(kg·d), respectively, which were englobed mainly by oral intake. The total cancer risk was 2.04′10-4that was higher than the highest acceptable cancer risk level (1′10-4). Vegetables and rice were the major exposure media. Cd and PCBs were the dominant contributors to cancer risk, accounting for 44% and 45% , respectively.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1322-1327 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 447KB] ( 1717 )

	1328	Emergency health risk assessment of water pollution accident
		ZHAO Yan-Min, QIN Yan-Wen, ZHENG Bing-Hui, ZHANG Lei, MA Ying-Qun
		Based on the health risk assessment theory of US NAS (U.S. National Research Council of National Academy of Science)’, a four-step of methodological framework of emergency health risk assessment of water pollution accidents that includes hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization was developed. Considering the characteristics of short term, high dose exposure of the sudden water pollution accidents, the method specified for acute reference concentration was proposed, as well as quotient method and probability distribution of quotients were recommended for risk characterization and classification. The Songhua River nitrobenzene water pollution accident was used as an example for verifying the feasibility of the framework of emergency health risk assessment of sudden water pollution accident. Acute reference concentration of nitrobenzene to protect the health of adults and children was calculated by using present method and the value was 0.175and 0.05mg/L, respectively. Risk percentage of the nitrobenzene water accident was 29% and 62%, and the risk grade was middle and high, respectively. The results showed that acute health risk of water pollution accident can be characterized by this emergency health risk assessment. Finally, the difficulties in China carrying out emergency health risk assessment of water accident were discussed, and some suggestions were given.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1328-1335 [Abstract] ( 324 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 469KB] ( 868 )

	1336	Uncertainty analysis of WASP based on global sensitivity analysis method
		ZHANG Zhi-Ming, WANG Xiao-Yan, LI Ming-Tao
		To quantitatively evaluate parameters influence and uncertainty of model, WASP model was reorganized by Simulink in this paper. Sensitivity of the parameters related to model output of DO, CBOD, NH3-N and NO3--N was studied based on Sobol method. In particular, sensitivity changes with temporal and spatial variations of input were discussed. Global sensitivity analysis of Sobol method can identify the most sensitive parameters of the process simulation; The significant difference between the total sensitivity and first-order sensitivity index showed that some parameters (e.g. GP1, PNH3, anc, etc.) of the WASP model were strongly coupling, and“One variable at a time”method was inappropriate to evaluate the sensitivity of these parameters; Sensitivity index of WASP parameter changed with the temporal and spatial variation of boundary conditions, even for the same river; WASP model showed an obvious equifinality for different parameters, so the traditional methods such as the global optimization calibration, failed to simulate the mechanism process. Experiments were required as a verification for calibration of key parameters.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1336-1346 [Abstract] ( 377 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2353KB] ( 2367 )

	1347	An application of system dynamics model into strategic environmental assessment of urban planning: a case study of Linfen city
		KUAI Peng, LI Wei, CHENG Gang, REN Gui-Ping
		Regarding the obvious features of multi-objectives, multi-elements and dynamic interlinks presented by urban complex system of society, economy and environment, the system dynamics (SD) method might be of great potential when applied into planning environmental impact assessment (PEIA) of urban plans due to the good theoretic feasibility and technical advantages. As a typical resource-based city in Shanxi province, Linfen was soliciting an imperative development transition and environmental treatment. Here, based on a comprehensive analysis of key development elements, current problems and driving factors of the city, the dynamic feedback relationships were first screened out among economic development, industrial restructure, energy saving and emission reduction, and environmental improvement. And then, a SD model was built up to simulate and assess the four proposed planning alternatives of urban transformation and development of Linfen. The results showed that if the maximum environmental restrains were employed, all the four alternatives would not be able to fulfill the planned growth targets featured by doubled per capita GDP. If the harder environmental restrains were adopted, the alternative III among the four would produce the best integrative effects on environment and economy of the city. Accordingly, the PEIA recommended the city to ensure the planned environmental improvements by slowing down the economic growth, restructuring the main industries represented by coal, coke and iron productions and power generations, strengthening energy saving and emission reduction, and lifting urban capacity of sustainable development.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1347-1354 [Abstract] ( 334 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 622KB] ( 1362 )

	1355	Pollution risk assessment of long-term leaking in landfill-based on the Landsim model.
		XU Ya, YAN Xiang-Hua, DONG Lu, NENG Chang-Xin, LIU Yu-Qiang, HUANG Qi-Fei
		This paper briefly introduced the basic theory framework of Landsim with especial focus on its way to conceptualize long-term performances of cap layer, liner layer and drainage pipe. The infiltration module of HELP model was introduced to couple with Landsim to improve its accuracy of infiltration calculation. This coupled model was then applied to assess the long-term leaking risk of a hazardous waste landfill in the Southwest China. The measured concentration of target contaminant falls in the range of predicted value. The groundwater pollution risk caused by the leachate leakage was ignorable in short-term(1~3year) with the pollution probability smaller than or equal to 0.33, but large in long-term (34year) with the pollution probability larger than or equal to 0.68. The case study suggest that insetting the national standards and guidelines about the design and operation of landfill, the long-term change of cap layer, liner layer and drainage pipe should be taken into consideration to reduce the risk of leachate leakage.
		2014 Vol. 34 (5): 1355-1360 [Abstract] ( 363 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 631KB] ( 618 )

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