Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae

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CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

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	2014 Vol.34 Issue.7,Published 2014-07-20

	1633	Modeling analysis of boundary layer ozone distributions over East Asia
		YANG Wen-Yi, LI Jie, CHEN Huan-Sheng, WANG Zi-Fa, HU Bo, SONG Tao, LI Jian-Jun
		The nested air quality prediction model system (NAQPMS) was applied to investigate the temporal and spatial variations of boundary layer ozone over China in 2010, and the photochemical activity in the boundary layer was assessed. The model performed well with the observed daily (monthly) mixing ratio of ozone, and the correlation coefficients ranging from 0.56 to 0.91. Boundary O3 distribution over East Asia showed a significant seasonal variability with the meteorological and photochemical condition. In winter, the seasonal averaged O3 concentrations over East Asia were among 20~50μL/m3with low O3 concentrations cover the East China. The major outflow transport pathway for O3 to the western Pacific in spring was at 25~40°N, where the ozone mixing ratios in the lower troposphere might reach up to 60μL/m3. In summer, high ozone (about 60μL/m3) appeared in the East China around 35°N, where pollutant emissions were strong and ozone net production was high. In autumn, the distribution of O3 was similar to that in spring, but O3 concentrations were around 40~45μL/m3 lower than those in spring. The net photochemical production of ozone in the North China and the Yangtze River Delta has exceeded 30×10-9/d in summertime.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1633-1641 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3046KB] ( 566 )

	1642	Characteristics of individual aerosol particles in Arctic summer
		LU Ya-Ling, JIA Ming-Xin, LI Wen-Kai, CHANG Jia-Min, CHI Jian-Wei, LIU Lei, SUN Jun-Ying, LI Wei-Jun, WANG Wen-Xing
		Samples of individual particle were collected around Svalbard island during 8-12August, 2013. Physicochemical characteristics of 2530 aerosol particles were analysed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). Arctic aerosol particles were classified as five types: sea-salt, S-rich, Fe-rich, carbonaceous and mineral dust particles. Air masses showed either atmospheric circulation in the arctic ocean or transport of air from Svalbard and Greenland. Samples collected under the air mass of the arctic ocean mainly contained sea-salt particles (54.7% of total in the samples). Mineral dust may be transported from the land, because samples of air mass from Svalbard and Greenland were dominated by mineral dust particles (95.4% of total particles in the samples). We estimated the PM2.5 mass concentration ranging from 0.55mg/m3 to 0.72mg/m3 in Arctic atmosphere.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1642-1648 [Abstract] ( 161 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1431KB] ( 974 )

	1649	Analysis of sensitivity of monitored ground PM2.5 concentrations based on satellite remote sensing data
		LIU Xian-Tong, LI Fei, TAN Hao-Bo, DENG Xue-Jiao, MAI Bo-Ru, DENG Tao, LI Ting-Yuan, ZOU Yu
		The sensitivities of vertical distribution, particle size distribution and hygroscopic growth, which are factors of influencing in monitoring ground PM2.5 concentrations, were analyzed in this study based on satellite remote sensing data. MODIS AOD (aerosol optical depth) corrected by these factors were compared with synchronous ground PM2.5 concentration measurements during the dry and wet season of 2010 and all the year round in Guangzhou. The results indicated that initial correlations between AOD and PM2.5 concentrations are very low and the correlation coefficient (R) of the year is only 0.147. There are limited improvements if it is only corrected by single factors. Among them, size-corrected factor has the highest sensitivity, followed by vertical-corrected factor. Vertical and size-corrected factor has highest correction effect among the combined factors and the R of the year is up to 0.526. The R of the year reduces to 0.498by the vertical-size and RH-corrected method. The vertical and RH-corrected factor has lowest correction effect and the R of the year is only 0.145. Overall, the vertical and size-corrected factor has the highest sensitivity and the best effect. The correction effect enhances significantly by added size factor. Experimentally, the hygroscopic growth factor has simple representation of space and time.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1649-1659 [Abstract] ( 207 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 585KB] ( 461 )

	1660	Autumn and winter air pollution forecasting and haze events diagnosis in Hangzhou: a MOS-based approach
		YOU Jia-Hong, SHU Jiong, CHEN Yi-Jun, DUAN Yu-Sen
		A MOS method, comprised of WRF and RTIM, is used to forecast daily average air pollutant concentration in Hangzhou from February to March and from November to December, 2013. The correlation coefficients between the predicted and observed values are all above 0.75. The resulting CSI for 24-hour average concentration of air pollutants is highly promising (89% for PM2.5, 87% for PM10, 100% for SO2, 93% for NO2, 100% for CO) and even reaches 100% for 8-hour average concentrations of O3, and the resulting POD is 93%, 95%, 100%, 100%, 100%, and 100% for each of the above pollution measures respectively. The analytic results indicate that PM2.5 is the major contributing pollutant in the aerosol in Hangzhou during the research period. The CSI and POD for haze events diagnosis, which was based on the classification of predicted PM2.5, relative humidity, and visibility, reach 89% and 93%, respectively. The high accuracy of air pollutant forecasting obtained in this study indicates that the MOS model performs well during the study period and has great potential to be applied to regional air pollution prediction in operation mode.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1660-1666 [Abstract] ( 227 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 739KB] ( 799 )

	1667	Analysis of a haze event in Nanjing with micro-pulse lidar measurements
		YAN Guo-Liang, HAN Yong-Xiang, ZHANG Xiang-Zhi, TANG Li-Li, ZHAO Tian-Liang, WANG Jin
		A haze event in Nanjing during October 2012 was intensively measured with micro pulse lidar (MPL). By combining the MPL-measurements with the observations of meteorology, PM10 and PM2.5, we analyzed the variations of PM-concentrations, meteorological elements, vertical aerosol profiles with the optical property and mixing layer height (MLH) and their relations. The differences of extinction coefficients and MLH between the haze event and the non-haze period of November 11-12, 2012 were also comapared. The analysis show that the diurnal changes of PM-concentrations and extinction coefficients were in the relatively similar pattern with the high values in night and the low values in afternoon during the haze event. The peak of MLH lagged 2hours behind the peak of air temperature. There was a negative correlation between MLH and PM2.5 during the haze event, correlation coefficient was -0.57. Compared to the non-haze period, the MLH was much lower during the haze event and most of the extinction coefficients exceeded 1.0km-1, which was much higher than the extinction coefficients from 0.1 to 0.25 km-1during the non-haze period.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1667-1672 [Abstract] ( 230 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 810KB] ( 718 )

	1673	Study on the formation and the cause of the fog-haze transformation in the lover reaches of Huaihe River
		LIU Duan-Yang, PU Mei-Juan, YAN Wen-Lian, XIE Zhen-Zhen
		Based on the soundings of temperature, surface meteorological parameters, air pollutants concentration, the multi-day widespread fog-haze processes and the transformation between fog and haze during June 2012 at the downstream of the Huai River were investigated. Surface layer breeze provided nice dynamic conditions for the longtime maintain fog-haze; the neutrosphere or the inversion layer near the surface supplied a thermodynamic conditions; the large-scale crop residue burning provided enough condensation nucleus. During the haze-fog process, the visibility reduced with the wind speed decrease, and lifted with the wind speed increase. The formation and development of moderate and severe haze were accompanied with increasing specific humidity, while the haze-fog conversion processes were accompanied with decreasing specific humidity. The higher the specific humidity, the longer the fog-haze duration. The higher the specific humidity before the fog, the lower the minimum visibility during the fog. Visibility was positively correlated with the concentration of SO2 (Pearson correlation coefficients is 0.42), but was inversely correlated with PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations (Pearson correlation coefficients are -0.49and -0.56, respectively). During the fog-haze processes, the upwind SO2, NO2 concentrations were higher than about 2times those of downwind. However, the downwind NO and PM10 concentrations were about 1.5 times higher than those of the upwind. Pollutants conversions occurred during the fog-haze processes.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1673-1683 [Abstract] ( 164 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 863KB] ( 729 )

	1684	Experimental study of cetane number on methanol/biodiesel emission of pollutant
		LI Rui-Na, WANG Zhong, LI Ming-Di, ZHAO Yang, NI Pei-Yong, LIU Shuai
		The engine bench test was carried out on 186F diesel engine fuelled with methanol/biodiesel blend. The cetane number of the blend was 46, 50 and 55. The emission pollutants and fuel consumption of the engine fuelled with methanol/biodiesel was measured to investigate the effect of cetane number on pollutant and economy. Results show that, at rated condition, when the cetane number of methanol/biodiesel is 46, 50 and 55, the NOx concentration is 155×10-6, 142×10-6 and 135×10-6, smoke is 3.4, 2.3, 3.0, the HC concentration is 89×10-6, 193×10-6 and 284×10-6, and the CO concentration is 0.5%, 0.8% and 1.2%. With the increase of cetane number, the NOx concentration and smoke are reduced, but HC and CO concentrations are increased. Excessively high cetane number of methanol/biodiesel will significantly increase the pollutant concentration.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1684-1689 [Abstract] ( 136 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 417KB] ( 920 )

	1690	Numerical simulation of turbulence structure and sheltering effect behind porous fences in open storage piles
		SONG Chong-Fang, PENG Lin, BAI Hui-Ling, MOU Ling, LIU Xiao-Feng
		This paper was conducted to predict the turbulence structure and sheltering effect behind porous fences in open storage piles. The numerical simulation of the three dimensional static flow field was performed applying the standard k-ε turbulence model; the airflow characteristics and the shear stress distribution on the windward side, flat top surface and leeward side of a typical prismatic material stack were analyzed; and the distribution of the aerodynamic structure of each surface of the storage pile was revealed based on the data of flow field for the porous fence with different porosity. Results indicated that the shear force on the flat top surface increased with increasing porosity, exhibited litter change with unfenced conditions. Regarding the windward side of the storage piles, a re-circulating flow in the region between the fence and the pile at low porosities and the shear force acted downward along the windward face, but rather, the shear force acted upward along the windward side at high porosities. Since the leeward side was always in the backflow region, the shear force on the prismatic leeside changed little with increasing porosity. The numerical predictions showed the porous fence with porosity between 0.2and 0.4was found to be the optimum. Through the aerodynamic simulation of each surface of the storage pile, the computation distortion caused by vector offset out of different directions of the shear force can be avoided.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1690-1695 [Abstract] ( 149 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1489KB] ( 501 )

	1696	Removal of trace n-nitrosodimethylamine using nanoscale zero-valent iron
		YANG Juan, LI Yong-Mei
		Removal of trace N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) using nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) was studied as a potential technology. Effects of dissolved oxygen, initial concentration of NZVI, initial NDMA concentration, pH and temperature on the degradation of NDMA was investigated. NDMA was effectively removed by NZVI from deoxygenated solution under neutral condition, while the removal of NDMA was limited using common commercial iron powders. The removal rate increased with the increase of initial NZVI dosage, while the effect of initial NDMA concentration is not remarkable. Lower pH and higher temperature facilitated the reduction of NDMA with NZVI. There existed a lag period for the reduction of NDMA and the lag time was influenced by pH and temperature. When NZVI was pre-activated in water for 12h, the removal rate of NDMA was sharply improved. The main degradation products were DMA and NH4+; other products, such as UDMH, need further investigation.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1696-1702 [Abstract] ( 169 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 665KB] ( 670 )

	1703	Biological denitrification using PHBV as carbon source and biofilm carrier
		YANG Fei-Fei, WU Wei-Zhong
		PHBV (poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) as a biodegradable polymer was used as carbon source and biofilm carrier to remove nitrate in water. A short start-up period was observed and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) removal rates were greater than 93%. With a decrease of HRT from 1h to 0.5h, denitrification changed remarkably. The denitrification system was however found to be resistant to the shock load of influent NO3--N. The concentrations of effluent DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon) were lower than 27.5mg/L, indicating that controlled carbonrelease was applicable to PHBV. Nitrate removal rates varied significantly with reactor height while the highest was obtained at the middle height layer (10~15cm).
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1703-1708 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 386KB] ( 606 )

	1709	Impacts of ZnO nanoparticles on the performance of membrane bioreactors
		DONG Meng-Ke, ZHOU An-Hua, KANG Jun, CHEN Yao, WANG Xin-Hua, LI Xiu-Fen
		The typical concentration of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in municipal wastewater was used to investigate influences of ZnO nanoparticles on the performance of membrane bioreactors (MBRs), sludge properties and membrane fouling. The results indicated that the ZnO nanoparticles had adverse effects on the removal of COD due to the microbial respiration, while they had little impact on the NH3-N removal of the microbial respiration. However, ZnO nanoparticles did not deteriorate the effluent quality of the MBRs at all due to the high retention of micro-filtration (MF) membrane. Meanwhile, the adding ZnO nanoparticles could lead to the increase of soluble microbial products (SMP) from 17.9mg/gVSS to approximately 35.0mg/gVSS and the reduction of sludge particle size from 162.9μm to 105.2μm, which caused the increase of the outer membrane resistance and the deterioration of membrane fouling. Moreover, the inhibition of microbial activity and the change of microbial communities in the activated sludge induced by the addition of ZnO nanoparticles could be attributed to the release of Zn2+ from the adding ZnO nanoparticles to the supernatant.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1709-1714 [Abstract] ( 192 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 442KB] ( 431 )

	1715	Effect of ammonia concentration on the performance and microbial characteristics of CANON process
		ZHANG Xiao-Jing, LI Dong, LIANG Yu-Hai, HE Yong-Ping, ZHANG Yu-Long, FAN Dan, ZHANG Jie
		In order to study the influence of ammonia concentration on CANON process, conventional activated sludge was seeded to two identical MBR at ambient temperature, which were named R1 and R2, respectively. Under oxygen-limited condition, R1 was started-up by decreasing HRT, while R2 was started-up by increasing influent ammonia concentration. Then R1 and R2 were fed with ammonia of 80and 200mg/L, respectively. SEM and clone-sequencing were used to analyze the morphology and microbial community of the functional bacteria. The start-up period of R1 and R2 were 78 and 50d, and the NRR were 0.9 and 0.7kg/(m3·d), respectively. The bioactivity of AerAOB and AnAOB in the reactor fed with high ammonia was higher than that of the reactor with low ammonia, while that of NOB showed a contrary result. Results of SEM and clone-sequencing indicated that Nitrosomonas and Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis predominated in the two reactors, and a small amount of Nitrobacter existed in R1. Thus, the reactor fed with high ammonia performed a stronger stability.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1715-1721 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 497KB] ( 583 )

	1722	The effect of nitrite on N2O reduction during denitrification process using external carbon source
		WEI Yan, WANG Shu-Ying, MA Bin, LI Xi-Yao, HE Yue-Lan, PENG Yong-Zhen
		In this study, the effect of nitrite on N2O reduction during denitrification using external carbon sources was investigated in batch tests. The results showed that N2O accumulation grew with increase of the initial nitrite concentration at levels of 5.92~35.23mg/L. Specially, when NO2--N was 35.23mg/L, the N2O produced accounted for 46.26% of the total reduced nitrite. By contrast, the N2O accumulation during denitrification was attributed to the decrease of specific reduction rate due to the synergistic reactionof the free nitrous acid (FNA) inhibition and the electron competition between N2O reductase and nitrite reductase. These findings suggest that the N2O emission control could be achieved by decreasing nitrite concentration through the operation optimization. Moreover, N2O could be used to oxidize methane for increasing energy production by 37% and reducing N2O emission, which could be achieved by increasing nitrite concentration via nitritation.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1722-1727 [Abstract] ( 302 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 393KB] ( 503 )

	1728	Study on the performance of integrated ANAMMOX process treating landfill leachate
		ZHENG Bing-Yu, ZHANG Shu-Jun, ZHANG Liang, YANG An-Ming, PENG Yong-Zhen
		Landfill leachate as the research object, the organics and nitrogen removal characteristics of UASB- decarbonize-integrated ANAMMOX process were studied. The results showed that: the process can achieve efficient carbon removal. With the influent COD concentration of 6210-16365mg/L, TN concentration of 990-2100mg/L, the effluent COD concentration was 655mg/L, the minimum effluent TN concentration was 39.9mg/L. Influent biodegradable COD were mainly removed in UASB and decarbonize tank. The removal efficiency was respectively 59% and 31%. while the left inert organic substances flowed into the integration ANAMMOX tank. TN removal took place in decarbonizes and integrated ANAMMOX tank. TN removal in decarbonize tank accounted for 53%, which was mainly through denitrification and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification removal. TN removal in ANAMMOX tank accounted for 46%, which was mainly through the synergy of AOB and AnAOB. When the effluent of decarbonize tank contained biodegradable organic matters, the autotrophic nitrogen removal process in the subsequent integration ANAMMOX tank was inhibited seriously. Full degradation of organics in decarbonize tank is the key factor for effective nitrogen removal in the whole system.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1728-1733 [Abstract] ( 179 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 383KB] ( 818 )

	1734	Model-based optimization of the multimode anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic system
		ZHOU Zhen, HU Da-Long, WU Zhi-Chao, WANG Zhi-Wei, DU Xing-Zhi, JIANG Ling-Yan, QIAO Wei-Min
		The cost performance index (CPI) of a wastewater treatment plant operating with multimode anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (AAO) system was calculated based on effluent quality, sludge production and energy consumption using a mathematical model. The multimode AAO system could be operated under three modes: AAO, reversed AAO (RAAO) and anoxic/oxic (AO), and CPI for each mode was studied and compared. On the promise of similar operation costs, the AAO mode showed higher pollutants removal efficiency and concentration of phosphorus-accumulating organisms than RAAO and AO modes at sludge retention time of 5~25d. The optimal operation parameters and qualified operational region under discharge standard restraint were established for the AAO process by regulating recirculation ratios. Dynamic simulation results showed that under optimized operating condition, effluent quality was significantly improved with percentage of violation decreased from 78.4% to 37.7%, and the CPI index was reduced by 3.9%.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1734-1739 [Abstract] ( 175 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 539KB] ( 596 )

	1740	Removal of dissolved organic nitrogen in the secondary effluent by integrated ozone/activated carbon
		LIU Bing, GU Li, YU Guo-Zhong, DI Hui-Min, ZHAO Cheng-Mei
		The mechanism of DON removal in the secondary effluent by ozonation and adsorption was investigated in this study. The water quality parameters, such as DON, DOC, NH4+-N, UV254 and pH etc, were determined. The variation in DON, DOC andUV254 in ozonation and adsorption tests measured, and the molecular weight distribution, hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the DON were then analyzed. The changes of DON in the secondary effluent were characterized using three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy. The results showed the removal of DON, DOC andUV254 were about 33.9%, 21.2% and 66.7%, respectively, at ozonation test and the dosage of ozone was 8mg/L. The removal of DON, DOC and UV254 were about 43.4%, 27.6% and 92.2% at the activated carbon dosage of 2.0g/L. By the combination of ozonation and adsorption the removal of DON was approximately 83.3% and 81.5%. Ozonation and acitivated carbon adsorption had opposite effects on the molecular distribution of DON. The proportions of smaller (20 000) ones were decreased by the former and increased by the later. Both treatment could increased the proportion of hydrophilic DON, and decreased them of hydrophobic and transitional DON. 3DEEM revealed that the variation of DON in ozonation and adsorption tests depended intimately on tryptophan protein-like and aromatic protein-like substances, and fulvic acid-like respectively.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1740-1748 [Abstract] ( 371 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 616KB] ( 27332 )

	1749	The research on biofilm composed by different EPS to adsorb Cu2+
		HU Xue-Wei, LI Shu, RONG Ye, LI Yuan
		The biofilm were cultured in a self-designed reactor by adjusting the ratio of nutrients in order to get 3different biofilms as adsorbents for Cu2+, in which the proportion of protein and polysaccharide were 7:1, 5:1and 10:1respectively. This paper had a study on the adsorption of 3different bilfilms to Cu2+. Besides, the adsorption mechanism was discussed. The results showed that the biofilm became mature after 8days. When the value of C/N was 12, the biofilm grew better than that C/N was 4and 37, and the number of bacteria on it was more than the the number of bacteria on C/N =4and C/N=37. PN/PS value was smaller, and the adsorption capacity of Cu2+ was higher. The amount of Cu2+ adsorbed on EPS3is higher than EPS1(7.37%) and EPS2(7.62%). Cu2+ was absorbed on the biofilm, the concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ was significantly increased in the solution, demonstrating ion exchange play a main role during the adsorption and Cu2+ prefer to exchange with divalent Ca2+ and Mg2+. As the concentration of KNO3was from 0.1to 0.6mol/L, along with the increase of ionic strength, the Cu2+ content adsorbed on biofilm decreased rapidly. However, the concentration of KNO3is greater than 0.6mol/L, the change of Cu2+content adsorbed by biofilm trended to be gentle, the phenomenon showed that Cu2+ adsorption mechanism include ion exchange and chemical adsorption.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1749-1753 [Abstract] ( 158 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 478KB] ( 636 )

	1754	Analysis of the EEM Fluorescence Spectra of the SMP and EPS in MBR sludge under salinity shock
		AN Ying, WANG Zhi-Wei, LI Bin, HAN Xiao-Meng, WU Zhi-Chao
		Variations of soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extracted from MBR sludge under different salinity shock were studied using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy. Analysis of the EEM spectra showed that the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan protein-like peak B (270nm, 350nm), humic-acid-like Peak C (375, 475nm), fulvic-acid-like Peak D (260, 460nm) in the EEM spectra of SMP and Peak B in the EEM spectra of EPS increased as salinity shock increased. Peak C in the EEM spectra of EPS decreased as salinity shock increased when salinity shock was over 2.5g/L. Four components were identified from the EEMs by PARAFAC, which were protein-like C1 (230/280, 350nm), humic-acid-like C2 (290/310, 380nm), C3 (290/360, 460nm) and C4 (270/340, 440nm), respectively. When the salinity shock was over 2.5g/L, the fluorescence intensity of C1, C2 and C3 in SMP were positively correlated with the salinity shock. The fluorescence intensity of C3 and C4 in EPS were positively and negatively correlated (with correlation coefficients30.90) with the salinity shock, respectively. The total fluorescence intensity of the protein-like component and humic acid-like component had positive correlations with humic acid and protein content determined by chemical methods (with correlation coefficients＞0.93) which can be used for the quantitative calculation. However, there were no obvious correlations in EPS.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1754-1762 [Abstract] ( 269 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1001KB] ( 991 )

	1763	Removal of algae from reservoir resource water with a new composite coagulatant of PAFC-PDM
		LI Ming-Yu, SUN Yu-Jun, LIU Li-Juan, PAN Qian, WANG Lin, REN Gang
		The new coagulant PAFC-PDM composed of polydimethydiallylammonium chloride (PDMDAAC) and polyaluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) was used to investigate the effect of algae removal on the resource water. Experiments with prechlorination process to look into its effect on algae cell surface were also conducted. The results showed that the number of algal cells of 7.98 ′ 106 ~ 1.17 ′ 107cells/L and turbidity raw water reservoir for 2.56 ~ 3.59NTU, when PAFC-PDM dosing quantity is 1.0mg/L (Al2O3), algae and turbidity removal rate reached 93.5% and 81.7% respectively, significantly better than that of PAFC coagulation treatment effect; Scanning electron microscopy (sem) on the algal cells and pre chlorination by-products analysis showed that The latter not only destroyed the algal cell structure, but also produce trihalomethanes chlorination by-products, affected the water quality of drinking water. To remove the algae, the PAFC-PDM strengthening coagulation process does not destroy algal cells, and no disinfection by-products.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1763-1768 [Abstract] ( 201 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 830KB] ( 497 )

	1769	Effects of groundwater chemical composition on nitrobenzene reduction by vegetable oil modified nano-iron
		DONG Jun, WANG Min, LIU Deng-Feng, LI Wen-De, ZHONG Di, WEN Chun-Yu, QIN Chuan-Yu
		A series of batch experiments were conducted to study the influencing factors for nitrobenzene degradation by vegetable oil modified nano-iron (VOMNI), the factors included pH、Ca2+、Fe2+、Cl-、SO42-. The results indicated that: VOMNI was well-dispersed and could stay more stable in water compared with NZVI; the reduction of nitrobenzene by VOMNI was well fitted to pseudo-first-order kinetic model, and its observed rate constant kobs was 0.0783min-1; acidic conditions were favorable to the degradation of nitrobenzene and the formation of aniline; nitrobenzene reduction was inhibited by Ca2+; Fe2+, SO42- and Cl- could promote the nitrobenzene reduction and anline formation.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1769-1775 [Abstract] ( 229 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 602KB] ( 478 )

	1776	Study on complexation effect between heavy metal cations and typical ionic organic pollutants
		TONG Fei, GU Xue-Yuan
		The complexation effect between ciprofloxacin (CIP), sulfamerazine (SMR) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and typical heavy metal cations (Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cd2+) was investigated by automatic potentiometric titration method and the titration curves were used to derive the binding constants logK between the metals and ligands. Aqueous speciation distribution of various metallic complexes at different pH values were then calculated. Results showed that Cu2+ could form stable complexes Cu(cip±)2+、Cu(cip±)22+、Cu(cip-·cip±)+ with CIP and the binding affinity of Cu2+ was much stronger than that of Pb2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+. Four metal cations all could complex with SMR, while with little difference. Since PFOA molecule carried a lot of F atoms, it behaved like strong acid and no significant complexation effect was observed between PFOA and four metal ions.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1776-1784 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 572KB] ( 976 )

	1785	Effect of microwave hydrothermal treatment for iron-based catalyst on its selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3
		XIONG Zhi-Bo, JIN Jing, LU Chun-Mei, GUO Dong-Xu, ZHANG Xin-Li
		Microwave was used to hydrothermally treat the precursors of iron-cerium-titanium mixed oxide catalysts prepared by co-precipitation.The optimization of microwave hydrothermal treatment on the low-temperature NH3-SCR activity over iron-based catalyst were investigated in a fixed-bed quartz tube reactor,and the influences of microwave hydrothermal treatment conditions were also studied through the orthogonal experiment.The results indicated that microwave hydrothermal treatment could improved the low-temperature NH3-SCR activity of iron-based catalyst,and made its reactive SCR temperature window shift to the low-temperature region.Meanwhile,the promotional effect of microwave hydrothermal treatment on low-temperature NH3-SCR activity is closely related to the molar ratio of Fe and Ti in the mixed oxide catalyst.When the molar ratio of Fe and Ti is smaller,the promotion of microwave hydrothermal treatment is higher.The microwave heating method and the microwave radiation time played an important role on the promotion of low-temperature NH3-SCR activity over iron-based catalyst.Under the same microwave radiation time,when the microwave heating method was changed from P30to P80,the promotion of microwave hydrothermal treatment on low-temperature NH3-SCR activity over iron-based catalyst gradually decreased.Under the condition of P30,iron-based catalyst showed the highest NH3-SCR activity after being treated by microwave radiation for 15min.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1785-1789 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 356KB] ( 585 )

	1790	Fermentation and dewaterability of waste activated sludge under alkaline conditions: Effect of Mg(OH)2
		YUAN Yue, PENG Yong-Zhen, JIN Bao-Dan, WANG Bo, WANG Shu-Ying
		Waste activated sludge anaerobic fermentation can produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which can improve nitrogen and phosphate removal efficiency after being used as carbon source. However, the nitrogen and phosphorus in the fermentation liquor can place extra burden on waste water treatment plant. This study used Mg (OH)2 to control the pH of fermentation, by contrast NaOH was also used. Then we tested if the Mg (OH)2 could realize waste activated sludge fermentation and remove the NH4+-N and PO43--P from fermentation liquor at the same time, moreover, the dewaterability of fermented sludge was also investigated. The results showed that Mg (OH)2 could promote waste activated sludge fermentation with 2336.3mgCOD/L SCFAs in fermentation liquor. Also Mg (OH)2 could remove the PO43--P from fermentation liquor ,which reached to nearly zero on fourth day. At last, the dewaterability of waste activated sludge after being fermented in Mg (OH)2 group was better than that in NaOH group. The former waste activated sludge capillary suction time (CST) was shorter of 42.3s than the latter.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1790-1796 [Abstract] ( 157 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 573KB] ( 499 )

	1797	Performance of repeated fermentation using recycled immobilized yeast
		ZHANG Xiao-Ling, LI Wen, WANG Jing-Nan, RUAN Xin-Yi, KONG Hai-南, LIN Yan
		Saccharomyces cerevisiae was embedded by 2.5% (w/v) sodium alginate and 2% (w/v) calcium chloride at the yeast concentration of 2% (w/v, dry cells). The immobilized yeast was employed to produce ethanol continuously in repeated batch fermentation system. In order to slow down the performance degradation of immobilized yeast cells, regulation of their fermentation capability was conducted through Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose (YEPD) medium activated. Additionally, the structure of immobilized particles and the distribution of yeast cells were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The immobilized beads fermentation performance was significant improved after regulated. The experiment was carried out with the condition of pH 4.0, 35℃ when the glucose concentration was 80g/L. the experiment results showed: before regulated, the mean value of ethanol volumetric productivity was 0.33g/(L·h) in three sequential fermentation cycles; after regulated, the fermentation time of each batch was shorted from 72h to 24h, the mean value of ethanol volumetric productivity was 1.22g/(L·h) in five sequential fermentation cycles.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1797-1803 [Abstract] ( 137 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1148KB] ( 638 )

	1804	Evaluation index system of odor pollution for municipal solid waste treatment facilities
		ZHAO Yan, LU Wen-Jing, WANG Hong-Tao, DUAN Zhen-Han
		On the basis of odor thresholds of odorants, an evaluation index system of odor pollution was established for municipal solid waste treatment facilities. The index system mainly includes theoretical odor concentration and its calculation method based on dilution multiples, screening method for odorant indicators, as well as the odor index together with its calculation method for olfaction evaluation. Monitoring results of odor pollution from a municipal solid waste landfill and a transfer station are provided and analyzed, explaining the application of this index system. This research and the corresponding index system provide a quantitative and scientific method for modeling and evaluating odor pollution from municipal solid waste treatment facilities.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1804-1810 [Abstract] ( 202 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 402KB] ( 865 )

	1811	Physicochemical properties and resource utilization of aged refuse in informal landfill
		YUAN Jing, YANG Fan, LI Guo-Xue, LI Ning, LUO Wen-Hai
		In order to explore the resource utilization of aged refuse in informal landfill, in this study, the municipal aged refuse collected from Dongguan Qiaoli Landfill in Guangdong Province were investigated. Mixed sample solid waste were sorted manually and divided into several groups according to different sizes, their physical composition and chemical properties were analyzed. The result indicated that: aged refuse from the group of 0~40mm were mainly humus soil and accounting for 47.3% of total aged refuse, while aged refuse from the group of >40mm were mainly combustible refuse and accounting for 40.1%, such as plastic, fabric, bamboo etc. The 40mm was reasonable for sieving particle size in engineering application, above 40mm were mainly combustibles, and others were mainly humus soil. The humus soil can reach the standard of maturity index of composting, in terms of the control standards for urban wastes for agricultural use (GB8172-1987),the content of nutrient in humus soil is qualified, but the content of partial heavy metal was over standard. These combustible refuse could be incinerated with calorific value of about 6000kJ/kg, when these combustible refuse were prepared of refuse derived fuel (RDF), there calorific value can incrsase to 10000~24000kJ/kg .
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1811-1817 [Abstract] ( 179 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 401KB] ( 606 )

	1818	Experimental study and HSSM simulation of diesel infiltration in unsaturated zone
		SONG Xing-Long, ZHAO Yong-Sheng, LI Lu-Lu, QIN Chuan-Yu, DU Peng-Cheng
		This paper presents the results of laboratory investigation and simulation of diesel infiltration in unsaturated zone. A series of one-dimensional column experiments were conducted to study the infiltration and residue characteristics of diesel in sandy soils under varied soil moistures and media sizes. Then, Hydrocarbon Spill Screening Model (HSSM) was used to simulate the infiltration processes of diesel in medium sand with soil moisture equals to 6%. The results indicated that as soil moisture grew, the migration velocity of soil wetting front first increased and then decreased, and the fastest migration velocity corresponded to 40%~50% of maximum residue moisture content. Negative correlation was found between the amount of residual diesel and soil moisture content. In fine, medium and coarse sand, the average migration velocity of soil wetting front were 0.42, 0.52, 0.73cm/min, and the average amount of residual diesel were 98.10, 68.70, 48.79mL, respectively. The migration velocity of soil wetting front and the amount of residual diesel were negatively correlated with media size. Fitted migration velocity by HSSM of soil wetting front in medium sand with moisture content equals to 6% was 0.5832cm/min, while the experimental value was 0.5689cm/min. The relative percentage error between fitted value and the experimental value was 2.51%. HSSM can accurately simulate the infiltration process of diesel oil in the unsaturated zone, and has great significance to soil and groundwater pollution forecast.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1818-1823 [Abstract] ( 103 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 381KB] ( 455 )

	1824	Simulation study of PTA production wastewater transport in vadose zone.
		WANG Cui-Ling, LIU Chang-Li, ZHANG Yun, PANG Ya-Jie
		The PTA wastewater discharged from a factory is selected as the research object, COD is selected as the characteristic pollution factor of PTA wastewater. Static adsorption and soil column leaching experiment of silty clay were taken place to study the adsorption、bio-degradation and dispersion coefficient of PTA wastewater. The Hydrus-1D soft was used to build the Convection-Diffusion model to demonstrate the phenomena of PTA wastewater migration, to predict the regularity of PTA wastewater migration in vadose zone. The results indicated that the silty clay in vadose zone could adsorb、degrade and impede contaminant in PTA wastewater, but the coefficient of adsorption and degradation were very low, down to 0.256cm3/g and 0.0077d-1 respectively. When COD concentration is 4000mg/L, PTA wastewater is 5m deep in the tank and vadose zone is 10m thick, COD concentration will exceed standard after 11.76 years.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1824-1830 [Abstract] ( 163 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 573KB] ( 500 )

	1831	Sorption behavior of reversible cationic surfactant on bentonite
		ZHAN Shu-Jiao, TIAN Sen-Lin, LONG Jian, NING Ping
		The sorption mechanism of reversible cationic surfactant (11-ferrocenylundecyl) trimethylammonium bromide (FTMA) on bentonite was studied, and compared with CTAB; the effects of the key factors of soil on sorption were also studied. Results show that, sorption variation of FTMA is consistent with CTAB, the saturated sorption capacity of FTMA is 66cmol/kg, about one times CEC of bentonite, it suggests that cation exchange is the main sorption mechanism. The isotherms of FTMA all can be described with Langmuir model at different temperature, and the sorption capacity increases from about 280.6mg/g at 298K to about 350.8mg/g at 318K. The sorption of FTMA reaches equilibrium at 8h, the sorption rate is slower than CTAB, and fits Lagergren quasi-second-order kinetics equation, chemical sorption process is the main step of controlling rate. The sorption process is spontaneous and endothermic through thermodynamic parameters calculated. In addition, sorption capacity of FTMA decreases with ionic strength increasing; the sorption is inhibited by coexisting cations, and following order: Ca2+>K+>Na+; the impact of pH is slight and the addition of humic acid (HA) promotes the sorption of FTMA.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1831-1837 [Abstract] ( 174 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 454KB] ( 545 )

	1838	Residues and possible sources of organochlorine pesticides in surface soil of Urumqi
		CHEN Min, CHEN Li, HUANG Ping
		Twenty-eight soil samples from Urumqi, China were collected and analyzed for 14 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The residues and possible sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the soil samples were investigated with gas chromatography. The results showed that HCHs, DDTs and methoxychlor were main contaminations. The total OCPs concentrations in surface soils of Urumqi area ranged from 16.40~84.86 μg/kg with a mean of (41.89±16.25) μg/kg. The composition of OCPs indicated that OCPs in soil sample mainly came from historical application. Soil organic carbon was an important factor in the distribution of OCPs. Compared with the reference date and environmental quality standard for soils of China (GB15618-95), the concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in these samples stayed in a low pollution level.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1838-1846 [Abstract] ( 195 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 733KB] ( 603 )

	1847	Effects of temperature on the buoyancy of Microcystis aeruginosa
		ZHOU Bei, BI Yong-Hong, HU Zheng-Yu
		Microcystis aeruginosa were cultured in different temperature: 10℃, 15℃, 20℃, 25℃, 30℃ to screen the effects of temperature on buoyancy regulation. Cell density was measured by percoll density gradient centrifugation and cell buoyancy was calculated by the buoyancy formula. Simultaneously, biomass, specific growth rate, the photosynthetic activity, the activity of NAD (P) H dependent oxidoreductase, intracellular carbohydrate, protein content, the percentage of floating cells were measured. With the increasing of the experimental temperature (10℃-30℃), buoyancy, the percentage of floating cells, intracellular protein content, photosynthesis rate and the activity of NAD (P) H dependent oxidoreductase increased and the intracellular carbohydrate content decreased. After 7days cultured at 10, 15℃, cell density were increased by 2.7% and 1.3%, respectively; carbohydrate content were increased by 95.3% and 65.5%, respectively; the percentage of floating cells were reduced by 23.8% and 18.3, respectively; the activity of NAD (P) H dependent oxidoreductase were reduced by 23.8 % and 18.3% respectively. After 7days cultured at 20, 25, 30℃, cell density were reduced by 2.8%, 3.8% and 3.2%, respectively; carbohydrate content were reduced by 8.5%, 2.9% and 19.4%, respectively; the percentage of floating cells were increased by 0%, 7% and 8.5%, respectively; the activity of NAD (P)H dependent oxidoreductase were increased by 0%, 7% and 8.5%, respectively. It was concluded that cell growth rate, photosynthetic rate, metabolic rate were the function of temperature in the buoyancy regulation of Microcystis aeruginosa. The main reason for the buoyancy loss is the accumulation of carbohydrate, the temperature threshold value for the buoyancy is between 15~20℃.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1847-1854 [Abstract] ( 197 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 452KB] ( 679 )

	1855	Distribution and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Cinnamomum Camphora leaves in Shanghai urban area
		LIU Ying, LIU Min, YANG Yi, LU Min, YU Ying-Peng, WANG Qing, ZHENG Xin
		Sixteen priority-controlled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cinnamomum camphora leaves from Shanghai urban area were analyzed by GC-MS. The results showed that concentrations of total PAHs, carcinogenic PAHs and BaPeq ranged from 199.14to 488.77ng/g, 56.63to 209.37ng/g and 4.39to 14.80ng/g, respectively with the highest values in industrial areas and lowest levels in park areas. The PAHs concentrations in traffic and business areas were much higher than those in park areas and lower than those in industrial areas. The PAHs were dominated by 3and 4ring compounds, which accounted for 31.60% and 54.25% of Σ16PAHs, respectively, while 2and 5rings PAHs accounted for 5.83% and 5.97% of Σ16PAHs, respectively, and 6rings PAHs only accounted for 2.35%. The most abundant PAHs were phenanthrene, chrysene, fluoranthene and pyrene. In industrial areas, concentrations of napalthene were significantly higher than those in other functional areas of Shanghai. The source apportionment showed that the PAHs mainly result from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1855-1862 [Abstract] ( 189 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 984KB] ( 441 )

	1863	Effects of flood regulation on phytoplankton community structure in the Xiangxi River, a tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir
		PENG Cheng-Rong, CHEN Lei, BI Yong-Hong, XIA Chun-Xiang, LEI Yong-Mei, YANG Yi, JIAN Tie-Zhu, HU Zheng-Yu
		Flood control is an important function for Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). In July 2013 there was 3 flood peaks in TGR and flood regulation was used to block the deluge and reduce the impact on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. An in situ investigation was conducted to screen the effects of flood regulation on phytoplankton community structure in the Xiangxi River. During the course of flood regulation, the water level in Xiangxi River ranged from 145.63m to 148.36m, the change of the average velocity in the estuary was higher than that in the midstream. There was a significant difference in average velocity between the estuary and midstream (P<0.05). Before the flood regulation, the dominant algal taxa were cyanophyta and bacillariophyta, cyanophyta had a higher proportion in both sampling sites. During the flood regulation period, hydrodynamic characteristics and algal community structure were significantly changed, Shannon-Weaver index decreased. After the flood regulation, diatoms were dominant in the midstream, while the proportion of cyanophyta increased gradually in the estuary. The flood regulation changed the environmental conditions. Hydrological and hydrodynamic characteristics in backwater caused by flooding regulation has been changed markedly, which influenced water quality of tributaries; consequently, followed by rapid changes in phytoplankton community. Results indicated the fluctuation of water level caused by flood regulation destroyed the habitat of algae strongly, and then leads to the changes of community structure. It could be deduced that such flood regulation would be helpful to inhibit and delay the formation of algal bloom in the tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1863-1871 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 916KB] ( 571 )

	1872	The influence of Potamogeton malaianus community on sedimentary phosphorus fraction in different sites of Lake Taihu
		LI Zhen-Guo, WANG Guo-Xiang, MA Jiu-Yuan, ZHANG Jia, 欧Yuan
		To understand the effect of the submerged macrophyte Potamogeton malaianus on the sedimentary phosphorus (P) fraction in Lake Taihu, China, various forms of P in P. malaianus vegetated and non-vegetated areas were quantified with the standard measurement and test (SMT) approach in surface sediments (0~40cm) from the northeast (Gonghu bay) and the south lake regions. Results showed that in Gonghu bay, Fe/Al-P in P. malaianus vegetated areas were significantly higher (P<0.05) in comparison with the non-vegetated areas. However in the south lake, Fe/Al-P in the vegetated areas were significantly lower (P<0.05) in comparison with the non-vegetated areas. OP in the vegetated areas were greatly decreased in comparison with the non-vegetated area in the south lake (P<0.05). The effect of P. malaianus on the sedimentary Ca-P in Gonghu bay and the south lake was within 0~15cm. It is concluded that the submerged macrophyte P. malaianus has an clear effect on the retention of P nutrients.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1872-1877 [Abstract] ( 121 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 421KB] ( 495 )

	1878	Denitrifying bacteria of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing denitrifying system
		WANG Chun-Xiang, LIU Chang-Jing, ZHENG Lin-Xue, LI Jun
		Denitrifying microorganisms in the anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupling heterotrophic denitrification system were investigated. The methods used were PCR and molecular cloning. By building nirS clone libraries, homology analysis and constructing system Phylogenetic tree, 51clones were assigned to 12 OTUs. By BLAST alignment found these microbes were mainly proteobacteria and uncultured environment samples. Proteobacteria were mainly β-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1878-1883 [Abstract] ( 178 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 605KB] ( 683 )

	1884	Thyroid disrupting effects characterization of water from Guanting Reservoir, Beijing, China
		LI Jian, REN Shu-Juan, LI Mo-Rui, WANG Ya-Fei
		A rapid recombinant human thyroid hormone receptor (hTR) gene yeast bioassay was used to evaluate the thyroid disrupting effects in the water from the Guanting Reservoir (GR), Beijing, China. Furthermore, the geographic and seasonal distribution, and thyroid disrupting chemicals (TDCs) composition characteristics of water were analysed. The results revealed that water samples had TR antagonistic activities. The Guanting Reservoir water displayed a low to moderate effect on thyroid hormone signalling, which was impacted by the input river. The effects of the input river were significantly affected by season, so the effects of reservoir water were temporally variable. A solid phase extraction by C18cartridges was used to separate the organic extracts, which eliminated 61.9%~92.3% antagonistic activities, suggesting the organic extracts may play a major role in the TR disruption effect of the water. After addition of EDTA (30mg/L) to the residual water samples, the antagonistic activities decreased significantly, showing the metals might contribute to the TR antagonistic activity.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1884-1889 [Abstract] ( 155 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 404KB] ( 536 )

	1890	Improved integrated addition model INFCIM and its application on prediction of mixture toxicity
		QIN Li-Tang, LIU Shu-Shen, MO Ling-Yun
		Recently, the accurately prediction of mixture toxicity remains a challenge. In order to modify the existed integrated addition model INFCIM (integrated fuzzy concentration addition-independent action model), the form of “concentration = concentration + effect” for the INFCIM model was modified into a reasonable form of “concentration = concentration + concentration”. The molecular electronegativity distance vector was used to characterize the molecular structures of mixture components. The fuzzy set theory was used to describe the degree of similarity and dissimilarity of mixture components. A new integrated addition model was then developed. Six mixtures (including 72 samples) with six components were used to test the predictive ability of the modified model. The results show that the modified model can accurately predict the non-interactive mixture toxicity. The proposed model based on the multiple mixtures overcomes the disadvantage of the model that only uses a single mixture data as calibration set. Thus, the modified model is more reliability and representativeness than the model based on a single mixture.
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1890-1896 [Abstract] ( 157 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 512KB] ( 457 )

	1897	Concentrations and distribution of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Huangpu River
		WANG Dan, SUI Qian, 吕Shu-Guang , ZHAO Wen-Tao, QIU Zhao-Fu, YU Gang
		The concentrations of 7selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the Huangpu River were determined by solid phase extraction and high liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-HPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that the developed analytical method obtained good recoveries (87~107%), relative standard deviation (<14%) and limit of quantification (0.1~1.1ng/L), satisfying the requirement to detect micropollutants in the surface water. By applying the method in Huangpu River, we found that compared to other reported studies, the contamination levels of target PPCPs were low in Huangpu River, with the concentrations varying from
		2014 Vol. 34 (7): 1897-1904 [Abstract] ( 283 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 534KB] ( 18311 )

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