CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE
 
 
CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE
　　　　　　　　    More    
Online Submission
Manuscript Tracking
Peer Review
Editor Work
Office Work
Editor-in-chief
Forthcoming Articles
Current Issue
Archive
Advanced Search
Read Articles
Download Articles
Instruction
Template
Copyright Agreement
More   
  Current Issue
 
2014 Vol.34 Issue.12,Published 2014-12-20
2993 Characterization of elements in air particulate matters in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei megacities, China
ZHANG Lin-Lin, WANG Chao, DAO Xu, TENG 恩Jiang, WANG Ye-Yao
Air particulate matter samples from three Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei megacities, a reference and four national background sites were collected. 68 elements in PM10 and PM2.5 were analyzed with microwave-assisted digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that the daily mass concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in three Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei megacities were much higher than the relevant Chinese air quality standards. The concentrations in heating season were much higher than those in non- heating season. The ratios of PM2.5/PM10 were higher than 0.5, which indicated PM2.5 was the main component of PM pollution. The concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in national background sites changed slightly in seasons and were lower than the air quality standards and the city sites. The concentrations of Na, Mg, Al, S, K, Ca Fe and Zn were in the range of 0.1~10μg/m3; P, Ti, Mn, Ni, Cu, Ba and Pb 10~100ng/m3; Cd、Co、Ge、Ga、Zr、Sr and V 0.01~10ng/m3. The contents of S, Na, K, Al, Fe, Mg and Ca were all higher than 1%. The contents of the other elements including P, Zn, Pb, Cu and Ba were ranged in 0.1%~1%. The enrichment factors analysis revealed that K, Ca, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb were enriched in PM2.5, which suggested the anthropogenic sources in this region. The enrichment factor ratio of heating season to non-heating season were 1.1~3.5. The factor analysis indicated that coal combustion, factory emissions and fuel combustion were primary sources of the air particulate matter pollution.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 2993-3000 [Abstract] ( 261 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 387KB] ( 1242 )
3001 Analysis on diurnal variation characteristics of ozone and correlations with its precursors in urban atmosphere of Beijing
WANG Zhan-Shan, LI Yun-Ting, CHEN Tian, ZHANG Da-Wei, SUN Feng, WANG Xin, HUAN Ning, PAN Li-Bo
Concentration of ozone and its precursors from 12 automatic air monitoring stations in urban area of Beijing from December 2012 to November 2013 were analyzed to investigate their diurnal changes and correlation. The results showed that ozone concentration maintained relatively high from May to August while it was at a low level in other months. Ozone concentration exhibited a single peak distribution, with the peak appeared around 15:00 and 16:00, and in weekend the concentration was higher than weekdays. Ozone precursors, such as CO, NO, NO2 and NOx, showed bimodal distribution in most cases. Ozone and its precursors showed a negative correlation, and the correlation was weak in summer. According to the fitting equation of OX and NOx concentrations, atmospheric oxidants OX was mainly affected by regional O3 transmission during daytime in winter, and by local NOx pollution during nighttime in winter. The calculated photolysis rate of NO2 in an ideal situation showed that photolysis rate in spring, summer, autumn and winter was 0.180, 0.209, 0.169, 0.149min-1, respectively. The approximate photochemical equilibrium of O3, NO and NO2 was also observed in urban area with high O3 concentration during the day.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3001-3008 [Abstract] ( 382 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 632KB] ( 3180 )
3009 Transportation pathways and potential source areas of PM10 and NO2 in Tianjin
WANG Guo-Chen, WANG Jue, XIN Yu-Jie, CHEN Li
HYSPLIT model and global data assimilation system (GDAS) meteorological statistics were applied to analyze the 72-hour backward trajectories of daily airflow in Tianjin during 2012 December~2013 November. At the same time, cluster method was used to classify the airflow backward trajectory in different seasons. Moreover, the daily monitoring data of PM10 and NO2 from December 2012 to November 2013 were used to analyze the effects that airflow trajectory of different seasons have on the pollutants concentrations in Tianjin. The potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis method and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis method were applied to model the PSCF and CWT of PM10 and NO2 in different seasons. There was an obvious difference in the potential source area distribution of PM10 and NO2 owing to the airflow in different directions. Corresponding to the airflow, the highest values of PM10 and NO2 were concentrated in the inland airflow from northwest in winter, spring and autumn. However, the airflow trajectories in summer were mainly from northwest and southeast, which had less effect on the daily pollutants concentration value of PM10 and NO2. The PSCF of PM10 and NO2 in Tianjin has similar distribution properties to CWT, and the highest value of PM10 and NO2 was concentrated in Tianjin, Hebei and Shandong province, which were the main potential source area of these two main pollutants.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3009-3016 [Abstract] ( 231 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 639KB] ( 1371 )
3017 Process analysis of typical aerosol pollution in autumn over Pearl River Delta, China
LIU Yi-Ming, HONG Ying-Ying, ZHANG Shu-Ting, WANG Xue-Mei, FAN Shao-Jia, FENG Ye-Rong, FAN Qi
For the purpose of discerning the contributions of various physical and chemical processes to the aerosol concentration in the atmosphere, Models-3/CMAQ modeling system has been used to study the typical aerosol pollution in autumn over Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. The simulated period was October 2012, when PRD was under the control of a high-pressure system. The wind direction switched from north-east to east when a cold font passed PRD on October 17th. It was found that PM2.5 concentration in the western part of PRD was higher than that in the eastern part, and the region of the highest concentration extended southwestward with increase in height. Influenced by planetary boundary layer height, PM2.5 was transported to higher altitudes in the daytime than in the nighttime on land. The results of process analysis showed that emission, horizontal transportation and vertical transportation were the most important processes in the variations of PM2.5 concentration near land surface. Local pollutants emission was the most important factor of rising concentration in city center (Guangzhou site), while horizontal transportation of non-local pollutants was the major source of PM2.5 in the downwind area (Jiangmen site).
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3017-3025 [Abstract] ( 294 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1010KB] ( 1413 )
3026 Characteristics and source of black carbon aerosol pollution in Hangzhou
XU Chang, SHEN Jian-Dong, YE Hui, SUN Hong-Liang, ZHANG Tian, JIAO Li, HONG Sheng-Mao, HUANG Kan
In order to study the characteristics and source of black carbon pollution and its influence on visibility in Hangzhou, concentrations of black carbon, PM2.5, gaseous pollutants as well as meteorological factors were simultaneously monitored from July 2011 to June 2012. The annual mean BC concentration in Hangzhou was found to be (5.1±2.5)μg/m3, with a range of 1.3to 16.5μg/m3. BC concentrations showed strong seasonality, high in winter and autumn and low in summer. The BC concentrations also varied diurnally, with high values at rush hours and low values in the afternoon, showing strong correlations with NOx, which indicated the significant influence of vehicle emission on BC in urban area. The regression slope of BC/CO was found lower in Hangzhou than those in other sites, suggesting that biomass burning emission could be another important source of BC in Hangzhou. BC concentration increased as wind speed decreased. The wind speed was generally lower than 2m/s when BC concentration exceeded 10μg/m3. North, northwest and west wind had obvious transportation effect on high BC concentration in Hangzhou. The absorption coefficient of BC was (44.8±23.0)Mm-1 during the observation, accounting for 10.4 percent of the total light extinction. The absorption coefficients were (66.2±30.1) and (100.2±49.2)Mm-1in hazy and heavy hazy weather, respectively, which were 2.2 and 3.4times as large as in non-hazy weather, indicating that BC absorption light extinction was one of the main factors for visibility degradation and hazy weather in Hangzhou.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3026-3033 [Abstract] ( 314 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 540KB] ( 1358 )
3034 Effect of dust deposition collection method on dust physicochemical properties and its environmental significance.
ZHANG Zheng-Cai, DONG Zhi-Bao
Using dust material collected in the Shapotou Aeolian Experiment Site in the southeastern part of the Tengger Desert, the dust particle sizes, chemical element composition, chemical enrichment factor, and Si/Al and Si/Al Fe ratios were analyzed. The aims of the study was to provide optimizational dust collection methods and confirm the dust sources. The content of the Ba was largest and was about 255~474μg/g, Nd was smallest and was about 0.3~9.6μg/g; the content of the SiO2 was largest and was about 79.30%, and MgO was smallest and was 0.98%. The enrichment factors was between 0 and 3. The results indicated that the reduction velocity method and wet method caused similar changes to all studied parameters. The mean grain size was finest (Φ was 2.84) for the wet method and coarsest (Φ was 2.46) for the dry method. The reduction velocity method could be used to substitute for wet dust collection method for dust collection in dry regions. Based on chemical characteristics of the dust material, desert regions in northwestern China were the main dust sources.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3034-3040 [Abstract] ( 174 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 602KB] ( 645 )
3041 The causes of loess formation over Loess Plateau: simulated dust aerosol sources and sinks and loess accumulation
LIU Wei-Jia, HAN Yong-Xiang, ZHAO Tian-Liang
There is a scientific debate argument whether Loess Plateau is an important region of dust aerosol sinks or sources. Based on the 10-year (1995~2004) aerosol simulations of the northern aerosol regional climate model NARCM, the spatial distribution of dust aerosol emissions, depositions and budgets as well as wind field were analyzed. The simulation analysis showed 1) the highest dust emissions appeared in the desert and desertification areas, while the highest dust depositions were concentrated over the desert and desertification areas as well as their immediately downwind region.The dust depositions largely exceeded the dust aerosol emission in Loess Plateau with the low dust emissions. 2) Desert and desertification area were the main dust sources, the rest of areas were dust sinks. Dust depositions declined from the northwest to the Southeast.3) Due to the barrier of the Taihang and Qinling Mountains, the Loess Plateau was the largest dust sink region with the highest depositions. The loess over Loess Plateau was accumulated by dust depositions over the long term evolution of glacial and interglacial periods. The dust aerosol simulation provided a solid evidence for the theory of eolian loess.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3041-3046 [Abstract] ( 236 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1015KB] ( 960 )
3047 Reaction process of toluene oxidation by adsorptive storage-intermittent discharge method
WANG Pei-Tao, HE Meng-Lin, LU Mei-Juan, HUANG Rong, FAN Wei-Long, WU Jun-Liang, YE Dai-Qi
The effect of continuous discharge and adsorptive storage-intermittent discharge combined with SBA-15on toluene decomposition was investigated under ambient pressure and temperature. The results showed that adsorptive storage-intermittent discharge method exhibited higher toluene conversion, CO2 selectivity and better carbon balance compared to the former. The evolution of the intermediate products on the catalyst surfaces with time were also analysed by GC-MS in both methods. The results indicated that formaldehyde oxidation was the rate-determining step for toluene decomposition. Then, the activities of four different catalysts, SBA-15, Mn/SBA-15, Ag/SBA-15and AgMn/SBA-15were tested with dsorptive storage-intermittent discharge mode. AgMn/SBA-15catalyst exhibited the highest CO2 selectivity and the best carbon balance among the tested catalysts, which may be due to 2-heptene alcohol oxidation catalyzed by the addition of Ag and Mn.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3047-3055 [Abstract] ( 299 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 578KB] ( 20627 )
3056 Effect of lignite semi-coke by acid solution treatment on its performance for elemental mercury removal in the flue gas
WANG Li, LIU Xiu-Li, ZHANG Lin-Lin, LI Min, ZHANG Hua-Wei
The adsorption performance of modified lignite semi-coke with HCl or HNO3solution for gaseous Hg0was investigated to develop more effective and lower price adsorbents for reducing emission of elemental mercury in coal combustion flue. The surface properties of these lignite semi-coke adsorbents were characterized with methods of acid-base titration, Boehm titration, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurement, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The adsorption experiments of semi-coke adsorbents for gas-phase Hg0have been carried out with a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor, and elemental mercury analyzer was used to determine the on-line concentrations of gas-phase Hg0. Nitric acid or hydrochloric acid treatment of lignite semi-coke resulted in the decrease in ash content of semi-coke sample, and the values of specific surface area, surface oxygen and phenolic hydroxyl group increasing of modified semi-cokes. Compared to raw lignite semi-coke (NM-SC), the modified lignite semi-coke with HCl or HNO3 solution (Cl-SC or N-SC sample) could improve removal performance for gas-phase Hg0. Especially, the removal performance for gas-phase Hg0of Cl-SC semi-coke was obviously improved when adsorption temperature increased to 140℃. These results were related to the surface properties of modified semi-coke and its contents of carboxyl group, phenolic hydroxyl and C-Cl functional groups, which can provide active sites for gaseous Hg0chemical adsorption.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3056-3061 [Abstract] ( 180 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 472KB] ( 757 )
3062 Achievement of short-cut denitrification and enhancement of phosphorus removal in a SAOSBR process
LIU Wen-Long, PENG Yi, MIAO Yuan-Yuan, ZHANG Wei-Tang, MA Bin, PENG Yong-Zhen
The reinforcement of short-cut denitrification towards simultaneous nitrogen and phosphate removal was investigated in a step-feed alternating anoxic-oxic sequencing batch reactor (SAOSBR) treating real domestic wastewater with low C/N ratio. Meanwhile, the mechanism of improving biological phosphorus removal by short-cut denitrification was also analyzed. Nitritation was achieved with the nitrite accumulation rate (NAR) of above 95%, which attribute to starving treatment and alternate with anoxic and aerobic. This nitritation enhanced the simultaneous nitrogen and phosphate removal, and the average removal rate of total nitrogen and phosphate increased by about 6% and 36%, respectively. Batch experiments also indicated that the carbon source competition between denitrifying bacteria with phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) was weaken while nitrite was used as electron acceptor for denitrification under the condition of insufficient carbon source. The reason of enhanced biological phosphorus removal was that residual nitrite had small effect on anaerobic phosphorus release in PAOs. Thereby the quantity of anaerobic phosphorus release and poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthesis in PAOs were enhanced. Therefore, short-cut denitrification was more advantageous in removing phosphorus in treating wastewater with limited carbon source.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3062-3069 [Abstract] ( 152 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 515KB] ( 928 )
3070 Experimental study on chemically enhanced biological phosphorus removal for municipal wastewater treatment plant
LI Zi-Fu, YUN Yu-Pan, ZENG Hao, ZHOU Xiao-Qin
In order to deal with the problem that the high total phosphorus (TP) concentration of effluent from one municipal wastewater treatment plant in Beijing,using the biological process(A2O) followed with chemical phosphorus removal process,laboratory tests and technical scale experiments were conducted in order. The aerobic tank effluent was sampled for evaluating the phosphorus removal efficiency of PAC, PFS, FeCl3 respectively, and the phosphorus removal mechanisms of the three reagents were further discussed. Phosphorus removal efficiency of PAC was the best among three coagulants. The TP concentration of effluent could be lower than 0.5mg/L and the coagulant cost was 0.078Yuan/t with the dosage of 60mg/L and the coefficient β of 4.15. The aerobic tank outlet was selected to be the dosing position for the technical scale experiments. Results showed that demand in phosphorus removal efficiency could be met with a PAC dosage of 60mg/L and coefficient β of 4.15. Considering the water quality and loading fluctuation, in order to ensure TP concentration of effluent discharged lower than 0.5mg/L, a detailed optimization scheme was proposed, through taking effective measures of improving the biological phosphorus removal and dosing the coagulants with feedback control methods to decrease the dosage amount of PAC,therefore reduced the operation cost and chemical sludge amount.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3070-3077 [Abstract] ( 244 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 430KB] ( 3135 )
3078 The nitrogen removal performance of anammox granules of different sizes
ZHENG Zhao-Ming, LIU Chang-Jing, ZHENG Lin-Xue, ZHANG Mei-Xue, CHEN Guang-Hui, ZHAO Bai-Hang, LI Jun
The nitrogen removal performance of anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) granules in different sizes R1(above 2.5mm), R2(1.5~2.5mm), and R3(0.5~1.5mm) were investigated by serum bottle batch tests under 25℃.The specific anammox activities of granules R1, R2, R3 were 0.555, 0.423, 0.456kgN/(kgVSS×d), respectively. The value of R1was the highest, while the values of R2 and R3 were similar. The average specific anammox activity, denitrification activity of nitrite, denitrification activity of nitrate, aerobic ammonium oxidation activity and aerobic nitrite oxidation activity were 0.478,0.028,0.037,0.050,0.033kgN/(kgVSS×d), respectively. The SEM indicated that some holes lied in the outer part of anammox granule, which redused the adverse effects of particle size on mass transfer efficiency. In the outer part of anammox granule, bacteria were mainly spherical, which may be AOB. In the inner part of the anammox granule, the bacteria were mainly crater-shaped, which should be anammox bacteria. Owing to this structure, the anammox bacterium was able to relieve from the adverse effects of oxygen.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3078-3085 [Abstract] ( 283 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 745KB] ( 1113 )
3086 Stable operation of partial nitritation by controlling ORP in continuous flow reactor
LI Xiang, CHEN Zong-Heng, HUANG Yong, YUAN Yi, ZHANG Da-Lin
Stable operation of partial nitritation reactor by using ORP online monitoring equipment and the effluent satisfied the anammox process were studied in continuous flow reactor. The results showed that fluctuation of ORP value was mainly caused by the fluctuation of DO concentration, when the ratio of nitrite and ammonia, pH and temperature were constant in the reactor. In partial nitritation system, the ratio of nitrite and ammonia was greater than 2.1when the ORP value was greater than 250mV, which didn’t satisfy the ANAMMOX process demanded. The ratio of nitrite and ammonia was oscillating between 1.2 and 1.3when ORP value was controlled at 150mV. The ratio of nitrite and ammonia was oscillating between 0.9 and 1.06when ORP value was controlled at 120mV. The results also showed that the ratio of effluent nitrite and ammonia was oscillating between 1.1 and 1.3 with the influent ammonia concentration increased from 300mg/L to 813mg/L when ORP value was controlled at 150mV. However, increased free ammonium (FA) concentration inhibited ammonia-oxidizing bacteria activity. Sensitivity and accuracy of ORP were better than DO monitoring equipment as indicators to controlling partial nitritation reactor in low oxygen environment.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3086-3092 [Abstract] ( 251 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 451KB] ( 893 )
3093 Influence of microbubble aeration on start-up and performance of a biofilm reactor.
LIU Chun, XIAO Tai-Min, ZHANG Jing, YANG Ya-Nan, ZHANG Jing, YANG Jing-Liang
Two fluidized biofilm reactors with microbubble aeration (MB) and conventional bubble aeration (CB) were operated simultaneously to compare their performances during start-up and stable operation. The biofilm formation and composition in both reactors were also investigated. The results showed the average removal efficiencies of COD, NH4+-N and TN were 90.3%, 92.7% and 43.4% in MB reactor during start-up and stable operation, respectively. The corresponding removal efficiencies in CB reactor were 79.4%, 86.3% and 29.3%, respectively. MB reactor presented more efficient performance of contaminant removal than CB reactor. In addition, the oxygen utilization efficiency in MB reactor reached 94.3%, which was much higher than that in CB reactor. Faster biofilm formation and larger biofilm biomass were achieved in MB reactor, compared with CB reactor. Moreover, the biofilm formed in MB reactor showed higher VSS/SS ratio and lower EPS content. These results demonstrated that biofilm formation was enhanced by microbubble aeration in MB reactor, which contained more active biomass.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3093-3098 [Abstract] ( 248 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 538KB] ( 962 )
3099 Liquid phase catalytic hydrodechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol over Pd/g-C3N4
TAN Wen-Hui, LI Ting, JIANG Fang, CHEN Huan, LIU Jing-Liang
Graphitic carbon nitride supported palladium catalysts were prepared by photo-deposition method (Pd/g-C3N4-PD) and impregnation method (Pd/g-C3N4-IMP), respectively. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and zeta potential measurement. The isoelectric points (IEPs) of Pd/g-C3N4-PD with different palladium load were around 2.3. The metallic Pd particles were uniformly dispersed on the surface of Pd/g-C3N4-PD catalyst, and the average Pd particle size on Pd/g-C3N4-PD was smaller than that of Pd/g-C3N4-IMP. Both Pd/g-C3N4-PD and Pd/g-C3N4-IMP catalysts were used in the liquid phase catalytic hydrodechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol. Results showed that Pd/g-C3N4-PD exhibited significantly higher catalytic activity than Pd/g-C3N4-IMP. Low pH was beneficial to the catalytic hydrodechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol, however, it did not benefit stability of catalyst.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3099-3105 [Abstract] ( 345 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 759KB] ( 1591 )
3106 Removal Cr6+ from water using nanoscale zero-valent iron
QIN Ze-Min, DONG Li-Ming, LIU Ping, ZHOU Lian-Tong
The removal of Cr6+ from water using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) prepared with the liquid phase reduction method was investigated. Results showed that removal rate of Cr6+ observed from nZVI was much higher than those from iron powder and activated carbon. Lower pH and initial Cr6+ concentration, more fresh nZVI and dosage were favorable of removal of Cr6+ in water, and the best removal rate was nearly 100%. The fitting results of reaction dynamics indicated that Cr6+ removal by nZVI was well consonant with pseudo second-order model. Cr element with 12.02% (wt) concentration was detected on the post-reaction nZVI particle surface by SEM and EDS. The analysis of Cr6+ and Cr3+ concentration in reaction solution of adsorption, suggested that reduction and co-precipitation should be the mainl mechanism of the Cr6+ removal from water using nZVI.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3106-3111 [Abstract] ( 283 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 744KB] ( 2439 )
3112 Treatment of p-nitrophenol in water by Fenton-like reaction with microwave coupling
PAN Wei-Qian, ZHANG Guang-Shan, ZHENG Tong, ZHANG Jie, WANG Peng
In order to avoid the narrow pH range in the traditional Fenton process, the CuO catalyst was synthesized and used in the microwave-assisted Fenton-like process to remove the p-Nitrophenol (PNP), which is harmful to the environment and difficultly biodegradable. The effects of the H2O2 dosage, CuO dosage, microwave power, irradiation time, and initial pH on the degradation of PNP were investigated in detail. The optimal values of operating parameters were found at a H2O2 concentration of 0.06mol/L, a CuO concentration of 0.3g/L, a microwave power of 125W, and a pH of about 6without adjusting the initial pH. Under the optimal conditions, the removal efficient of PNP reached 92% and the TOC removal was 63% after 6min of irradiation when the initial concentration of PNP was 50mg/L. Compared with the other oxidation processes, the microwave can enhance the ·OH production from the Fenton-like process, resulting in the improved removal efficiency of PNP. As a new kind of Fenton-like process, the microwave-assisted one using the CuO catalyst can overcome the limitation of the narrow pH range in the traditional Fenton reaction, and broaden the application of the Fenton process in wastewater treatment.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3112-3118 [Abstract] ( 256 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 545KB] ( 933 )
3119 Preparation of Fe-Ni-TiO2/AC particle electrodes and synergic degradation of RhB using visible irradiation photoelectrocatalytic system
SUN Ling-Fang, YU Ze-Bin, PENG Zhen-Bo, XIANG Guo-Liang, LI Ming-Jie, CHEN Ying, WANG Li
The Fe-Ni co-doping TiO2 particles loaded activated carbon (Fe-Ni-TiO2/AC) particle electrodes were synthesized and applied to a visible, irradiation assisted, three-dimensional electro-Fenton (Vis-3D/EF) system. The synergic performance of Vis-3D/EF system was investigated using RhB as target pollutant. Compared with activated carbon particle electrodes and TiO2 loaded activated carbon particle electrodes, the photoelectrocatalytic performance of Fe-Ni-TiO2/AC particle electrodes in Vis-3D/EF system was the highest with the optimum synthesized conditions of TiO2 concentration of 2g/L, Fe-Ni doping ratio of 5:5 and Fe:Ni:TiO2 molar ratio of 0.5:0.5:100. The hightest degradation rate of RhB in Vis-3D/EF system reached 92.58% with in 60min. The RhB removal rate of Fe-Ni-TiO2/AC particle electrodes in Vis-3D/EF increased 29.46% compared with 3D/EF. A significant synergetic effect was observed between visible light photocatalysis and 3D/EF processes in the system, with a synergetic factor of 1.18. Result suggested it was feasible for the synergic degradation of RhB under visible irradiation in the Vis-3D/EF combination technique.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3119-3126 [Abstract] ( 263 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 726KB] ( 1115 )
3127 Effect of NaCl content on VFA concentration and composition during anaerobic fermentation of kitchen waste
WANG Quan, GONG Chang-Xiu, JIANG Jian-Guo, ZHANG Yu-Jing
Under the optimum reaction conditions (pH 6.0, the temperature of 35℃), sequencing batch experiments were carried out to determine the effect of NaCl content on volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and composition during anaerobic acidogenesis kitchen wastes. The NaCl content was controlled at 0.0g/L, 3.0g/L, 6.0g/L, 9.0g/L, 12.0g/L. The results showed that, the effect of NaCl on VFA concentration was significant, and VFA concentration decreased with the amount of NaCl increased. When the amount reached 12.0g/L, VFA maximum concentration reached 4.14g/L at 114h, which was only 10.1percent of that of not adding. We also found the fermentation reactions included three stages: butyric acid accumulation, acetic acid accumulation and acetic acid consumption. The product composition in the acid reactor was less depended on NaCl. Each experiment was butyric-acid-type fermentation. When NaCl exceeded more than 6.0g/L, butyric acid accumulation stage was prolonged.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3127-3132 [Abstract] ( 255 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 408KB] ( 1290 )
3133 Effect of binders on performance of granular carbons from sewage sludge
LIU Li-Heng, LIN Yan, LIU Yuan-Yuan, ZHU Hui, HE Qiang
Two-step carbonization method was used to prepare granular carbons with sewage sludge as raw material and soluble starch, carboxymethylcellulose, sodium silicate and calcium sulfate as binders. And then, the effect of binders on sample proporties was discussed. The results showed that the specific surface area and pore volume of samples from soluble starch (SSGAC-T) were the greatest. SSGAC-T samples from carboxymethylcellulose (SSGAC-C) and sodium silicate (SSGAC-Si) had a lot of micropores and mesopores, while the sample from calcium sulfate (SSGAC-S) was the typical mesoporous adsorbent. The compressive strength of all samples decreased with soaking time, while the reduction degree in compressive strength of SSGAC-S was minimal. The new functional groups were formed due to the addition of binders. The surfaces of all samples were acidic, and the pHPZC of all samples were 6.37, 6.16, 5.85 and 5.53, respectively. Under the same conditions, the methylene blue adsorption capacity of SSGAC-S was the greatest with a value of 71.94mg/g. According to the characterization of sludge carbons, it was preliminarily conjectured that sodium silicate and calcium sulfate could react with carbons.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3133-3141 [Abstract] ( 158 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 606KB] ( 1086 )
3142 Liquefaction properties of waste electrical plastic in supercritical isopropanol
WANG Yan-Min, ZHANG Fu-Shen, SONG Feng-Min, LIU Zhi-Feng, LI Chen
Liquefaction properties of waste electrical plastic containing brominated flame retardant (BFR) in supercritical isopropanol were investigated. Results indicated that the plastic was degraded to oil, gas and solid residue. Simultaneously, BFR was debrominated. The degradation efficiencies, oil yields, debromination efficiencies and oil composition were significantly influenced by reaction time, solid/solvent ratio and solvent filling ratio. Under the optimum conditions (temperature: 400℃, reaction time: 60min, solid/solvent ratio: 1/10, solvent filling ratio: 50%), the oil yield and debromination efficiency were 60% and 95.3%, respectively. The oil was composed of benzene substances and phenolic compounds without organobromine compounds. The calorific value of oil was 37.5MJ/kg. The mechanism of treatment of plastic containing BFR was proposed: BFR was firstly abstracted by supercritical fluid and then decomposed in the fluid; the plastic was also decomposed at higher temperature.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3142-3149 [Abstract] ( 167 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 678KB] ( 991 )
3150 Effect of different controlled-release urea on availability of Cd in contaminated soil
XIANG Qian, XU Chao, ZHANG Yang-Zhu, WU Liang-Huan
The effects of prilled urea (PU), sulfur coated urea (SCU) and polymer coated urea (PCU) on Cd availability in contaminated soil under two different moisture conditions-maximum water holding capacity (water holding capacity, WHC, noted as humid condition) and 60% of WHC (noted as suitable humid condition) was investigated through incubation experiment. The results showed that the application of different coated nitrogen fertilizer under different moisture conditions significantly affect the availability of Cd. The concentration of water-soluble Cd at maximum WHC were significantly lower than those at 60% WHC after 60 days cultivation. Under maximum WHC condition, compared with the control, the concentrations of water-soluble Cd of the treatments with PU, SCU and PCU decreased in the order of PCU>PU>SCU, while the concentrations of available Cd of the treatments with SCU and PCU decreased in the order of SCU>PCU. Under 60% WHC condition, compared with the control, the concentrations of water-soluble Cd of the treatments with PU and PCU decreased, showing the order of PU>PCU, and the concentrations of available Cd of the treatments with PU, SCU and PCU also decreased, showing the order of PCU>PU>SCU. The application of different coated nitrogen fertilizer under different moisture conditions has a more remarkable effect on water-soluble Cd concentration than available Cd concentration. Furthermore, under maximum WHC condition, water-soluble SO42- concentration had significant positive correlation with available Cd concentration. However, under 60% WHC condition, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen was significantly negatively correlated with water-soluble Cd concentration, and the concentration of nitrate was significantly negatively correlated with available Cd concentration. The results further suggested that under dry farming operation in the Cd contaminated acid soil, SCU could be adopted in humid condition, while PCU be adopted in suitable humid condition, which could effectively lower availability of Cd in soil.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3150-3156 [Abstract] ( 231 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 439KB] ( 839 )
3157 The influence of different three dimensional models on Pb distributing prediction in lead-acid battery contaminated sites
LIU Geng, WANG Shang-Yi, NIU Jun-Jie, ZHANG Chao, ZHAO Xin, GUO Guan-Lin
In order to define the three dimensional distribution of pollutant and contaminated earth volume in contaminated sites, and provide the relative technical methods and ideas, a typical lead-acid battery contaminated site was studied as an example. The influence of different three dimensional interpolation models (Krig-3D, Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), Nearest Neighbor (NN)) in different horizontal and vertical anisotropy coefficient setting conditions on Pb pollution assessment and boundary distribution was examined. Different models had different predictive accuracy, the mean error and root mean square error raised, with the increasing of vertical and horizontal ratio. Furthermore, comparison between the results and the remediation target indicated that the contaminated earth volume was largest by IDW statistical model, followed by Krig-3D and NN models, the statistical values differed by 13%. In terms of the contaminated evaluation results and prediction accuracy, the Krig-3D and IDW were better than NN models. Thus, the selections of the appropriate models and rational parameters had very important effects on the accuracy definition of pollution boundary and reducing uncertainty. This result provided important basis for guiding the remediation and management of the contaminated sites.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3157-3163 [Abstract] ( 222 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1915KB] ( 976 )
3164 Community structure of airborne microbes in spring in a constructed wetland system for sewage treatment.
WU Deng-Deng, SONG Zhi-Wen, WANG Lin, XU Ai-Ling, XIA Yan
Airborne microbes are major biological components of the ecosystem and have important ecological functions. They affect human health, cause air pollution, and are key indicators of air quality. To determine the community structure of airborne microbes in a surface-flow wetland system constructed for sewage treatment in spring, the airborne bacteria and airborne fungi were analyzed by a 16S/18S rDNA gene clone library method. Phylogenetic analysis of airborne bacteria in the airborne microbes sample showed that there were seven groups: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, Cyanophyta, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The main types of airborne bacteria were Betaproteobacteria (71.04%), Gammaproteobacteria (12.03%), Alphaproteobacteria (3.83%), Cyanophyceae (4.38%), Bacilli (3.28%) and Sphingobacteriales (2.19%), while the dominant genera of airborne bacteria included Massilia (66.66%), Pseudomonas (4.37%), Cyanothece (3.83%) and Serratia (3.28%). Phylogenetic analysis of airborne fungi in the airborne microbes sample showed that the main types were Dothideomycetes (61.18%), Zygomycetes (16.47%) and Discomycetes (14.12%). The dominant genera of airborne fungi included Pyrenophora (48.31%), Mortierella (15.7%), Cheilymenia (12.4%) and Boothiomyces (4.5%). Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Clostridium perfringens were not detected in the sample of airborne microbe while other pathogens or conditioned pathogens, such as S. marcescens, p. putida, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were detected.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3164-3174 [Abstract] ( 259 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 554KB] ( 1269 )
3175 Characteristics of methyl orange decolorization by Enterobacter sp. CV-v and parameter optimization
DU Lin-Na, LI Gang, LU Xiao-Ming, YAN Cheng-Jin, LU Sheng-You, PAN Xiu, CHEN Wen-Hua
A highly efficient methyl orange-decolorizing strain CV-v was isolated in Wenzhou, Zhejiang. Results of 16S rRNA gene analysis indicated that this strain belongs to the Enterobacter genus. Data from one-factor-a-time experiments showed that methyl orange decolorization rate by the strain could reach over 80% after 48h at pH 5.0~9.0. The optimal temperature for decolorization was between 30~40oC. Among the tested carbon and nitrogen sources, glucose, maltose, beef extract, and yeast extract could significantly enhance the decolorization. Besides, Ca2+ and Mg2+ could also significantly enhance the decolorization. Meanwhile, almost completely decolorization was observed after 48h when the inoculums size reached to 7% (V:V). Moreover, the results of response surface design revealed that the optimal conditions for decolorization were pH 8.0, 1.7g/L glucose, 3.0g/L yeast extract, 3.0mmol/L MgCl2, and at 35.9oC. Finally, the results of verification tests indicated that methyl orange decolorization by the strain could reach 88.0% after 10h under the optimal conditions. In general, this strain has a great potential in azo dye decolorization.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3175-3181 [Abstract] ( 211 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 522KB] ( 1234 )
3182 Impact on bacterial community structure of heavy mental of Cu and Zn in copper mine tailings
LIN Hai, CUI Xuan, DONG Ying-Bo, ZHANG Guo-Hua, LI Xiao-Qing, JI Zhen
To examine the spatial changes of bacterial community in a copper mine tailing of Hubei, 14soil samples were collected, including 12 tailing samples and 3 compared samples (one from cultivated land ,two from another small copper mine tailing). DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) was employed to analyze V3~V6variable regions of bacterial 16S rRNA. Pearson correlation analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) between bacterial community data and physicochemical parameters were carried out respectively to reveal relationships of the bacterial community structure, physical and chemical factors of the total samples, and contents of Cu, Zn. The results showed serious copper and zinc pollution, and there were significant differences for contents of Cu, Zn correlated with different physico~chemical characteristics of tailing samples, notably the significant position correlation [R=0.668(P<0.01)] between the content of Zn and organic matter. According to analysis of gene separated by DGGE the bacterial structures were different between samples. Overall, there was certain rule in the samples that low bacterial diversity, high similarity (the lowest similarity 53.1%) and relatively stable dominant bacteria. RDA demonstrated that the content of Cu, Zn influenced on bacteria community, Cu can inhibit microbial population, so can Zn, but in a certain concentration range, Zn may contribute to the development of microbial diversity, that is not laboratory studied simply linear relationship with their concentrations.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3182-3188 [Abstract] ( 212 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 630KB] ( 865 )
3189 Characteristics and bioavailability of dissolved organic phosphorus from different sources of Lake Dianchi in summer
HE Zong-Jian, XIONG Qiang, JIAO Li-Xin, WANG Sheng-Rui
The content and distribution characteristics of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) were studied by collecting water samples from different sources of Dianchi Lake (overlying water, inflowing rivers and rainfall) in summer,and the bioavailability of these DOP were also characterized by emzymatic hydrolysis. The results indicated that the concentrations of DOP from overlying water, inflowing rivers and rainfall ranged from 0.001~0.117, 0.002~1.722 and 0.006~0.112mg/L (average, 0.027, 0.197 and 0.037mg/L), respectively, and constituted 18.3%~92.5%, 4.2%~100% and 25.4%~100% (average, 55.3%, 60% and 58.9%) of dissolved total phosphorus (DTP), respectively. DOP predominated their DTP of the different sources samples, and the concentrations of DOP from inflowing rivers were significantly higher than that from overlying water and rainfall. The concentrations of enzymatically hydrolysable phosphorus (EHP) of DOP from different sources ranged from not detectable (n.d.)~0.058, n.d.~0.673 and n.d.~0.031mg/L (average, 0.017, 0.064 and 0.010mg/L), accounting for 0~127.5%, 0~105.6% and 0~55.6% (average, 77.9%, 38.7% and 23.2%) of DOP, respectively. The enzymatica hydrolysis ratio of DOP (EHP/DOP) were relatively high and EHP/DOP from overlying water was significantly greater than that from inflowing rivers and rainfall. DOP from different sources showed evident characteristic of spatial and temporal distribution and their bioavailability had great differences.Labile monoester P and phytate-likeP represented primary portions of EHP from overlying water, whereas, labile monoester P accounted for major sections of EHP from the inflowing rivers and rainfall, especially for EHP of the rainfall which had relatively low concentrations of diester P and phytate-like P. The bioavailability of DOP from overlying water, inflowing rivers and rainfall declined in turn. DOP from different sources represented the available P of equivalent magnitude to soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), that meant EHP and SRP keep the eutrophication of Dianchi Lake together. So the effects of different phosphorus species from different sources on water quality should be considered for protection of Dianchi Lake from the whole watersheds.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3189-3198 [Abstract] ( 269 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 835KB] ( 1329 )
3199 Environment effects of algae-caused black spots Ⅲ: Impacts on Fe- S- P cycle in water-sediment interface
LIU Guo-Feng, FAN Cheng-Xin, ZHANG Lei, SHEN Qiu-Shi, WANG Zhao-De, HAN Shi-Qun
The process of biogeochemical cycle change of Fe-S-P in overlying water, sediment pore water was studied in a laboratory using a static simulating device which simulated the algae- caused black-spots. Drastic biogeochemical changes of Fe-S-P happened in an anaerobic and reducing sediment environment after algae cells were added. Concentration of Fe2+, SO42- and S2- in interface of sediment-water was 4.993, 242.0, 387.57mg/L, respectively at 1st day after algae cells added, and it was the 1.8, 2.2and 18.8times higher than the contrast experiments in the same period; and the concentration of Fe2+, SO42- and S2- was 8.5mg/L, 40.0mg/L and 65.3mg/L, respectively in 4cm deep sediments. Then, Fe2+ and S2- concentration in overlying water showed a rapid increase and followed a falling trend, and its concentration reached maximum at the 2nd and 3rd day, value of 11.1mg/L and 634.6mg/L. Concentration of PO43--P in sediment increased slowly due to Fe-P desorption, and its content increased continuously from the 2nd day until the end of experiment. After adding algae cells, the concentration reached 39.450mg/L which was 242times higher than the control experiment; and also up to 10.74mg/L in 4cm deep sediment. The rapid changes of Fe-S-P indicated biogeochemical reaction in an anaerobic and reducing sediment environment after algae cells were added, and caused the Fe2+, S2- and PO43--P to diffuse into the overlying water. The algae-caused black-spot posed huge difficulties to the restoration of water ecosystems.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3199-3206 [Abstract] ( 239 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 520KB] ( 908 )
3207 Absorption characteristics and sources analysis of CDOM in Xin'anjiang Reservoir in summer
YIN Yan, WU Zhi-Xu, ZHANG Yun-Lin, LIU Ming-Liang, ZHOU Yong-Qiang, GAO Yu-Rong, HE Jian-Bo, YU Zuo-Ming
To investigate the spectral absorption characteristics, spatial distribution and source of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), 53 surface water samples were collected from Xin'anjiang Reservoir in July, 2013. The spatial distribution of CDOM absorption coefficient at 350nm [a(350)], carbon-specific CDOM absorption coefficient [a*(350)], the spectral slope (S), as well as the relationships between CDOM and water quality parameters were studied. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, we divided a(350) into three districts (A, B, and C districts). a(350) decreased from north western area (A district) to the central reservoir and the north eastern area (B district), and to the south western area and the south eastern area (C district). The distribution pattern of a (350) was similar to the distribution of a*(350) but different from that of S. Significantly positive linear correlations between a (350) and chlorophyll a concentration, phytoplankton absorption coefficient and suspended solids indicated a critical contribution of phytoplankton metabolism and degradation products of CDOM.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3207-3214 [Abstract] ( 207 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1222KB] ( 871 )
3215 Estimation of the lake quality reference condition based on the threshold extreme theory
HUA Zu-Lin, WANG Liang, GU Li, CHU Ke-Jian
A new method was established to calculate the lake nutrient reference condition based on the extreme threshold theory combined with the Peak Over Threshold. The new method not only revealed statistical inferences, but also overcame the weakness such as wasted observational data in generalized extreme value (GEV) theory. More accurate confidence intervals for parameters and substance concentrations could be obtained using this new method. The method was used to estimate the reference conditions of Taihu Lake. The observed data for total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophylla (Chl-a) at eight sites located in Taihu Lake during 1995~2006 were pre-treated by the Peak Over Threshold. The results revealed that negative values of TN, TP, and Chl-a, which the threshold values are ?1.0mg/L, ?0.05mg/L, and ?4μg/L, fitted the generally Pareto model well. It was recommended to use 25th percentile as reference conditions. Thus, the values of the reference conditions for TN, TP and Chl-a were 0.66mg/L, 0.023mg/L and 1.27μg/L, respectively. The 95% confidence intervals were also obtained, more accurately than using generally extreme theory.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3215-3222 [Abstract] ( 205 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 552KB] ( 775 )
3223 An improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method of eutrophication for lakes and reservoirs
CHEN Li-Li, JIN La-Hua
As to characteristics of the nonlinearity of water body eutrophication evaluation system, the randomness of weight assignment and inaccuracy of subordinate function during the process of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, an improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method has been pointed out through improving the traditional fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, and it has been applied to evaluate degrees of eutrophication of water body in 24representative lakes and reservoirs in China. During the process of improvement, the analytic hierarchy process was combined with principal component analysis by software SPSS16.0and Yaaph to determine index weights, and the determined evaluation criteria were logarithmically transformed to linear, and also each index membership function of logarithmic and lower semi-trapezoid form corresponding to every trophic levels was generated based on distribution characteristics of detected field data, then the membership degree of each lake or reservoir can be obtained and its eutrophication level can be determined by the principle of maximum membership degree. The result of the improved method has been compared with actual eutrophication status of lakes or reservoirs and evaluated results obtained by present evaluation methods, which shows that the calculating process of the improved method is simple, and its result is true and accurate, thus the method is feasible and practical.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3223-3229 [Abstract] ( 231 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 637KB] ( 821 )
3230 Toxic effects of fluopicolide on zebrafish
LIN Jin, WANG Hong-Yan, WANG Kai-Yun, FAN Wei-Di, XU Hui, LIU Jie
The zebrafish embryos technology and traditional toxicology methods were used to determined the toxicity of fluopicolide to zebrafish embryos、adult fish and larvae. Fluopicolide had lethal capabilities to the three stages of zebrafish with the LC50(48h) values to larvae and LC50(96h) to adult fish and juvenile was 0.204mg/L, 0.286mg/L and 1.489mg/L. 0.0596mg/L or more concentrations fluopicolide have a certain degree of lethal effect to zebrafish embryos, and the embryos which were treated with high concentrations displayed many of the symptoms, such as pericardial cyst, yolk sac does not absorb, less melanin deposition and fish bending. After 14days exposure with fluopicolide, the adult zebrafishs expressed the following symptoms: weight loss, reduction in fecundity, the amount of effective eggs were reduced; After treated by 0.0298mg/L fluopicolide, though 144h offspring larval’s survival relatively high, but most surviving fish has still emerged as deformity: pericardial edema and abnormal body bending, etc. Fluopicolide residue in water have the potential hazards to the growth and development of each life stage of zebrafish.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3230-3236 [Abstract] ( 233 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 611KB] ( 900 )
3237 Lead leaching characteristics of CRT leaded glass and its slag after lead extraction by smelting
XIE Fang-Fang, 欧Zhi-Yuan , LI Jin-Hui, LIU Li-Li
Evaluating the environmental impact of different cathode ray tube (CRT) leaded glass parts and its slag after lead extraction by smelting was helpful for the recycling and disposal of CRT glass. This study investigated the Pb leaching characteristics of different leaded CRT glass parts and its slag after lead extraction by HJ/T300-2007. The results showed lead leaching concentrations of funnel, panel, and frit glass all exceeded the threshold of leaching concentration for hazardous waste, and lead in frit glass was very easy to leach, contributing most to CRT toxicity; lead in slag was also very easy to leach, and leaded slag could be regarded as general solid waste only if its lead concentration was below 1.5%. Except for the Pb content in the material, Pb structure contributed a lot to the difference of Pb leaching.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3237-3241 [Abstract] ( 213 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 583KB] ( 1012 )
3242 Technical suitability and economic feasibility evaluation on 13 water resources conservancy measures in rural areas
SUN Jia, QI Shi, PENG Pai, HUANG Yuan, LIU Xiao-Ying, YANG Ai-Min
13kinds of common water resources conservancy measures were classified into three (source, process and terminal) control systems. In addition the measures of each category were evaluated by the Analytic Hierarchy Process method as well as 13 factors of the technical suitability and economic feasibility of water conservancy measures. The results indicated that pollutants removal rate, effluent water quality, cost of construction, operation, and maintenance should be given priority in real world applications they had the higher weight value than other indices. Conservation tillage and ‘One biogas pond with improvements of washroom, kitchen and sty’ could be used as the preferred methods in source control. Moreover, land treatment technology was more suitable than other process control methods. External temperature and construction costs must be considered when selecting terminal control methods.
2014 Vol. 34 (12): 3242-3248 [Abstract] ( 278 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 489KB] ( 17127 )
中国环境科学
  News
More>>  
  下载中心
   Instruction
   Template
   Copyright Agreement
More>>  
  Links
   Ministry of Land and
　  Resources of the People,s
　  Republic of China
    CNKI
    WANFANG DATA
    CNPITC
More>>  
 
CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE
Links： China Association for Science and Technology　Chinese Society For Environmental Sciences　CNKI　WANGFANG DATA
Copyright © 2010 Editorial By China Environmental Science　　Support by Beijing Magtech Co.ltd, E-mail:support@magtech.com.cn