Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae

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CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

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	2015 Vol.35 Issue.1,Published 2015-01-20

	1	Pollution characteristics and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, China
		WANG Chao, ZHANG Lin-Lin, DAO Xu, 吕Yi-Bing , TENG 恩Jiang, LI Guo-Gang
		PM2.5 and PM10 were synchronously collected in the ambient air of Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang City in four seasons of 2013. The samples were first pretreated by ultrasonic extraction with acetonitrile, and then sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed by ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography. The variation of total PAHs concentration was 6.3~251.4ng/m3 and 7.0~285.5ng/m3 in PM2.5 and PM10 of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, respectively. It was found that the degree of seasonal variation of PAHs pollution was as following: winter>spring>autumn>summer, and the degree of spatial variation of PAHs pollution was as following: Shijiazhuang>Beijing>Tianjin. PAHs were mainly composed of 4, 5and 6-ring PAHs with the percentage of 25.0%~45.1%, 31.7%~40.1% and 15.1%~28.2%, while the sum percentage of 2and 3-ring PAHs was below 10.3%. Compared with non-heating season, the percentage of 4-ring PAHs increased in heating season, while it was obviously deceased for 5and 6-ring PAHs. PAH diagnostic ratios showed that PAHs sources varied with season, indicating that coal burning and vehicular emission were the two main emission sources of PAHs sources. Coal burning played an important role in heating season, and vehicular emission was the main emission source in non-heating season.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 1-6 [Abstract] ( 265 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 403KB] ( 1235 )

	7	Definition and characteristics of PM2.5 background concentration in Beijing
		MA Zhi-Qiang, XU Jing, ZHANG Xiao-Ling, YIN Xiao-Hui, HE Bin, SHI Xue-Feng
		Different transport mechanisms affect the background concentration of PM2.5 in Beijing. In this study, two different transport pathways around Beijing (i.e., transport from northern areas and transport from southern areas) are classified using a synoptic-airmass diagnose approach. PM2.5 concentrations at Shangdianzi (a background station in Beijing) were examined for each of the transport pathways. During 2006~2012, when the airmasses were from the northern areas (northern transport), background concentrations of PM2.5 varied from 10.3 to 13.5μg/m3, with the mean value of (11.7±1.3)μg/m3, while the concentrations varied from 60.2 to 92.6μg/m3, with the mean value of (76.2±12.8)μg/m3when the airmasses were from the southern areas(southern transport). Southern transport contributed 60% to total PM2.5 concentration from 2006 to 2009 and such contribution decreased gradually to 44% in 2012. Background concentrations of PM2.5 at Shangdianzi in the presence of northern transport did not show obvious inter-annual trend. On the contrary, background concentrations of PM2.5 in the presence of southern transport decreased substantially during 2006~2012 with a rate of -5.5μg/(m3×a). Increased contribution from secondary PM2.5 (i.e., produced by local photochemical reactions) during 2009~2012 offset the decreasing contribution of southerly regional transport to a certain extent, leading to a slight change of the annual averaged PM2.5.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 7-12 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 488KB] ( 1016 )

	13	Observation of new particle formation and growth on Mount Huang
		HAO Nan, YIN Yan, XIAO Hui, YUAN Liang, GAO Jin-Hui, CHEN Kui
		Growth of newly formed particles on Mount Huang in eastern China was investigated using the measured aerosol particle data, trace gas and meteorology data over the period from 22 September to 28 October, 2012. The new particle formation (NPF) events appeared on 6 out of 33 days, occurring before the noon of sunny days. Moreover, the occurrence frequency of the NPF events during sunny days was 37.5%. Compared with other days (non-NPF days), solar radiation, wind speed, SO2 and O3 concentrations were higher in NPF days on average with lower temperature and relative humidity (RH). The nucleation mode particle (10~20nm in diameters) concentrations increased first, and then the Aiken nuclei mode particle concentrations (20~50nm in diameters) increased over time. However, the peaks of large aerosol particle concentration were lower. The mean growth rate (GR) of the newly formed aerosol particles was estimated as 3.58nm/h. SO2 concentration reached the peak faster than nucleation mode particle number concentration does, and the oxidation of SO2 produced H2SO4 which was thought to participating in the particle nucleation as a kind of precursor. So the nucleation won’t appear under low concentration of SO2 even on sunny days.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 13-22 [Abstract] ( 199 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 795KB] ( 553 )

	23	Contents and distribution characteristics of atmospheric lead in urban China
		ZOU Tian-Sen, ZHANG Jin-Liang, CHEN Yu, WANG Man-Xiang, PAN Li-Bo, WANG Xian-Liang, WEI Fu-Sheng
		To describe the characteristics for the content and the distribution of atmospheric lead in urban China, the articles on atmospheric heavy metal contents in Chinese cities publicated from 2000 to 2012 were searched and collected through the search engines of CNKI, Wanfang, CQVIP, Science Direct, Google Scholar and PubMed etc. Based on the uniform criteria, 69 articles were selected for the further analysis. The atmospheric lead contents were reported in 42 cities of 30 provinces and included more than 5,489 samples. Atmospheric lead concentrations were expressed by the lead concentrations in PM10. The lead concentrations by those in PM2.5 and in TSP were transferred, including the limits of the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS). The weighted mean of atmospheric lead level in urban China was (256.5±192.0) ng/m3. The atmospheric lead levels in 18cities (42.9%) were higher than 272.5ng/m3, the limits of NAAQS (GB3095-2012) in PM10, and the average was (551.0±350.3) ng/m3. The levels of lead in Changsha in Hunan province, Shaoguan in Guangdong province, Shengyang in Liaoning province, Yongxiu in Jiangxi province, Xi'an in Shanxi province and Hulu island in Liaoning province were 554.4, 637.0, 638.8, 764.1, 1018.6 and 1721.2ng/m3, respectively, these were higher than the seasonal limit of NAAQS (545.0ng/m3). The results also showed that levels of atmospheric lead in developed regions, such as Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan economic zone, Circum-Bohai-Sea region and Pearl River Delta, were higher than those in other regions. The atmospheric lead contents in winter-spring were 1.2~1.9times as high as those in autumn-fall in north cities in China, while there were no significant differences in southeast coastal cities. It was showed that lead contents decreased remarkably in Guangzhou, Shanghai, Beijing and Chengdu since 2003. These results suggested that the atmospheric lead contents in urban China were much higher that those in developed countries, although the levels of lead showed the decreased trend.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 23-32 [Abstract] ( 295 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 843KB] ( 1654 )

	33	Modeling studies of industrial sector contributions to PM2.5 pollution in different districts of Tianjin
		CHEN Lu, ZHOU Yang, YAO Li-Ying, WANG Wei, JI Sheng, LIU Ling, HUANG Hao-Yun
		The air-quality model CMAQ/MM5 was used to investigate the contributions of various industrial sectors to PM2.5 pollution in different districts of Tianjin, China. Model simulations were conducted for January and July to represent typical winter and summer season, respectively. Known industrial sources were grouped into eight categories and “Zero-out” approach was used to identify the contributions of each category to PM2.5. Model results suggested that heating industry contributed most in winter in every district of Tianjin, accounting for more than 50% of the total PM2.5. Contributions from petroleum refinery and chemical manufacturing accounted for 7% of PM2.5 in winter and 23% in summer, and contributions from ferrous-metals smeltering and cement manufacturing accounted for 30% in summer and 65% in winter. Power plant industry was identified only as a minor contributor in both winter and summer among all the districts except Jixian. Geographical variations were found, for example, cement manufacturing was a major contributor in Hebei, Beic-hen, and Honqiao district, and chemical manufacturing was a major contributor in Ninghe and Binhai new area.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 33-39 [Abstract] ( 261 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 512KB] ( 924 )

	40	Characterization of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon of PM10in coal spontaneous combustion zone, Shanxi
		CHENG Na, PENG Lin, MOU Ling, JI Hao-Dong, LIU Xiao-Feng, BAI Hui-Ling, ZHAO Ying-Jiong
		Twelve PM10 samples were collected at coal spontaneous combustion zone in Datong, Ningwu and Hequ, Shanxi, and were analyzed for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) by Analysensysteme GmbH vario E1cube. Total carbon aerosol (TCA) contribution to PM10 and OC/EC ratio were discussed. The ranges of PM10, OC, EC concentration were114~401, 22.9~68.1, 21.9~70.7μg/m3, respectively. There were significant differences of pollution levels of PM10, OC and EC in different regions. The most serious PM10 pollution was at Hequ, while the highest level of carbonaceous particulate matter was at Ningwu. Average PM10 concentrations in outcrop coal spontaneous combustion zone was lower than in mined coal spontaneous combustion zone, however, the distribution of OC and EC was opposite. Total carbonaceous aerosol (TCA=OC×1.6+EC) accounted for 63.82% of the PM10 mass. TCA contribution to PM10 in outcrop coal spontaneous combustion zone was higher than in mined coal spontaneous combustion zone. OC/EC ranged from 0.7to 1.6, less than the ratio in other researchers￠studies, indicating secondary organic carbon (SOC) pollution was lighter.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 40-44 [Abstract] ( 168 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 374KB] ( 491 )

	45	Impacts of upstream buildings on the flow fields and pollutant distributions in street canyons
		ZHU Qiang, KANG Yan-Ming, YANG Fang, ZHONG Ke
		Numerical simulations were conducted to study the flow and concentration fields in both regular and staggered street canyons with different layouts of the upstream buildings. The results showed that the upstream buildings changed the wind speed and distorted the secondary flows in the canyons thus had significant effects on the flow and concentration fields. In the regular street canyons, the average pollutant concentrations could be reduced regardless of layout of the upstream buildings. The average concentration would be overestimated by numerical simulations without considering the existence of the upstream buildings in practice. In the staggered street canyons, when upstream buildings are aligned with street canyons, the pollutant concentrations in the street canyon could be reduced by the blocking effect. In contrast, when the upstream buildings are staggered with the canyons, the concentrations could be increased. The results also showed that the pollutant dispersion and removal in street canyons are effected by both the airflow velocity and local vortex characteristics.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 45-54 [Abstract] ( 164 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1260KB] ( 688 )

	55	Air pollution abatement effects of replacing coal with natural gas for central heating in cities of China
		PANG Jun, WU Jian, MA Zhong, LIANG Long-Ni, ZHANG Ting-Ting
		Targeting on the different gas utilization fields promulgated in the “Natural Gas Utilization Policy” by National Development and Reform Commission of China, this paper measured the emission reduction effects of replacing current fuels with equivalent calorific value of natural gas, and based on these measurements, re-ranked the priority of different gas utilization fields. The results show that: the air pollution abatement effects of natural gas heating ranks at the top level among all different utilization fields. This paper also calculated the scale of air pollutant abatement effect by replacing coal with natural gas for central heating in 15major heating cities of China in 2010, and proved that significant emission reduction effects on CO2 (21.91 million tons), particulate material (7.34 million tons), SO2 (402.1 thousand tons) and NOx (225.6 thousand tons) can be achieved by converting fuel from coal to natural gas in central heating in cities of China.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 55-61 [Abstract] ( 303 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 374KB] ( 1844 )

	62	Life-cycle analysis of contribution of developing gas engines to GHG emissions reduction in China
		DI Jun, FENG Li-Yan, WANG Meng, LONG Wu-Qiang, WANG Dong-Sheng
		In order to analyze the greenhouse gas emissions reduction potential of gas engines, life-cycle analysis was carried out to calculate the life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of different fuels, and based on the results, the emissions of the according engines were calculated. The “best case” and “without gas engines” scenarios of gas engine development were established in the analysis. Based on the analysis results, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by domestic gas engines in 2020 was predicted and the proportion of the gas consumption of gas engines to the gas supply was estimated. The results show that, in the best case promoting gas engines would make considerable contribution to the greenhouse gas emissions reduction. It would help to reduce about 7.47, 18.25 and 450.1Mt CO2e in city public transportation, ship power and thermal power generation fields, respectively, and its national wide CO2e reduction contribution would be 5.3%. Natural gas, coal mined gas and landfill gas that consumed by gas engines would account for 15%, 18.5% and 50% of the supply of these gases, respectively. Considering the domestic gas energy structure and gas fuel supply status, promoting gas engines is feasible in China.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 62-71 [Abstract] ( 184 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 443KB] ( 804 )

	72	Influence of mechanical stirring on the rapid granulation of CANON sludge
		LI Dong, SU Qing-Ling, LIANG Yu-Hai, WU Qing, ZHANG Jie
		Effect of different control modes on the granulation of the CANON sludge were studied with the aeration SBR reactor (R1) and aeration combined with mechanical stirring SBR reactor (R2). R2 granulation used 40 days, a third shorter than R1; the mean TN removal efficiency and volume loading of R2 was higher and more stable than R1, which was 83.07% and 0.26kgN/(m3·d), which confirmed the mechanical stirring will improve the particle growth rate and nitrogen removal performance. This research demonstrated that aeration combined with mechanical stirring was an efficient method to shorten the granulation time of the CANON sludge and achieve stable and high removal of TN.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 72-79 [Abstract] ( 149 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 485KB] ( 542 )

	80	Enhanced treatment of petrochemical wastewater by using A/O biofilm reactor and analysis of biofilm community
		ZHANG Nan, CHU Li-Bing, DING Peng-Yuan, WANG Xing, YANG Qi, WANG Jian-Long
		An A/O biofilm reactor was developed for the treatment of petrochemical wastewater. Porous plastic spherical carriers filled with modified polyurethane foams were added in the aerobic parts to improve the degradation of organic pollutants. The A/O biofilm reactor was fed with effluent from the hydrolysis acidification tank (phase I), a mixed petrochemical and domestic wastewater with a ratio 3:1 (phase II) and petrochemical wastewater (phase III), respectively. Results showed that the removal efficiency of COD and ammonium maintained stable despite their great fluctuation in influent, indicating that the A/O biofilm reactor had a good capacity to resist the loading shock. At a hydraulic retention time of 30h, COD and ammonium removal reached 74%~77% and 96%~93%, respectively. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus removal were 58% and 79%, respectively. The performance of reactor at phase II was the best. The effluent COD and ammonium concentrations kept at (63±12)mg/L and (0.75±0.28)mg/L, respectively. Total nitrogen in the effluent existed mainly in the form of nitrate and nitrite maintained at low levels (less than 0.1mg/L), which indicated that nitrification proceeded almost completely. The molecular weight (MW) of organic matters in the influent ranged mainly in less than 1kDa (70.9%) and more than 100kDa (10.4%). In the effluent, MW of organic matters was mainly in less than 1kDa (56.6%) and 1~5kDa (26.2%). The distribution ratio of organics with a MW of higher than 10kDa decreased, indicating that A/O biofilm reactor was good at degradation of the macromolecular organics. Analysis of 454pyrosequencing showed that Proteobacteria accounted for most of sequence (60.0%), followed by Planctomycetes (16.9%) and Bacteroidetes (9.8%) at the phylum levels. At the genus levels, ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) Nitrosomonas and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) Nitrospiraceae Nitrospira and denitrifier Azospira and Thermomonas were identified. NOB were highly enriched which was consistent with the good nitrification.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 80-86 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 423KB] ( 932 )

	87	Effect of different organic matters on anammox coupling denitrifying
		LIU Chang-Jing, LI Ze-Bing, ZHENG Zhao-Ming, WANG Chun-Xiang, WANG Chang-Wen, ZHANG Mei-Xue, ZHAO Bai-Hang, LI Jun
		The effect of different organic matters on nitrogen removal performance of anammox coupling heterotrophic denitrification process was investigated by continuous cultivation and serum bottle batch tests. In view of TN removal rate, the results showed that the sequence of these orgnic matters’ influence on the coupling reactor was (from minimum to maximum): sodium benzoate, o-dihydroxybenzene, m-dihydroxybenzene, sodium propionate, sodium acetate;. sodium benzoate, o-dihydroxybenzene, m-dihydroxybenzene, sodium propionate and sodium acetate have a little impact on the anaerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria. Phenol denitrifying bacteria could use sodium benzoate, o-dihydroxybenzene, m-dihydroxybenzene, sodium propionate and sodium acetate as electron donor for denitrification. Different organic matters had different influences on phenol denitrifying bacteria and then affected the cooperative and competitive relationship between phenol denitrifying bacteria and anaerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria. Benzoic acid was the possible product of phenol degradation.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 87-94 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 536KB] ( 795 )

	95	Inhibitory effect of free ammonia on the activity of nitrifying bacteria and recoverability
		SUN Hong-Wei, YOU Yong-Jun, ZHAO Hua-南, GUO Ying, YU Hai-Yan, LI Han, MA Juan
		In order to investigate the inhibition of free ammonia (FA) on nitrifying bacteria (ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, NOB), after the nitrite pathway was stably achieved in an sequencing batch reactor (SBR) by synergetic interaction of FA and process control, the inhibitory effect of FA on AOB and NOB was investigated at different FA concentrations (1.0,5.3,16.6,13.4,9.9,5.2,1.0mg/L) levels. It demonstrated that, at FA concentration of 13.4mg/L, nitrite accumulation rate (NiAR) gradually increased, nitrate accumulation rate (NaAR) decreased, and chen the nitrite pathway was successfully established in the SBR. Further study showed that this level of FA had a certain inhibitory effect on the activity of AOB and NOB. Compared to AOB, NOB was more sensitive to FA. AOB activity could recovered quickly, while the NOB activity was completely inhibited all along. Thereafter, when the FA concentration was gradually decreased to 1.0mg/L (the lowest level in this study), AOB maintained good activity, however, the NOB activity had not recovered. Therefore, under the concentration of FA used in this experiment, AOB inhibition by FA was reversible, while NOB activity was non-reversible.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 95-100 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 384KB] ( 1025 )

	101	The start-up and characterization of a three-stage nitrification biological contact oxidation reactor
		ZHANG Miao, PENG Yong-Zhen, WANG Cong, WANG Chuan-Xin, XUE Xiao-Fei, PANG Hong-Tao
		The start-up and characterization of a three-stage nitrification biological contact oxidation reactor were studied using actual sewage. The experimental results showed that by using the intermediate sedimentation tank effluent as influent for the biofilm incubation in biological contact oxidation reactor, the biofilm matured within 20 day without additional inoculation sludge, and the NH4+-N removal efficiency reached above 98%. The biomass and biofilm thickness of three stages gradually decreased in the flow direction, and the highest biomass and biofilm thickness were 1271.25mg/L and 119.45 μm respectively. By analyzing the nitrifying characteristics, the results revealed that the three stages had higher specific nitrification uptake rate (SNUR) even at low temperature of 15℃, and the second and third stages were both higher than the first stage at the same temperature (15, 23, 32℃). In view of the above phenomenon, the ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) ratio in each stage were roughly estimated according to the specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR). The AOB of three stages were (25.64+4.89)%, (34.59+5.02)% and (42.50+1.57)% while the NOB were (23.52+3.35)%, (39.65+4.26)%, (40.69+2.19)% respectively. In addition, the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results derived on day 125after initial operation showed that the bacterial distribution of three stages do exist differences.The AOB and NOB were more dominant in the second and third stages, compared to the first stage.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 101-109 [Abstract] ( 168 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1110KB] ( 521 )

	110	The relationship between microbial community structure and anaerobic MBR membrane fouling at a room temperature
		SUI Li-Xin, HU Qi, GAO Da-Wen
		An anaerobic membrane bioreactor was run at a room temperature to investigate the relationship between microbial community structure and membrane fouling. Changes in the microbial community structure of membrane surfaces were studied by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (T-RFLP) technology. The relationship between the microbial community structure and soluble microbial products (SMP), extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were also investigated. Membrane fouling period was 18d at a room temperature, and the removal rate of CODCr was approximately 93%. The succession of microbial populations made the concentration of microbial metabolites gradually increased and accelerated the process of membrane fouling. The dominant microbial species of membrane surface were Raoultella, Owenweeksia hongkongensis when film pressure was slowly rising. When the pressure rose steadily, the dominant bacteria changed into Delftia acidovorans, Halothiobacillus neapolitanus. At last, the microbe of bp78 become the climax community. When the membrane fouling is through the slow rising period and steady rising period, the pressure (pTM) and the diversity of microbial community structure showed a significant positive correlation. When membrane fouling was in the rapid rising stage, top community appeared on the surface of the membrane silk, and microbial community diversity decreased significantly. At this point, the diversity of microbial community structure showed weakly related with the membrane pressure. The evenness of microbial community on membrane surface increased firstly and then decreased as membrane pressure rose, and the microbe continued to adhere on the membrane surface firstly, and then competed with each other until the top community appeared.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 110-115 [Abstract] ( 192 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 414KB] ( 667 )

	116	Analysis of denitrifying bacteria community composition in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification systems
		ZHENG Lin-Xue, LI Jun, HU Jia-Wei, HOU Ai-Yue, BIAN Wei, ZHENG Zhao-Ming
		The diversity of denitrifying bacteria in the aerobic tank of a simultaneous nitrification and denitrification system was studied by building nirS cloning library chain reaction (PCR) and molecular cloning. 75 clones were randomly selected from the cloning library to be sequenced and blasted. 74 clones belonged to three different bacteria groups, including β-proteobacteria、γ-proteobacteria and uncultured bacterium. β-proteobacteria was the dominant bacterial group in the aerobic tank, which accounted for 54.41% in the library; γ-proteobacteria was the second group and accounted for 25%. 12 OTU were selected from the 74 sequenced clones for phylogenetic analysis using MEGA software, the Thauera was the main denitrifier genera in the system.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 116-121 [Abstract] ( 201 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 349KB] ( 1418 )

	122	Dechlorination and removal of hexachlorobenzene and influence factors in a sodium carbonate/glycerol system
		HUANG Hai, JIANG Jian-Guo, XIAO Ye
		Series of batch experiments were set up to evaluate the effects of hydrogen donors, bases, catalysts and temperature on the removal and dechlorination efficiencies (HRE and HDE) of hexachlorobenzene (HCB, as a case compound). The results indicated that the Na2CO3/glycerol system was an efficient BCD system for HCB. The amount of base significantly influenced the dechlorination efficiency of HCB in the Na2CO3/glycerol system. When the mass ratio of HCB: iron: Na2CO3: glycerol was 1:1:12:90, HRE and HDE were 99.9% and 91.9%, respectively. Some chlorobenzenes were completely dechlorinated to benzene and volatilized from the system. The research showed weak base could also effectively catalyze the removal and dechlorination of HCB, which was similar to strong base. Since the Na2CO3/glycerol system was efficient for the organochlorine compounds, like HCB, and reagents used were cheap and abundant could be a promising system for BCD application.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 122-128 [Abstract] ( 219 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 428KB] ( 565 )

	129	Transport characteristics of nanoscale zero valent iron carried by three different vehicles in porous media
		SU Yan, ZHAO Yong-Sheng, LIANG Xiu-Chun, LI Lu-Lu, QIN Chuan-Yu
		Batch and column experiments were conducted to discuss the stability of NZVI in three vehicles, such as water, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution and SDS foam, and the transport properties in three diameter sands (0.25~0.5mm, 0.5~0.9mm, 0.9~1.4mm) within the three vehicles. Three main results were obtained in this work. First, for bare NZVI suspension, the effluent rate of NZVI from column were 20.9%,17.4% and 6.5% for 0.9~1.4mm, 0.5~0.9mm and 0.25~0.5mm diameter sands, respectively. Moreover, the spatial distribution of NZVI particles in porous media met the following order: 0.9~1.4mm>0.5~0.9mm>0.25~0.5mm. For SDS-NZVI suspension, the delivery ability were more enhanced in 0.9~1.4mm, 0.5~0.9mm than that in 0.25~0.5mm diameter sand. The spatial distribution of NZVI particles in porous media met the following order: 0.5~0.9mm >0.9~1.4mm>0.25~0.5mm. For NZVI-laden foam, the mobility of NZVI in porous media was enhanced in 0.5~0.9mm and 0.25~0.5mm diameter sands compared with that of NZVI suspension and SDS-NZVI suspension. The spatial distribution of NZVI particles in 0.5~0.9mm diameter sand was the best, followed by 0.25~0.5mm and 0.9~1.4m diameter sands. Finally, the results showed that the migration of NZVI in porous media was accelerated by SDS solution and SDS foam compared to water. Besides, the acceleration of transport of NZVI carried by SDS solution was relatively obvious in 0.9~1.4mm diameter sand, while the acceleration of transport of NZVI carried by SDS foam was greater than that by SDS solution in 0.25~0.5mm diameter sand.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 129-138 [Abstract] ( 157 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 657KB] ( 591 )

	139	Surrogate model of numerical simulation model of groundwater based on Wavelet Neural Network
		WANG Yu, LU Wen-Xi, BIAN Jian-Min, AN Yong-Kai
		Western Jilin was selected as the study area, and the groundwater numerical simulation model for this area was established. Monte-Carlo and Latin Hypercube method were applied to sample exploitation of 10counties (cities) as practicable range in the study area, Latin Hypercube Sampling was selected to obtain input (pumping) and output (water level drawdown) data sets, and wavelet neural network was proposed to establish an surrogate model of the groundwater numerical simulation model, Compared the fitting mean relative error of wavelet neural network model with that of multivariate nonlinear regression model. Two surrogate models both could approach the function of numerical simulation model of groundwater, however, the relative error of mean groundwater level drawdown and the remaining average relative standard deviation of groundwater level drawdown between wavelet neural network model and simulation model was smaller than the multiple nonlinear regression model 76% and 45%, which indicated that the wavelet neural network model can effectively replace groundwater numerical model. This study will provide an effective surrogate method to reduce computational load resulted from multiple invocation of the numerical simulation model of groundwater in the processes of iteration solution by optimization model.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 139-146 [Abstract] ( 226 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 796KB] ( 653 )

	147	An anaerobic degradation model for landfilled municipal solid wastes considering effects of pH and VFA
		GUO Ru-Yang, CHEN Yun-Min, LI Yu-Chao, ZHAN Liang-Tong, Beaven R P
		A two-stage anaerobic degradation mechanistic model was developed to describe degradation processes and behaviors of municipal solid wastes (MSWs). Primary environmental factors, including moisture content, VFA and pH, were considered in this model. In order to simulate degradations in different leachate acidified situations, effects of unionized VFA and pH on methanogenesis were considered separately. An equation calculating leachate pH under high CO2 atmospheric pressure was presented, and an approach for estimating CO2 pressure in landfilled conditions was provided. The effectiveness of this model was demonstrated by simulating a degradation experiment of MSWs. Finally, analyses were conducted with the presented pH calculating equation. Results showed that high CO2 pressure in landfilled environment affected leachate pH remarkably; a consistent correlation between pH and VFA at different acidified levels was not available; under highly acidified condition leachate pH was not sensitive to VFA concentration change and the inhibition caused by unionized VFA was considerable.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 147-156 [Abstract] ( 204 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 947KB] ( 771 )

	157	The potential risk evaluation of farmland soil from new submerged area in Danjiangkou Reservoir
		WANG Jian, YIN Wei, ZHAO Xiao-Lin, YANG Man, DUAN Cheng, ZHU Dun, SHI Zhi-Hua
		Comprehensive index was used to assess the potential risk of soils from submerged area in Danjiangkou reservoir through field investigation and indoor simulation experiments. The results showed that the background content of soil total nitrogen was 0.3~3.8g/kg, and its average was 1.1g/kg. The background content of soil total phosphorus was 0.2~2.4g/kg, and its average was 0.8g/kg. The contents of nitrogen and phosphorus were mainly concentrated in Danjiangkou reservoir tributaries, and the content of new submerged area was low. The content of soil dissolved total nitrogen was 0.2~11.8mg/L, and soil dissolved total phosphorus was 0.006~2.2mg/L. The average of soil dissolved total nitrogen; total phosphorus was 4.1, 0.3mg/L, respectively. The spatial distribution of soil dissolved nitrogen, phosphorus and the background values of soil nitrogen, phosphorus was similar. The proportion that the area of the risk assessment level from low to high accounted for the entire new submerged area was 3.3%, 21.2%, 56.9%, 15.9%, and 2.7%. Most of the new submerged area was low risk level, and high risk area was mainly concentrated in the tributary area of Danjiangkou Reservoir, which was required a focus in eco-environmental governance.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 157-164 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1016KB] ( 564 )

	165	Distribution characteristics of nonylphenol in Taiyuan Xiaodian sewage-irrigated soil
		LIU Yuan, ZHANG Cai-Xiang, LIAO Xiao-Ping, YAO Lin-Lin, LI Jia-Le, LIU Min, XU Liang, LUO Yin-Wen
		The distribution characteristics of nonylphenol (NP) in sewage-irrigated soils were investigated in Xiaodian, Taiyuan city. The results showed that NP was ubiquitous in sewage-irrigated soil, and the concentration of NP in soils was as the following order: sewage-irrigated area > transition area > groundwater-irrigated area. Generally, NP content decreased as the distance from the drainage increased formed and presented positive correlation with the content of total organic content (TOC) but a negative correlation with pH value. In borehole sediments, the deeper sampling depth, the lower NP content, until another enrichment layer occurred, which indirectly implied the irrigation history and the migration capacity of NP towards deeper soiland was relative to the soil characteristics.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 165-170 [Abstract] ( 230 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 478KB] ( 637 )

	171	Distribution pattern of microbial ATP-biomass in the sediment of the Songhua River basin
		LIU Jie, TU Teng, JI Yu-Rui, WANG Ying-Ying
		The distribution pattern of microbial ATP-biomass was analyzed in the sediment of the Songhua River basin. The results indicated that ATP exhibited a significant geographical distribution pattern. There was a higher ATP content in the river source and urban areas than in other parts of the river basin. Statistical analysis, including principal component analysis, multivariate regression tree and response model analysis, showed that ATP was one of the main principal characteristics in sediment. Among 11factors measured in the present study, the distribution variance of ATP can be explained first by geographic distance (latitude, 39.79%), and then by environmental factors (total nitrogen, 18.49%; nitrate nitrogen, 16.24%). The ATP content changes with latitude were fit to a quadratic curve (P<0.001). It was positively correlated to total nitrogen content (P=0.027) and negatively correlated to nitrate nitrogen content (P<0.01). Meanwhile, a significant correlation was also observed between ATP content and organic matter, total phosphorus and altitude (P<0.05). The significant correlation to multiple nutrients suggests that ATP monitoring has considerable potential for the evaluation of nutrient levels in aquatic environments.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 171-178 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 644KB] ( 667 )

	179	Diversity and abundance of ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in surface sediments in Beiyun River
		BAO Lin-Lin, CHEN Yong-Juan, WANG Xiao-Yan
		The community diversity, abundance, and phylogeny of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) in the surface sediments of Beiyun River were investigated using various molecular techniques targeting the ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes. Diversity and abundance of bacteria were higher than those of archaea. AOB were the dominant ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in Beiyun River. For AOB, sediment samples from main stream and tributary were cluster into two categories. In contrast, AOA communities showed relatively slight site-specific difference. Correlation analysis indicated that concentration of ammonia (NH4+) and the sum of nitrite and nitrate of sediment were the main factors affecting the community compositions of ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes, and AOB was much more sensitive to environmental change. The amoA gene copy numbers of AOA and AOB in wet sediment ranged from 1.32×105 to 1.91×106copies/g and from 5.39×105to 8.3×106copies/g, respectively. The sediment ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in downstream of the dam showed the highest abundance. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of the cloned amoA sequences of both AOA and AOB belonged to soil/sediment group. A considerable proportion of AOB sequences were highly affiliated with soil Nitrosospira lineage. Because of the influence from wastewater treatment plant effluent, some amoA sequences were similar to those recovered from activated sludge and wastewater.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 179-189 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 639KB] ( 821 )

	190	Biological effects of typical metal oxide nanoparticles on Nitrosomonas europaea
		LIU Mei-Ting, YU Ran, CHEN Liang-Hui, WU Jun-Kang
		The biotoxicities and impact patterns of three widely used nanoparticles (NPs) TiO2, CeO2and ZnO (n-TiO2, n-CeO2 and n-ZnO) on the typical ammonia oxidizing bacteria, Nitrosomonas europaea were investigated. N.europaea was exposed to the NPs at a series of concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 50mg/L) for 6h. The effects of NPs on N.europaea were positively correlated with the exposed NP concentrations and the 50mg/L n-CeO2 and n-ZnO significantly impaired the cell membrane integrity, cell density, and ammonia oxidization rate. n-ZnO showed the highest biotoxicity among the three NPs while n-TiO2 showed the least. n-ZnO with its nano-size was considered to induce the serious nanotoxicities on N.europaea although the Zn2+ dissolved from n-ZnO also contributed to n-ZnO toxicty.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 190-195 [Abstract] ( 157 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 624KB] ( 572 )

	196	Inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms by alkaline pretreatment and kinetic analysis
		YIN Fu-Bin, LI Zi-Fu, WANG Dong-Ling, BAI Xiao-Feng
		The alkaline pretreatment effect for different TS of faecal sludge (8%, 10%, 12%) to inactive the pathogens (fecal coliforms, Salmonella spp., fecal streptococcus, and helminth eggs) and disintegrate the faecal sludge (SCOD and soluble protein) was studied. The resulting microbial inactivation curves were either described by the Weibull or first-order model and goodness fit of two models was investigated. The results showed that when the pH was 10or 12 at the beginning, four kinds of pathogens were completely removed after three days, and the Weibull model exhibited data of pathogen inactivation more efficiently than the first-order model. When the pH was 10, the SCOD of faecal sludge increased 1.84~1.89times, soluble protein increased 8.25~9.39times. When the pH was 12, the SCOD of faecal sludge increased 1.90~1.97times, soluble protein increased 8.62~9.89times.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 196-203 [Abstract] ( 168 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 531KB] ( 709 )

	204	Nutrients distribution characteristics and their environmental significance of Taihu lakeside wetland sediments
		WANG Ying, HU Wei-Ping
		Lakeside wetland is an important transition zone between the aquatic ecosystem and the adjacent terrestrial ecosystem. In recent years, extensive lakeside wetland restoration projects of Lake Taihu have been carried out. However, the long-term function and sustainability of lakeside wetland restorations remain largely unexplored. Taking the natural lakeside wetland in Dongtaihu Bay, the restored lakeside wetland in the Eastern Shoreline and Zhushan Bay as a case, this paper calculated sedimentation rates with high-resolution radionuclide timing (210Pb-date to age-depth profile translation), and combined with grain-size and vertical distribution characteristics of TOC, TN, TP to analyze accumulations of TOC, TN, TP in the natural lakeside wetland sediments. The results showed that the sediments were mainly compromised of silt in either natural lakeside wetland or restored one. The average sedimentation rates of natural lakeside wetland in Dongtaihu Bay were: 0.74cm/a of Phragmites communis, 0.69cm/a of Zizania caduciflora, 1.24cm/a of Typha orientalis, 1.27cm/a of Hemarthria altissima, 0.81cm/a of Nelumbo nucifera. In recent 40years, the accumulations of TOC, TN, TP (per cm2) in natural lakeside wetland sediments of Dongtaihu Bay were: TOC 1408.0mg, TN 138.2mg, TP 14.31mg. For the restored lakeside wetland, with development of vegetation, the accumulations of nutrients in the restored lakeside wetland would be increasing. There is a large potential in sediment pool. As the external pollution under control, the lakeside wetland has a long-term function of purifying water.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 204-210 [Abstract] ( 192 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 569KB] ( 674 )

	211	Distribution characteristics and environmental significance of different silicon forms in surface sediments of Shanmei Reservoir
		YI Cheng-Guo, GUO Pei-Yong, LU Ding, CHEN Jia-Mei, TENG Cong, WANG Ya-Ru
		Tessie's sequential extraction method was used to analyze different forms of silicon (IEF-Si, CF-Si, IMOF-Si and OSF-Si) in surface sediments from a subtropical mountain deepwater reservoir-Shame Reservoir in Quanzhou City, and their temporal and spatial distribution were investigated. Total concentrations of silicon in surface sediments ranged in 3043.50~4414.24, 2711.17~3676.89, 3198.44~4444.28mg/kg in normal water period, dry season and wet season, respectively. Total concentrations of silicon in surface sediments of this reservoir from high to low was as follows: tail zone of reservoir, central zone of reservoir, near-dam zone, storage zone. IEF-Si and CF-Si accounted for a small proportion of total silicon, but they were active species. Although IEF-Si content was low, its potential release was likely to impact the trophic state of aquatic ecosystem and the primary production. CF-Si was sensitive to environmental factors, especially pH. The percentages of IMOF-Si and OSF-Si were much larger than those of other two forms. Mobility of IMOF-Si was probably the main way to supply Si in the Shanmei Reservoir. OSF-Si was relatively stable and its distribution was linked with the sediment type and environmental. The concentrations of CF-Si and IMOF-Si were positively correlated during normal water period (P<0.05,r=0.728) and wet season (P<0.05,r=0.672). The concentrations of IMOF-Si and OSF-Si also had significantly positive correlation in wet season (P<0.05,r=0.757) and dry season (P<0.01,r=0.832), respectively.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 211-217 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 429KB] ( 872 )

	218	Characteristics of internal nitrogen loading and influencing factors in Dianchi Lake sediment
		WANG Miao, YAN Hong, JIAO Li-Xin, WANG Sheng-Rui, LIU Wen-Bin, LUO Jie, LUO Zheng-Qian
		The vertical distribution characteristics of the pore water nitrogen concentration of the sediment from Dianchi Lake are studied, the nitrogen diffusion flux at its sediment-water interface was estimated quantitatively based on Fick diffusion law, and its influencing factors were also discussed. The results show: The total dissolved nitrogen of the sediment pore water from Dianchi Lake was mainly in the form of NH4+-N, accounting for 72.30%, With the increasing depth its concentration presented an increasing trend; followed by dissolved organic nitreogen (DON), accounting for 24.59%, with the increasing depth the concentration presented a trend of first increasing then decreasing gradually stabilized. NO3--N accounted for a lower proportion, and the concentration with depth increasing showed a decreasing trend. The amount of the NH4+-N diffused at sediment-water interface was between 12.73 and 59.74mg/m2·d [With an average of 30.18mg/(m2 ·d)]. The amount of the NH4+-N released was 3305.04t per year for the whole lake, and those of Caohai, Northern, Northeast and South of Waihai were large, average 35mg/(m2·d). Their spatial distribution presented decreasing trend from the north region to the south region gradually, the amount of the DON released was 1147.55t annual, which had a similar spatial distribution with NH4+-N. The amount of the NO3--N diffusion flux was from -2.70 to 0.27mg/(m2·d) [with an average of -0.50mg/(m2·d)], and its releasing trend was from the overlying water to the sediment. Compared with other lakes in our country, the sediment from Dianchi Lake with the larger nitrogen concentration, its NH4+-N fluxes at sediment-water interface was higher, so there was the larger effect on the ammonia concentration of the overlying water. That was significantly positively correlation between its NH4+-N fluxes from the sediment with its total nitrogen, organic matter, exchangeable nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen content of exchangeable in sediment, so the NH4+-N released of the sediment from Dianchi Lake was mainly influenced by its exchangeable nitrogen, particularly ammonia nitrogen content. The potential risk of the DON release from sediment was large, which was correlated with its values of C/N in sediment significantly at the same time.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 218-226 [Abstract] ( 200 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 692KB] ( 844 )

	227	Spatial differentiation of water potential energy anomaly in Taihu Lake in summer and its mechanism
		ZHAO Qiao-Hua, HANG Rong-Rong, WANG Ling, QIN Quan
		Based on the meteorological data and water temperature profile in Dapukou, Meiliang Bay, Bifenggang, Pingtaishan and Xiaoleishan from 7 June to 28 August in 2013, the spatial characteristics and its possible mechanism of the potential energy anomaly were studied. The potential energy anomaly presented not only diurnal variation, but also significant spatial differentiation: there was relatively stable stratification and the stratification had been not destroyed for some days in Bay, such as Meiliang Bay and Bifenggang; there was typically diurnal stratification in open water region, such as Dapukou, Pingtaishan and Xiaoleishan. Namely, the stratification may be established in daytime and destroyed in nighttime. There was relatively weak spatial differentiation of the heat flux received by water and significant spatial heterogeneity of mixing effect resulted from dynamics. The spatial heterogeneity of the potential energy anomaly or stratification was primarily caused by the spatial differentiation of dynamic mixing effect.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 227-235 [Abstract] ( 287 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 973KB] ( 693 )

	236	Distribution and structure of nutrients in seawater and ecological responses in Dalian Bay
		ZHANG Yu-Feng, TIAN Jin, YANG Shuang, LI Ai, WANG Nian-Bin
		Nutrient concentrations in seawater, and content of N, P, Si and chlorophyll a in different-sized particulates were measured in Dalian Bay during the cruises carried in summer and autumn of 2012. The temporal and spatial distributions of nutrients and chlorophyll a were studied, and the nutrient compositions and structures in different-sized fractions of phytoplankton were discussed. The high concentration areas of nutrients and chlorophyll a were usually in Choushuitao Bay and Tianshuitao Bay. The concentration decreased gradually from the inner bay to the outer bay. The distributions of nutrients in different-sized particulates showed no consistent trends, and the concentrations of nutrients in the northwest were higher than the middle of the bay. Seasonal variations in nutrients were higher in autumn than in summer (except DIN), however the content of chlorophyll a indicated an opposite variation. P was the limiting factor of phytoplankton growth, and Si was the limiting factor of nutrient compositions in different-sized fractions of phytoplankton. Among phytoplankton groups, picophytoplankton growth was the most adaptable in the nutrient structure of Dalian Bay.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 236-243 [Abstract] ( 213 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 553KB] ( 598 )

	244	The interactive effects of temperature, light, and pulsed phosphate supply on the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum
		ZHOU Hui-Min, FENG Jian-Feng, ZHU Lin, LI Wen-Jiao
		Effect of phosphate pulsed supply on the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum under different temperature and light levels wes explored. More significant effects of pulsed phosphate supply on Phaeodactylum tricornutum under higher temperature levels were found. The continuous phosphate supply and low-frequency pulses promoted rapid growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum. However, the interactions of high temperature (18℃、25℃)and light intensity [125μmol/(m2×s)]would inhibit the absorption ability of Phaeodactylum tricornutum on phosphate. Results confirmed that temperature, light and pulsed phosphate supply had significant interactive influences on the Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 244-250 [Abstract] ( 150 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 591KB] ( 514 )

	251	The distribution and enrichment characteristics of fluoride in geothermal active area in Tibet
		SUN Hong-Li, MA Feng, LIU Zhao, LIU Zhi-Ming, WANG Gui-Ling, NAN Da-Wa
		Thirty geothermal and surface water samples were collected from the twelve main geothermal fields in Tibet to analyze the occurrence and distribution of fluoride in Tibet. The results showed that concentration of fluoride varied between 0.34and 19.2mg/L, fluoride concentrations of all the geothermal water samples exceed 2.0mg/L. The fluoride's concentrations in the south were slightly higher than those in the north in the research area. The more abundant of fluoride, the hotter of the surface temperature. Generally, fluoride was more enriched in Na types' water (e.g. Cl-Na and Cl×SO4-Na types) than in Ca types' water (e.g. HCO3-Na×Ca and HCO3-Ca types). The main mechanisms of fluoride's enrichment in geothermal water may included: the mixture of deep geothermal fluid; the leaching of fluorite and silicate minerals containing fluoride. Comparison these two main mechanisms showed that 1st one was more important for forming extremely high fluoride’s concentration, the 2st one was more common in the research area. The enrichment mechanism of arsenic was similar as fluorine in the study area, and that was why the two elements had similar patterns in the spatial distributions. Strict environment regulations should be placed to manage arsenic and fluoride-contamination.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 251-259 [Abstract] ( 164 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 674KB] ( 739 )

	260	Effect of AMSR-E data interference on the retrieval of land surface parameters
		ZHANG Si-Bo, GUAN Li
		There are spread radio-frequency interference (RFI) problems of the low-frequency observations of the spaceborne microwave imagers, e.g. AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer). A modified principal component analysis method was used to identify RFI and then its influence on the retrieval of surface parameters was studied. Next, the AMSR-E data corrected by linear fitting correction of RFI were used to retrieve the surface parameters through 1D-Var method. By comparing the retrieved products (e.g., land surface temperature and surface rainfall rate) before and after RFI correction over the United States, it was found that retrieved land surface temperature and surface rainfall rate which were interfered by RFI were abnormally high and with large deviations. Therefore, it was necessary to effectively identify and correct RFI prior to low-frequency observations with spaceborne microwave imagers to retrieve land surface parameters or assimilate these observations. And the modified principal component analyzing RFI identification method and linear fitting RFI correction algorithm were effective for the observations over land.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 260-268 [Abstract] ( 140 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 990KB] ( 597 )

	269	Review on monitoring marine radioactivity since the Fukushima Nuclear Accident
		LIN Wu-Hui, CHEN Li-Qi, HE Jian-Hua, MA Hao, ZENG Zhi, ZENG Shi
		Fukushima Nuclear Accident (FNA) is the most serious problem in marine radioactive contamination. Therefore, monitoring and assessment of the marine radioactivity become globally concerned and hot spot since the FNA. This paper will review on radioactive source term derived from the FNA through marine pathway and surveys from some countries. Based on marine radioactivity background and the national and international standards, the results from marine radioactive monitoring were evaluated. Finally, we propose to develop marine radioactivity database according to the marine nuclear safety and necessary of demotic or international marine radioactive monitoring.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 269-276 [Abstract] ( 203 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 759KB] ( 1137 )

	277	Association of PM10 derived from dust events with daily outpatient number for cardiovascular diseases
		YANG Zhen-Hua, ZHANG Yue-Xia, ZHANG Quan-Xi, ZHANG Jian, LU Bin, MENG Zi-Qiang
		To explore the association between atmosphere particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM10) and daily outpatient visits for cardiovascular diseases, all good-sized hospitals in Wuwei city in Gansu province, northwest of China, in which blowing sands and dust storm have taken place frequently, were selected. During the period from March 1st to May 31st in 2004, the association between the concentrations of PM10 and daily outpatient visits for cardiovascular diseases was investigated when dust and sand events occurred frequently. The semi-parametric generalized additive Poisson regressions model (GAM) was used to analyze the associations between PM10, NO2, SO2 and daily cardiovascular outpatient number relative risks by controlling the long time trends, season, meteorological variables, and calendar effect. The results showed that PM10 was significantly associated with increased outpatient visits from a lag of 2 days total cardiovascular diseases in the male and female patients, while PM10 was significantly related to a lag of 3 days and 4 days rheumatic heart disease for males and females, respectively. Besides, the results confirmed the positive and statistically significant association between PM10 with a lag of 2 days and the outpatient visits for male hypertension or with male ischemic cardiovascular diseases. The nonsignificant effects were observed in female hypertension visits or in arrhythmia and congestive heart failure visitors for males and females. Co-pollutant model and multi-pollutant model pointed out that, after adjusting for SO2 and/or NO2, there was a decreasing effect of PM10 on daily outpatient numbers for cardiovascular diseases, but positive significant association was still retained. Nevertheless, after adjusting for other pollutants, the association between daily outpatient numbers for cardiovascular diseases and neither SO2 nor NO2 was significant. Categorical model of PM10 showed that relative risks of cardiovascular diseases (rheumatic heart disease, hypertension, ischemic cardiovascular diseases, arrhythmia, congestive heart failure) were increased with intensity of dust and sand events (from normal clean day, light contaminated day to blowing sands day, dust storm day) in a dose-related manner. PM10 derived from dust and sand events was positively associated with increasing of many cardiovascular disease outpatient visits for males and females with the effect across various lags. The effect of dust and sand events on the male subjects with hypertension was higher than those on the females. There is a dose-related manner between the concentrations of PM10 and relative risks of cardiovascular diseases. Because of strong association between PM10 concentrations and intensity of dust events, the relative risks of many cardiovascular diseases were increased with intensity of dust and sand events, and the influence order was: normal clean day
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 277-284 [Abstract] ( 235 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 480KB] ( 777 )

	285	Oxidative damage of mouse liver tissue induced by diisononyl phthalate
		LU Jie, DAI Yuan-Yuan, LUO Hui, GONG Jin-Feng, WANG Xu-Yang, WU Yang, YANG Xu, MA Ping
		To investigate the oxidative damages of diisononyl phthalate on mouse liver cells, Kunming mice were randomly grouped into five groups and orally administered with drugs daily for fourteen days; the groups included one solvent control group, four diisononyl phthalate groups. The exposure doses of diisononyl phthalate groups were 0.5, 5, 50 and 500mg/kg respectively. Some liver tissues were then made into homogenates for the measurement of ROS (reactive oxygen species), GSH (glutathione), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and MDA (Malondialdehyde) contents. Meanwhile, DPC (DNA-protein Crosslink) coefficients were detected from liver cell suspension. The liver contents of ROS, MDA, 8-OHdG and DPC coefficients increased gradually in a dose-dependent manner, whereas GSH content decreased accordingly. In the exposure group with the dose of 50mg/kg, ROS, GSH, 8-OHdG contents and DPC coefficients were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05, P< 0.01); There were significant differences in levels of each biomarker between 500mg/kg group and control group (P< 0.05,P< 0.01). Meanwhile liver tissues were sliced for physiological observation,the results showed that tissue injury were severed gradually with the increase of exposure concentration. diisononyl phthalate at certain doses (350mg/kg) can induce oxidative stress in mice liver.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 285-290 [Abstract] ( 153 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 504KB] ( 672 )

	291	Kinetic study of the bioaccumulation of benzo [a] pyrene in two sea creature’s tissues
		LI Lei, JIANG Mei, SHEN Xin-Qiang, WANG Yun-Long, WU Qing-Yuan, NIU Jun-Xiang, XU Gao-Peng
		Benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) was one of the most important pollutants in the marine environment. To understand the bioaccumulation characteristics of BaP in Exopalaemon carinicauda and Portunus trituberculatus, the kinetic parameters (uptake rate constant (k1), elimination rate constant (k2), bioaccumulation factor (BCF), and biological half-life (B1/2) of the BaP bioaccumulation and elimination in crustaceans E. carinicauda and P. trituberculatus tissues were determined used the semi-static two-compartment kinetic model. The range of k1, k2, BCF, CAmax and B1/2was 12.34 to 24.96, 0.06 to 0.10, 208.41 to 248.03, 12.40 to 93.79ng/g, 6.89 to 11.71days, respectively, the average value of k1, k2, BCF, CAmax and B1/2 was 18.80, 0.08, 228.02, 129.07ng/g, 8.95days for BaP in the E. carinicauda tissues. And in the P. trituberculatus tissues, the range of k1, k2, BCF, CAmax and B1/2was 8.59to 66.20, 0.09to 0.19, 147.11to 171.79, 8.59 to 66.20ng/g, 3.65 to 7.70 days, respectively, the average value of k1, k2, BCF, CAmax and B1/2 was 22.55, 0.14, 158.11, 32.70ng/g, 5.43 days. It was found that the uptake rate constant (k1), elimination rate constant (k2) and bioaccumulation factor (BCF) in E. carinicauda and P. trituberculatus tissues generally decreased with the increase in BaP exposure concentration in ambient seawater, the CAmax, B1/2was increased with the increase in BaP exposure concentration in ambient seawater. The results showed that BaP could easily cause bioaccumulation in E. carinicauda and P. trituberculatus tissues, the bioaccumulation contents in E. carinicauda tissues was higher than in P. trituberculatus tissues, the bioaccumulation rate in early stage was higher than the bioaccumulation stage in later, where the release rate of BaP become slower in later stage.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 291-297 [Abstract] ( 150 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 508KB] ( 586 )

	298	Analysis of the co-benefit of emission reduction measures in China’s iron and steel industry
		MA Ding, CHEN Wen-Ying
		In this study, we selected 22 energy-saving and emission-reduction measures, evaluated the emission reduction potentials, reduction costs and co-benefits, and tried to get the optional path for the CO2 mitigation of China’s iron and steel industry. The results showed that: based on the current steel output and production structure, the total emission reduction potentials are 146.8Mt CO2, 314.2kt SO2, 265.7kt NOx and 161.5kt PM10, respectively, accounting for about 9.7%, 13.1%, 27.3% and 8.9%. If consider energy-saving benefits, 10measures are cost-effective and the total emission reduction potentials are 98.0 Mt CO2、210.0kt SO2、211.0kt NOx and 89.0kt PM10, respectively. If we consider the energy-saving and co-benefits, 14measures are cost-effective and the total emission reduction potentials are 123.4 Mt CO2、264.0kt SO2、234.0kt NOx and 130.0kt PM10, respectively. For the iron and steel industry, we should consider the reduction costs, energy savings and co-benefits, based on the emission reduction cost and choose the most cost-effective measures.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 298-303 [Abstract] ( 246 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 433KB] ( 1362 )

	304	Pilot calculation of resource productivity in Chinafrom 2000 to 2010
		LI Nan, ZHANG Tian-Zhu, ZHOU Bei-Hai
		The model of Chinese Economy-wide Material Flow Analysis (CEW-MFA) was built on the basis of evaluating the requirements of management in China. Traditional tools of material flow analysis were complementarily developed. RP in China was defined as a group of four indicators on the basis of CEW-MFA: Direct Material Input (DMI)/GDP, Domestic Material Consumption (DMC)/GDP, Comprehensive Reutilization (CR)/(CR+DMI) and CR/Total Generation (TG).Finally, a pilot calculation of material flow and the four RP indicators of 2000~2010was carried out, as well as the international comparison of the two resource economic outputindicators. The result showed that total amount of current material metabolism of China is large, with DMI approximately 12 billion tons and DMC over 10.7 billion tons in 2010. There is still a considerable gap between RP of China and that of the developed countries. GDP/DMI and GDP/DMC in 2010 are￥2260/t and ￥2512/t, respectively. CR has a significant growth,while both CRR (1) and CRR (2) are overall increasing, with CRR (1) from 16% in 2000 to 23% in 2010 and CRR (2) from 46.8% to 54.1%.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 304-311 [Abstract] ( 180 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 686KB] ( 685 )

	312	The modified model of the emergetic ecological footprint: a case study of Changsha City
		ZENG Xiao-Xia, LIU Yun-Guo, HUANG Lei, HU Xin-Jiang, ZENG Guang-Ming, TAN Xiao-Fei, TANG Hui, FAN Yang-Fan
		The emergetic ecological footprint model has been considered to be a valuable and significant method for quantitatively analyzing regional sustainable development. Nevertheless, the deviated results are affected by the ecological carrying capacity, which is not accounted with the factors of economy, science and technology progress. This research introduced the virtual accounts of socio-economic development to modify the model, and took Changsha City as an example for validity check. The results indicated that the modified model, which paid more attention to the elements of eco-economic system but only the ecological component, were more reliable, accurate and reasonable than the original model. Based on the modified emergetic ecological footprint model, the annual ecological carrying capacities of Changsha City were without significant change from 2000to 2011, with the average value of 2.31hm2per capita. While the ecological footprint, which average value was 2.44hm2per capita, exhibited a trend of rapid growth and caused a gradually increase of the ecological deficit with the average value of 0.13hm2per capita. The giant pressures from the agricultural activity and the heavy industry with high-level energy consumption were considered to be the principal factors, which prompted the growth of the local ecological deficit.
		2015 Vol. 35 (1): 312-320 [Abstract] ( 137 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 534KB] ( 528 )

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