Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae

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CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

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	2015 Vol.35 Issue.2,Published 2015-02-20

	321	Comparison of two flagging approaches to the observed CO2 mole fractions at the Longfengshan WMO/GAW Regional Station in China
		LUAN Tian, FANG Shuang-Xi, ZHOU Ling-Xi, YAO Bo, LIU Zhao
		As to the atmospheric CO2 mole fractions measured by the in-situ system from 10m above the ground at Longfengshan station in Heilongjiang province from January 2009 to December 2011, applicability of SWDV (Surface Winds and Diurnal Variations) method and REBS (Robust Extraction of Baseline Signal) technique in data flagging was studied. Except summer, both flagging methods could be applied to the observed data at Longfengshan regional station. The background data flagged by both methods could reflect the CO2variation trend and the non-background data flagged by both methods could reflect the influence of the local sources/sinks. But REBS was more disadvantageous to be used in summer with heavy vegetation coverage at Longfengshan regional station. About 30.7% and 58.9% valid hourly data were flagged as regional representative by SWDV method and REBS technique, respectively. 21.5% and 32.0% of the observed data were commonly classified as background and non-background events, respectively. The difference of background seasonal averaged CO2 mole fractions between the two methods was relatively small in spring with a value of (0.1±0.3)×10-6, larger in winter and autumn, and the largest difference in summer with a value of (4.2±1.0)×10-6. Case studies proved that the data during daytime when the airflow was from the southwest direction by SWDV method and the data at calm conditions by REBS method were occasionally mis-flagged as background events. In summer, it was difficult to distinguish whether the CO2 mole fractions were affected by anthropogenic pollution in the daytime by REBS technique or not, because the photosynthesis was strengthened in that period, which leaded to the large difference of background values between two methods.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 321-328 [Abstract] ( 269 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 629KB] ( 904 )

	329	Variation characteristics and influencing factors of air pollution in Pearl River Delta area from 2006 to 2012
		LIAO Zhi-Heng, SUN Jia-Ren, FAN Shao-Jia, WU Dui, REN Ming-Zhong, ZHOU Jian
		Observations of Pearl River Delta (PRD) regional air quality monitoring network during 2006-2012 were employed to capture the temporal and spatial variation characteristic of air pollution over PRD and then the causes of that were analyzed. Air quality had improved generally in PRD region as result of the decrease in SO2, NO2 and PM10 concentrations by 61.7%, 17.4% and 24.3% during 2006-2012, though 12.5% increase in O3 concentration in the same period. Air quality was better in wet season (April to September) than dry season (October to March), and the monthly-averaged concentrations of various pollutions were all bimodal, with peaks in December and March for SO2, NO2 and PM10 and October and May for O3. The high concentrations for SO2, NO2 and PM10 were mainly distributed in Foshan and Guangzhou but for O3 mainly in outside suburbs of PRD. The trends of concentration for different pollutants were not consistent in different regions of PRD. The central region of PRD had more significant decrease in primary pollutants, and those decreases were induced by many factors, especially in economic downturn and environmental protection policies. However, the relatively weaker control of VOCs, as well as climatic change, could intensify the secondary pollution particular in O3.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 329-336 [Abstract] ( 316 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1220KB] ( 1436 )

	337	An observational study of aerosol hygroscopic growth factor and cloud condensation nuclei in Nanjing in summer
		LI Qi, YIN Yan, GU Xue-Song, YUAN Liang, KONG Shao-Fei, JIANG Qi, CHEN Kui, LI Li
		In order to study the physical and chemical properties of aerosols in Yangtze River delta (YRD) more comprehensively, especially the hygroscopic growth and activation feature. In this study, aerosol hygroscopic growth factor (GF) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in urban Nanjing were studied in August 2013. A Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (H-TDMA) was utilized to observe the hygroscopic parameters at 90% relative humidity (RH) for particles with dry diameter between 32~350nm. And a Cloud Condensation Nuclei Counter (CCNC) was employed to measure the number concentration of CCN (NCCN) at supersaturation of 0.2%~0.8% simultaneously. The statistical results show that, the hygroscopic growth behavior of aerosol particles is shown as a distinct bimodal distribution, and can be classified into a dominant more-hygroscopic (MH) group and a smaller less-hygroscopic (LH) group. In addition, the hygroscopic growth factor of particles of different diameters, especially the Aitken mode and accumulation mode particles, exhibited clear differences. Meanwhile, insoluble substances and secondary aerosols accounted for a large proportion. It was also found that, in a stable weather condition, aerosol tended to be in an internally mixed state. During the period of observation, the average NCCN was 13776cm-3 (at 0.6% supersaturation), which was higher than other coastal, mountains, arid and clean urban areas. The peak diurnal variation of NCCN appeared at noon, which was mainly related to the photochemical reactions. The observations also show that the light fog process on August 25 had a clear wet scavenging effect on CCN. A comparison of the NCCN calculated from hygroscopic parameter-k with actual measured NCCN, indicating that combination of the hygroscopic parameter-k under sub-saturation from actual measurement and the K?hler equation may well predict the activation ability of aerosols to CCN under supersaturation.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 337-346 [Abstract] ( 292 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 735KB] ( 925 )

	347	Analysis on atmospheric boundary layer and regional transport during PM2.5 Pollution episodes in Fuzhou
		JIANG Yong-Cheng, ZHAO Tian-Liang, WANG Hong, WANG Qiong, CHANG Lu-Yu, TAN Cheng-Hao
		In this study focusing on the air quality changes in January 2013, Fuzhou, the capital city of Fujian Province, we investigated the impacts of changes in atmospheric boundary layer and regional air pollutant transport on the atmospheric particulate matter PM2.5 in Fuzhou. By using the ground and radiosonde data operationally observed in Fuzhou and NCEP FNL analysis data of January 2013, the atmospheric boundary variations were characterized by the correlation analysis between atmospheric boundary layer elements and PM2.5 concentrations. By employing the HYSPLIT backward trajectory model and the correlation vector analysis, the regional pollutant transport to Fuzhou in January 2013 was explored. The results indicated that surface air temperature were positively correlated with the PM2.5 concentrations, while near-surface wind speeds were negatively correlated with PM2.5 concentrations, reflecting that favorable boundary layer conditions are conducive to the local formation and accumulation of haze pollutants. However, none of temperature inversion structures existed in the boundary layer during the high PM2.5 pollution in Fuzhou, differently from the typical temperature inversion layer for haze occurrences over the pollutant source regions in Eastern China. The non-inversion in vertical temperature structures in Fuzhou implied that Fuzhou haze events with the vertical mixing of air pollutants from upper layer to surface layer could be greatly contributed from the regional air pollutant transport, and Fuzhou was regarded as a receptor region of PM2.5 pollutants imported from its surrounding source regions. The HYSPLIT modeling and the correlation vector analysis confirmed that the clean days with low PM2.5 in January 2013 were accompanied with southeast winds from ocean to land; the PM2.5 levels for the haze pollution were enhanced by the transport in the northerly winds from the pollutant source region over the Yangtze River Delta region, northern Jiangsu and Anhui, Henan area. The regional transport pathways and source regions of PM2.5 for Fuzhou in January 2013 were identified.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 347-355 [Abstract] ( 349 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 684KB] ( 1244 )

	356	Aerosol characteristics during photochemical pollution in Shanghai Area
		ZHAO Chen-Hang, GENG Fu-Hai, MA Cheng-Yu, CHEN Yong-Hang, MAO Xiao-Qin
		Ozone concentration and their frequency distributions were analyzed among different function areas in Shanghai based on measurements of ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, PM10), aerosol particle size distribution and meteorological parameters. With observations from tmospheric composition and meteorological sites, the study was focused on the period exceeding ozone standard between year 2011~2013. Summer photochemical pollution was very serious in Shanghai. Ozone pollution occured significantly more often in the suburban area than the central urban area. Photochemical pollution showed different patterns in different function areas, with more serious conditions at Jinshan chemical district and Chongming Island. Through analysis of aerosol variations before and after photochemical pollutionevents, aerosol concentrations, especially PM increased significantly. PM1/PM2.5 ratios during the pollution episodes were also significantly higher than during clean days, indicating that secondary aerosols increased significantly with the enhancement of photochemical reaction. Therefore, PM1 could be used as an important parameter to evaluate photochemical pollution.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 356-363 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 606KB] ( 638 )

	364	Air pollution effect of the thermal power plants in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region
		BO Xin, WANG Gang, WEN Rou, HE You-Jiang, DING Feng, WU Cheng-Zhi, MENG Fan
		Since there haven’t been any research on the explicit analysis of the air pollution of thermal power plants in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, we conducted this research to complement the great need, which was based on the power plants’ emission datum consisted of CEMS, EIA, as well as follow-up inspection. With these datum we built the bottom-up emission inventory of all thermal power plants in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Making use of the WRF output data, we simulated the meso-scale meteorological field by CALMET. Then we simulated the air pollution effect of SO2, NOx, primary PM10,sulfates,nitrates under different scenarios. The simulation result showed that: In 2011, the most affected subarea of the air pollution of thermal power plants was the Southwest part of the region, the highest annual average pollutants emission records was held by Shijiazhuang. After the emission reduction action has been taken, the total amount of SO2, NOx, PM10 emitted from the thermal power plants has respectively reduced 33%,71%,68% of those in 2011. Another gratifying result was that the annual average concentration of SO2, NOx, primary PM10, sulfate, nitrate caused by the power plants has reduced to respectively 46.34%,78.43%,76.34%,39.49%,73.87%,significantly lower than those before the emission reduction action has been taken.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 364-373 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1272KB] ( 833 )

	374	Emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from typical solvent use factories in Beijing
		MO Zi-Wei, LU Si-Hua, LI Yue, SHAO Min, QU Hang
		VOC emission compositions from solvent use factories in Beijing were measured using canister-GC-MS/FID analysis system. Aromatics (22%~55%) and alkanes (13%~44%) were major species in auto-painting factories while alkanes (43%~71%) and oxygenated VOCs (17%~19%) were dominant in printing factories. VOC species emitted from electronic lithography industries were characterized as high content of acetone (10%~18%), while the proportion of other VOC components were quite discrepancy as to different manufacturers. VOCs treatment facilities, such as the catalytic combustion system, could re-shape the VOC profiles from the factories. Comparing with previous studies, our results showed that the printing profiles were similar, in which alkanes and aromatics were the most abundant species, while the profiles of auto-painting were very different from the others, very likely due to changes in the paints.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 374-380 [Abstract] ( 178 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 369KB] ( 810 )

	381	Estimate of vehicles generation of secondary organic aerosols of Tianjin
		YU Yan, WANG Xiu-Yan, YANG Wen
		We obtained the species information of vehicle exhaust of Tianjin and the concentration data of each species through the tunnel experiment. Among the 88kinds of VOCs we have monitored, there are 23 kinds of VOCs have potential to generate SOA. We estimated secondary organic aerosols (SOA) generation potential with fractional aerosol coefficients (FAC) based on the monitored data of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the vehicles exhaust of Tianjin. The results show that o-xylene, toluene, benzene, m-xylene, p-xylene and p-diethylbenzene have the largest production accounted for 13.8%, 10.22%, 9.74%, 8.39%, 8.10%, 7.64% of total SOA, respectively. In among of the vehicles exhaust, aromatics are considered to be the biggest contributors to the SOA, accounting for 88.95% of the total SOA. Therefore, the key to reduce the quantity of SOA is to control the emissions of aromatic hydrocarbons.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 381-386 [Abstract] ( 248 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 376KB] ( 946 )

	387	Emission characteristics of PAHs from open and residential biomass burning
		ZHANG Yi-Sheng, ZHANG Hou-Yong, LUAN Sheng-Ji, ZENG Li-Wu, HE Ling-Yan, HUANG Xiao-Feng, WU Jian-Sheng
		Biomass burning are typical combustion sources of PAHs in rural China. In this study, emissions of gaseous and particulate PAHs from typical biomass burning types were measured by laboratory simulations using a self-designed dilution chamber system under real combustion conditions. Rice straw, corn stalk, peanut stem and soybean stalk were burned in a cook stove to simulate water boiling tests. Rice straw, corn stalk, peanut stem, litchi leaves, and leaves from Ficus virens and Ficus microcarpa were burned in an open platform to simulate field burning activities. Emission factors of three typical burning types, including crop residues open burning, foliage open burning and indoor crop residue combustion were higher than previously reported values, respectively. Spectral distributions of emitted PAHs from above burning types were similar. Medium to high-ring PAHs accounted for 22.2% to 28.8% of total PAHs emitted from biomass burning. PAHs diagnostic ratios as indicators of certain pollutants sources may introduce significant uncertainty, when they were adopted in source apportionments of atmospheric PAHs.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 387-395 [Abstract] ( 175 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 502KB] ( 599 )

	396	Real-time calculation model for vehicle emissions based on floating car data
		HAO Yan-Zhao, SONG Guo-Hua, QIU Zhao-Wen, WANG Hong-Tu
		Floating car detection technology can collect data for single car, and the average speed in the data is continuous according to constant sampling interval. In view of this feature, a real-time emission model for light duty vehicles was established using road test data. In the process of modeling, one parameter of average speed increment (ASI) was applied to classify the average speed, and reflect emission changes under the same average speed. Compared with the test values, the calculation errors of the model are less than 10% for CO2, and are less than 15% for NOx, HC and CO. Further, a model application method was proposed, which can calculate the traffic exhaust pollutions in real time.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 396-402 [Abstract] ( 147 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 407KB] ( 548 )

	403	Optimization of efficiency on partial nitrification under the mode of alternating anoxic/oxic in sequencing batch reactor
		GAO Chun-Di, WANG Wei-Xiao, LI Hao, JIAO 二Long, PENG Yong-Zhen
		Using Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) treating domestic wastewater, quick start of partial nitrification was carried out through the mode of alternating anoxic/oxic. Time of achieved partial nitrification, treatment efficiency and ammonia utilization rate were investigated in different ratio of anoxic/oxic time. The results showed that the ratio of anoxic/oxic time was 1:1and 2:1, while two systems nitrite accumulation rate raised to 90% after 31days and 55days respectively, the state of partial nitrification was stable. Besides, ammonia removal efficiency was attained above 95% and the COD effluent concentration was less than 50mg/L. The total nitrogen removal was enhanced about 20%, and pollutants removal efficiency was increased. Form the complete nitrification to the partial nitrification, ammonia utilization rate increased 67.5% and 89.8% respectively, at the same time, efficiency of the partial nitrification was improved. Meanwhile, sludge had significantly better settling performance, sludge volume index was stable at 60~80mL/g.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 403-409 [Abstract] ( 191 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 666KB] ( 497 )

	410	Removals of dissolved organic matter fractions by different wastewater treatment processes in winter
		XUE Shuang, JIN Wu-Ji-Si-Gu-Leng, CHEN Zhong-Lin, WANG Zhi, WANG Jian, WEN Yang, ZHANG Ying, WANG Jie
		The removals of dissolved organic matter (DOM) fractions as well as changes in the spectroscopic characteristics of DOM fractions in four municipal sewage treatment plants in the Northeast in winter were investigated. DOM was fractionated using XAD resins into five fractions: hydrophobic acid (HPO-A), hydrophobic neutral (HPO-N), transphilic acid (TPI-A), transphilic neutral (TPI-N) and hydrophilic fraction (HPI). Removals of DOM by anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2/O)、biological aerated filter (BAF)、suspended carrier activated sewage (SCAS) and A2/O processes were high, and the BAF process was the most efficient process for reduction of DOM. Both aromaticity and specific trihalomethaneformation potential (STHMFP) increased as a result of the four wastewater treatment processes. The increases in aromaticity of HPO-A and TPI-A caused by the A2/O process were the greatest, while those of HPO-N、TPI-N and HPI caused by the BAF process were the greatest. The increases in STHMFP of HPO-A, TPI-A and HPI caused by the SCAS process were the greatest, while those of HPO-N and TPI-N caused by the A2/O and BAF processes were the greatest, respectively. The removal efficiency of fluorescent materials in HPI was higher than that of non-fluorescent materials by the four wastewater treatment processes. On the other hand, the changes in different fluorescence peaks of the other four DOM fractions caused by different wastewater treatment processes were distinct and different.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 410-419 [Abstract] ( 168 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 717KB] ( 519 )

	420	Modeling organics rejection during ultrafiltration in advanced wastewater treatment
		HUANG Yun-Qing, SUN Fu, ZENG Si-Yu, DONG Xin, CHEN Ji-Ning
		Based on the concentration polarization theory and pore blocking effect, a model was developed to predict organics rejection during ultrafiltration in advanced wastewater treatment. The model was calibrated and validated against data collected from pilot-scale experiments. Results of model validation indicated that the model could well predict the time variations of permeate UV254 during ultrafiltration with absolute relative errors between simulated and observed data less than 10%. Regional sensitivity analysis and uncertainty analysis of model parameters suggested that the model exhibit a robust and reliable structure. The influence of different operating conditions, including filtration time, flux and feed concentration, on permeate concentration was investigated with the developed model. Results indicated that the pore blocking effect dominated in the initial stage of ultrafiltration and increased the rejection rate of organics, whereas concentration polarization effect dominated the rest and decreased rejection. The rejection rate of UV254, with a constant feed concentration of 0.1cm-1, was decreased by 13% when the flux increased from 5×10-5 m/s to 1×10-4m/s. With a constant flux of 5×10-5m/s, however, the permeate UV254 concentration was 50% lower at a feed concentration of 0.1cm-1 than that at 0.2cm-1. Therefore the model could simulate the influences of influent quality and operating conditions on effluent quality for the ultrafiltration process in advanced wastewater treatment, and thus provide decision support for the optimization of ultrafiltration with respect to pretreatment, filtration period and flux.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 420-426 [Abstract] ( 186 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 536KB] ( 627 )

	427	Ozonation characteristics of DOM in secondary effluent based on fluorescence PARAFAC analysis.
		JIN Xin, JIN Peng-Kang, KONG Qian, BAI Xue, WANG Xiao-Chang
		The characteristics of DOM in secondary effluent at different ozone dosages were investigated based on EEM parallel factor analysis. There were three fluorescent components in secondary effluent. Component 1was protein-like substances and the other two components were humic-like substances. The three components will react with ozone intensively at ozone dosage 0.98mgO3/mgTOC. Linear regression analysis showed that the reaction between ozone and component 1and 2could account for the removal of color, UV254and UV280. In addition, the HPLC-SEC analysis confirmed the PARAFAC analysis results and revealed that ozone will react preferentially with small molecular weight substances in component 1. However, there was little reaction between ozone and high molecular weight substances in component 1.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 427-433 [Abstract] ( 197 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 766KB] ( 720 )

	434	Process and effectiveness of destratification by aeration-induced internal waves in a reservoir
		SUN Xin, BIAN Jing, JIE Yue, YE Li-Li, MA Lan
		Aiming at the common problems of conventional destratification technologies such as high energy consumption and low energy efficiency, a pilot model reservoir with a thermal structure evolved from the natural convection was developed and constructed, the feasibility of developing internal waves induced by aeration was explored, and the process and effectiveness of destratification by internal waves were analyzed. Periodic outflow from the water-lifting aerator could act as a disturbing source to generate internal waves in stratified water environments, and the periods and amplitudes of internal waves depended on the air flowrate. Under the experimental air flowrates of 0.07~0.28m3/(m2·h) and temperature gradients of 0.29~0.48℃/m in the thermocline, the destratification process was mainly characterized by reducing the temperature difference between epilimnion and hypolimnion, impelling the thermocline downwards and thinning the hypolimnion,the speed of destratification increased with the air flowrate but decreased with the temperature gradient. Heat exchange between water layers of different temperatures could be enhanced through vertical fluctuations and horizontal propagation by internal waves. Compared with the conventional destratification by circulated flow, under the temperature gradients of 0.32℃/m and 0.46℃/m, when the air flowrate was increased from 0.07m3/(m2·h) to 0.28m3/(m2·h), the efficiencies of destratification by internal waves could be increased by 25.0%~40.0% and 41.2%~60.0%, respectively.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 434-441 [Abstract] ( 135 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 619KB] ( 465 )

	442	Model-based analysis for step response characteristics of the anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process
		ZHOU Zhen, QIAO Wei-Min, JIANG Lu-Man, WU Zhi-Chao, WANG Zhi-Wei, DU Xing-Zhi, JIANG Ling-Yan
		An anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic (AAO) process model was developed and applied to obtain step response signals of process variables including influent flow rate (Qf), step feed ratio (SF), dissolved oxygen (DO) in the aerobic zone, waste activated sludge (WAS), returned activated sludge (RAS) and mixed liquor recirculation (MLR). Through sensitivity analysis and response time tests, the effects of these variables on process performance, as well as the dynamic characteristics of these variables were studied. Pollutants concentrations in the effluent were highly sensitive to Qf, WAS, RAS and MLR. WAS demonstrated slow response speed and therefore was suitable for long-term adjustment of the process. DO in the aerobic zone was suitable for short-term adjustment of ammonia nitrogen concentration in the effluent. Total nitrogen concentration in the effluent was sensitive and fast responding to both RAS and MLR. Total phosphorus in the effluent was sensitive to RAS but insensitive to MLR. The functional biomass of the AAO system were greatly affected by Qf. The most effective variables for heterotrophic and autotrophic biomass concentrations were WAS and RAS. The order of sensitivity of phosphorus accumulating organisms to variables was WAS > MLR > RAS > DO.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 442-447 [Abstract] ( 147 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 412KB] ( 483 )

	448	Effect of influent carbohydrates with different molecule-size on sludge settleability
		YANG Xiong, PENG Yong-Zhen, SONG Ji-Chen, WANG Shu-Ying, WANG Jie
		It’s still unclear whether the sludge settleability would be affected by the molecule-sizes of carbohydrates. In order to reveal this correlations, long term effects of influent carbohydrates with different molecule-size on sludge settleability were investigated in this study. Three lab-scale sequencing batch reactors were operated by using particulate starch, soluble starch and glucose as the solo carbon source, respectively. The smaller the carbohydrate molecule-size was, the more sensitive the activated sludge was with the environment changing. Therefore, the system would be more easily to suffer with bulking problems when feeding with micro-molecule carbohydrate. The adsorbed particulate carbohydrate would highly increase the sludge settleability in the polymeric carbohydrate-fed system. The SVI was kept lower than 150mL/g in the glucose-fed system although the PHA production was only about 0.6mmol C/L. The carbohydrate to protein (C/P) ratio of the extracellular polymeric substances showed positive correlation with SVI. The C/P value increased from 0.248to 1.201while the SVI increased from 100to 600mL/g. The dominant filamentous bacteria of the particulate starch-, soluble starch- and glucose-fed system were Type 0041、M. parvicella and S. natans, respectively. Finally, the phosphorous removal efficiency could reach to 80% with glucose as the sole carbon source.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 448-456 [Abstract] ( 156 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2331KB] ( 649 )

	457	Identification of shallow groundwater pollution factors and spatial distribution in the urban areas of Jilin City
		LIU Bo, XIAO Chang-Lai, LIANG Xiu-Juan, ZHANG Jing, SHENG Hong-Xun
		For groundwater contamination management and contamination source identification, we collected 50groundwater samples in 2009 at Jilin City and 17parameters were tested for each sample. The Factor Analysis (FA) method was then employed to assess the degree of groundwater contamination in the shallow aquifer and identify the contamination source. Five factors (F1~F5) were extracted to represent transmission and enrichment, phosphorus emission, ammonia-nitrite-nitrates pollution, organic pollution and natural geologic environment, respectively. In addition, F1 and F5 represented environmental influence factors, F2~F4 represented human influence factors. As a result, the groundwater pollution was mainly induced by domestic and industrial wastewater discharge, industrial waste residue, fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture. Moreover, according to the spatial distribution of five factors, we found that the groundwater pollution was more serious in the central and northern part of the city and becomes better in the south. Based on the resulting pollution distribution, three areas of the ban exploiting, no drinking water, drinking water were divided to support the exploration of groundwater resources in the shallow aquifers.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 457-464 [Abstract] ( 165 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 941KB] ( 764 )

	465	Effect of NaCl salinity on activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and kinetic characterization
		ZHANG Yu-Kun, WANG Shu-Ying, DONG Yi-Jun, GU Sheng-Bo, PENG Yong-Zhen
		Nitrite accumulation was always observed in the saline wastewater nitrification process, but the effect of NaCl salinity on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) activity and kinetic characterization has not been clear. In this study, AOB was enriched in a lab-scale SBR system with high concentration of ammonium wastewater, and the partial nitrification was successfully achieved. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed that AOB accounted for (55 ± 7)% of total bacteria. The maximum specific ammonia oxidation rate was (0.92 ± 0.13)gN/(gVSS·d). The effect of NaCl salinity on AOB activity was investigated using this mixed culture. The kinetic parameters of AOB (KNH3、Ko) were also measured under NaCl salinity of 10g/L. Results showed that compared with NaCl salinity 0g/L, the activity of AOB decreased 37% under NaCl salinity of 15g/L and decreased 85% under NaCl salinity of 30g/L. When salinity was 10g/L, the maximum ammonia oxidation rate was (0.62 ± 0.03)gN(gVSS·d), the half-saturation constant for ammonia (KNH3) was (7.62±0.13)mg/L, the half-saturation constant for oxygen (Ko) was (0.39±0.04)mg/L. The KNH3 value was higher than recommended value of ASM2model. NaCl salinity could reduce maximum specific ammonia oxidation rate, and also affects the substrate (ammonia) affinity of AOB.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 465-470 [Abstract] ( 170 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 644KB] ( 635 )

	471	Optimized ultrasonic assisted extraction dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography- electron capture detector for extraction and determination of chlorobenzenes in sludge
		DAI Zhi-Xi, TIAN Li-Xun, WANG Guo-Dong, WENG Huan-Xin
		Ultrasonic assisted extraction dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UAE-DLLME) coupled with gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD) was applied to extract and determine six different types of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in sludge samples. Acetone was used as extraction solvent for CBs. The effects of various parameters such as ultrasonic time, ionic strength, volume of disperser and extraction solvents as well as extraction types were investigated to determine the optimum conditions for this method. Under the optimum conditions, the method’s coefficients of correlation (r2) were between 0.9993and 0.9999. The relative standard deviations (R.S.D., n = 6) varied between 3.2% and 4.4%. The limits of detection (LODs), based on signal-to-noise (S/N) of 3, were between 0.001and 0.2 μg/kg. The relative recoveries of the six CBs from three sludge samples, S1, S2and S3, were in the range of 89.2%~103.8%, 89.1%~104.3% and 94.5%~112.1%, respectively. It required less analysis time and harmful solvent than the conventional methods. The results showed that UAE-DLLME coupled with GC-ECD was an efficient, sensitive, and reliable method for the determination of CBs in sludge samples.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 471-477 [Abstract] ( 142 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 441KB] ( 459 )

	478	A method of optimizing the prediction model for the determination of water COD by using UV-visible spectroscopy
		TANG Bin, ZHAO Jing-Xiao, WEI Biao, JIANG Shang-Hai, LUO Ji-Yang, Vo Quang Sang, FENG Peng, MI De-Ling
		There are some problems in the prediction model of the determination of water COD by using UV-visible spectroscopy, such as low precision and slow convergence speed. This paper studied an optimization method based on particle swarm optimization algorithm in combination with least squares support vector machine algorithm, and introduced the principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm to reduce the dimension of the input data in order to improve the convergence speed of the model. PSO had the ability of fast convergence speed and global optimization. The penalty factor and the kernel function parameter of the traditional LSSVM model had been optimized by PSO to overcome the blindness of selecting parameters manually and disadvantages of LSSVM prediction model of low precision, poor robustness. LSSVM model and PSO_LSSVM model had been established, which the dimensionality of input data had not been reduced. PSO_LSSVM prediction model had been established, which the dimensionality of input data had been reduced by PCA. Comparisons were conducted by computing the evaluation standard of the convergence time, average relative prediction error (MRE) and root mean square error (RMSE), and result were that the prediction ability of PSO_LSSVM model which using PCA superior than other two. The algorithm of the model were achieved by C language which more easy to transplant, and laid the foundation for real-time, online determination of Water COD by using UV –visible spectroscopy.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 478-483 [Abstract] ( 183 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 690KB] ( 538 )

	484	Methane oxidation capacity of landfill cover loess and its impact factors
		YANG Yi-Biao, ZHAN Liang-Tong, CHEN Yun-Min, SHI Wei
		Batch tests with a duration up to 22 days were carried out on the loess samples to measure their methane oxidation capacity. Some loess samples were taken from the temporary covers with different durations of placement at Xi'an landfill, the others were produced by mixing fresh loess with different content of compost. The influence of moisture content on methane oxidation was also investigated. The relationships among the volume changes of different gas compositions during methane oxidation process were analyzed. The experiments demonstrated that the methane oxidation capacity of the covering loess depended significantly on the duration of placement on the landfill. The maximum methane oxidation capacity ranged from 26.05 to 53.95μg CH4/(g×h) for the temporary cover loess with a placement duration in between 3 and 5 years. The fresh loess had no methane oxidation capacity within 22 days of incubation. The admixture of fresh loess with compost significantly enhanced the methane oxidation capacity of the loess. When the compost content was less than 50%, the maximum methane oxidation capacity of loess increased linearly with an increase in the compost content. The moisture content of loess had a significant influence on the methane oxidation, and the optimum moisture content of loess for methane oxidation is 20% ~ 30%. During the methane oxidation process, about 44% of carbon in CH4 was oxidized to CO2, the rest carbon was converted to intracellular substances. In the design of a landfill final cover, the required methane oxidation capacity as well as the required compost addition should be determined according to the CH4 generation from the landfill and the gas permeability of the landfill cover.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 484-492 [Abstract] ( 152 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 550KB] ( 573 )

	493	Guaiacol catalysis by laccase in the reverse micellar systems
		LIU Huan, YUAN Xing-Zhong, PENG Xin, BAO Shan, MA Yu-Jie, WU Xiu-Lian, ZENG Guang-Ming
		In order to investigate the characteristics of the catalytic activity of laccase, several types of surfactants were adopted to construct reverse micelles, using guaiacol as substrate. The activity of laccase activity was measured to determine the optimum surfactant concentration and corresponding water solubilization w0 of CTAB, Tween-80, AOT and rhamnolipid reverse micelle systems. The optimum surfactant concentrations were 20, 50, 30, 10mmol/L with corresponding water content of 20, 25, 10, 30mmol/L for CTAB, Tween-80, AOT and rhamnolipid reverse micellar systems, respectively. Under this condition the effects of surfactant type on the catalytic activity of reverse micellar systems were studied. The transforming rate of substrate in the micellar system constructed by anionic surfactant was higher than these of the others, and the rhamnolipid micelle system performed best. After 6h, the conversion rate of rhamnolipid reverse micellar systems compared with CTAB,Tween-80and AOT reverse micelle systems were 44.12%, 34.6% and 29.43% higher, respectively.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 493-498 [Abstract] ( 154 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 535KB] ( 690 )

	499	Composition and distribution of the fluoride compounds in topsoil samples of Shenzhen
		LIU Xiao-Wan, ZHAO Liang, ZHANG Hong, CHAI Zhi-Fang, SHEN Jin-Can, YANG Bo, LIU Guo-Qing
		In order to explore the composition of fluoride compounds and their relationship with soil parameters,23topsoil samples were collected from Shenzhen. The total contant of fluorine (TF) and extractable organic fluorine (EOF) were measured using fluoride ion selective electrode, and the residue level of 13perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with solid phase extraction enrichment. The results indicated that the fluoride mainly existed in the form of inorganic fluoride, and its distribution followed the order of TF>>EOF>> IF (Identified Fluorine) in topsoil samples. EOF only accounted for 0.04% of TF, and IF accounted for 0.32% of EOF, indicating that nearly 99.7% of the EOF was unknown. Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate were the major PFCs residue species, accounting for 43%(18%~100%) and 20% (n.d.~44%) of ∑PFCs, which were higher in the west than in the east of Shenzhen. Soil parameters could affect the levels of EOF and ΣPFCs, which negatively correlated with pH, and positively correlated with topsoil organic carbon.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 499-505 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 589KB] ( 642 )

	506	Characteristics analysis of heavy metal pollution in soil alongside Hengshihe and Wengjiang river in Beijiang Basin
		ZHU Ai-Ping, CHEN Jian-Yao, JIANG Tao, GAO Lei, CHEN Yi-Dong, ZHONG Jin-Long
		To investigate the potential effects of heavy metal pollution in soil and water bodies, heavy metal content (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) of 49 soil samples collected from 13soil profiles alongside river were analyzed. Spatial variation of heavy metal content was discussed and the potential ecological risks of polluted soil and water bodies were assessed as well. The results showed that the levels of As, Cd, Cu and Zn content were 26.6~430mg/kg, 1.99~11.9mg/kg, 31.7~765mg/kg and 63.5~646mg/kg in zone I which were significantly higher than that in zone II (4.16~51.3mg/kg, 0.830~4.67mg/kg, 3.99~103mg/kg and 17.6~83.7mg/kg). The spatial variation of heavy metal content was resulted from different pollution sources (mining activities in Dabaoshan Mine, agricultural activities, traffic load and domestic wastes, etc.), the interactions between contaminated river water and groundwater, and the physical-chemical properties of soils (soil organic matter and fine particles component).As, Cu and Cd were identified as major pollutant,with Cd which being the most serious pollutant The index of geo-accumulation (Igeo) for Cd in zone I and II were 6.13 and 4.84, respectively, which exceeded the severe pollution level. The toxic unit (∑TU) of all soil profiles in zone I was higher than 4 which was considered as moderately toxic.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 506-515 [Abstract] ( 234 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 608KB] ( 788 )

	516	Three-dimensional fluorescence characteristic differences of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from two typical reservoirs
		LU Song, JIANG Tao, ZHANG Jin-Zhong, YAN Jin-Long, WANG Ding-Yong, WEI Shi-Qiang, LIANG Jian, GAO Jie
		Three-dimensional (3D) excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy was used to investigate the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in two typical reservoirs, Changshou Lake and Dahonghai Lake. Characteristics of DOM were analyzed in view of the riparian ecosystems, which was the predominant cause of variance and the source of DOM in the reservoirs. The difference between two riparian ecosystems was significant due to anthropogenic impacts. Four fluorescent peaks were seen in DOM from both lakes. More protein-like components were observed in Changshou Lake, while more of the high-humic component (peak C) was seen in Dahonghai Lake. Additionally, correlation analysis suggested different sources for the protein-like and humic-like components. However, the two humic-like components (peak A and peak C) were from similar sources. Furthermore, specific fluorescence parameters indicated a higher degree of humification and allochthonous (terrigenous) DOM in Dahonghai, where riparian ecosystem was dominated by forest environment. DOM in Changshou Lake was significantly autochthonous (authigenic) and fresh because of human impacts in the riparian ecosystem such as agricultural runoff from farms and orchards. Comparison of the fluorescence characteristics with historical references confirmed that riparian ecosystems, and especially land uses related to human activities were important factors in the DOM characteristics of adjacent aquatic environments.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 516-523 [Abstract] ( 317 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 608KB] ( 1410 )

	524	Variations in optical properties and water color during the formation of black bloom waters: a laboratory experiment
		LI Zuo-Chen, DUAN Hong-Tao, ZHANG Yu-Chao, SHAO Shi-Guang, MA Rong-Hua
		In the summer of 2007, a bloom of black water in Lake Taihu entered into the potable water supply of Wuxi city and left more than 1million people lack of drinking water. Recent evidence shows that these blooms involve massive production of dissolved organic carbon, most likely from inorganic carbon fixed in cyanobacterial blooms. Because blooms have limited spatial and temporal distributions, it is difficult to monitor them in situ. Remote sensing provides a new opportunity to monitor this complex carbon transformation. However, little is known about the temporal dynamics of optical properties of black bloom formation. In this study, we analyzed the daily transformation of particulate organic material to dissolved organic material, closely monitoring optical changes and water color during the simulation of a black water bloom in the laboratory. Results showed that during black water bloom formation: 1) CDOM absorption increased significantly, while absorption from suspended particulate inorganic matter decreased. 2) Phytoplankton pigments absorption (aph) varied over time. 3) Simulated water-leaving radiance and remote sensing reflectance decreased, allowingto examine spectral variations and water color in relation to bloom formation. These changes in optical properties of black bloom provided new opportunities to monitor these processes in lake conditions using remote sensing.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 524-532 [Abstract] ( 207 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 816KB] ( 575 )

	533	Uptake and depuration kinetics of arsenatein Microcystis aeruginosaunder different phosphate regimes
		WANG Zhen-Hong, LUO Zhuan-Xi, CHE Fei-Fei, YAN Ya-Meng, YAN Chang-Zhou
		The uptake and depuration kinetics of arsenate inMicrocystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) were investigatedunder phosphate-enriched (+P) and depleted (–P) culture conditions. Similarly, M. aeruginosa, pre-exposed to 10μmol/L arsenate for 24 hours under +P conditions, were used to examine arsenic efflux and species changes in culture media during 13 days depurations under +P and–P conditions. Results showed that P-depletion was found to significantly improve the accumulation of arsenate in Microcystis aeruginosa, in which the algae with high accumulated amounts of arsenic had high risks due to arsenic rapid efflux. Additionally, ca. 41.5% and 46.3%intracellular arseniccould be rapidly excreted in rapidclearance phase (2h) under +P and –P conditions, respectively. During the depuration period, arsenate efflux was the crucial process from algae cells in +P media, but arsenate reduction and methylation were observed in –Pmedia. This indicates significant differences inM. aeruginosa depuration mechanism under different phosphorus conditions.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 533-538 [Abstract] ( 159 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 387KB] ( 563 )

	539	Effect on nitrogen transfer and migration by Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara in water-sediment-submerged macrophytes system
		KONG Xiang-Long, YE Chun, LI Chun-Hua, ZHANG Lai-Jia, LI Yong-Feng
		The changes of nitrogen in water, sediment and submerged macrophytes (Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara) as well as its migration and transformation in the life cycle of V. natans were studied. The results indicated that the total nitrogen content was reducing continuously in V. natans and control treatments during the research stage, and the removing rate of total nitrogen in V. natans treatments was obviously higher than that in control treatments. The content of TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N in the water-sediment-submerged macrophytes system decreased by 41.68%, 81.96% , 93.34%, and the removal rates increased by 11.39%, 31.90, 0.28% than that in control treatment, respectively. In this system, the content of TN, NH4+-N, NO3--N in sediment decreased by 43.45%, 87.41%, 96.50%, and the removal rates are increased 13.78%, 37.26%, 1.68% than that in control treatment, respectively. V. natans contributed to nitrogen nutrients release in the sediment. The sediment microorganisms activity and the amount of nitrogen cycling bacteria were improved significantly. Therefore, the nitrogen cycle speed would be accelerated. The direction of transfer and transformation of nitrogen would be changed in the different stage of life cycle of V. natans. Compared with other stages, the nitrogen content in experiment group with V. natans decreased most during July to October of 2012. To October, the nitrogen content in water reached a minimum value.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 539-549 [Abstract] ( 174 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 605KB] ( 1030 )

	550	Influencing factors of zeolite in-situ remediation system to control moderately labile organic phosphorus migration and transformation in shallow water.
		SUN Shi-Quan, JIANG Chang-Bo, ZHAO Gang, NIE Xiao-Bao, TAN Wan-Chun, WAN Jun-Li, YU Guan-Long
		To unravel the mechanism of the control and release of the endogenous moderately labile organic phosphorus (MLOP) in the lake, the factor, which influenced the migration and transformation of endogenous MLOP using in-situ zeolite capping control, was studied. The results of the laboratory simulation of in-situ zeolite controling endogenous pollutions in lakes indicate that acidic water bodies promoted endogenous MLOP migration while alkaline conditions hindered it, and the relative concentrations of endogenous MLOP in sediments, under different pH conditions, were [MLOP/TP]pH8＞[MLOP/TP]pH7＞[MLOP/TP]pH6; temperature significantly increased the migration level of endogenous MLOD: the content of endogenous MLOP in sediments in low-temperature water bodies was lower than that in high-temperature ones. On condition of 5 ℃, the endogenous MLOP showed the highest apparent migration, and it also presented a power function relationship with the migration over time, which could be described as [MLOP/TP]=0.2823T0.657(R2 was 0.9709); the endogenous MLOP migrated under aerobic or anaerobic conditions; the migration features and the impact performance were highly in accordance. After the migration balance, the endogenous MLOP in aerobic and anaerobic conditions displayed a linear correlation, which could be described as [MLOP/TP]aerobic=1.0884[MLOP/TP]anaerobic -0.0271(R2 was 0.99895); illumination promoted the migration of endogenous MLOP, while dark condition and zeolite particle size showed relatively low influence. The migration and transformation efficiency of endogenous MLOP controlled, in-situ, by zeolite showed to be weak.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 550-557 [Abstract] ( 173 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 453KB] ( 527 )

	558	Stable organic nitrogen isotope in core sediments of the Three Rivers Estuary, Poyang Lake and its environmental implications
		WANG Mao-Lan, AI Yong-Ping, ZHANG Ding-Ling
		Samples of core sediments from the Three Rivers Estuary of Poyang Lake (Ganjiang River south branch, Fuhe River, Xinjiang River west branch and Poyang Lake) were collected. The compositions of stable nitrogen isotope (δ15N), C/N ratio, total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in these samples were determined for investigating the origin of sedimentary organic matter and nitrogen. The results showed that δ15N ranged from 2.44‰ to 4.55‰, 4.03‰ to 5.84‰, 3.79‰ to 4.81‰ and 3.42‰ to 8.13‰ in the sediment for the Ganjiang River south branch, Fuhe River, Xinjiang River west branch and Poyang Lake, respectively. The sedimentary organic matter was mainly from the soil organic matter in Ganjiang River. The sources of sedimentary organic matter were generally autochthonous in Fuhe River. The sources were mainly from the algae and the soil organic matter below 12cm, and autochthonous up 12cm in the sedimentary organic matter of Xinjiang River. In Poyang Lake, the sedimentary organic matter was autochthonous in the surface layer; the contribution of soil organic matter was obvious from 6cm to 3cm; the algae and the soil organic matter were the main sources of the sedimentary organic matter below 7cm. Chemical fertilizer and soil erosion were the main sources of nitrogen in sediments for Ganjiang River, Xinjiang River and Poyang Lake. The sources of nitrogen in the sediment were mainly from the soil erosion for Fuhe River.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 558-564 [Abstract] ( 187 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 364KB] ( 707 )

	565	Preliminary evaluation of the sediment quality for Lihu Lake
		LI Jia-Lu, JIANG Xia, WANG Wen-Wen, WANG Shu-Hang, ZHAO Li
		In order to protect the ecological environment of Lihu lake, the main environmental problem of Lihu lake was recognized based on the investigation of its overlying water and sediment as well as the benthic organisms. According to investigation results, the paper established sediment quality comprehensive evaluation system composing of one target layer, three element layers, and ten index layers to evaluated the sediment quality inLihu lake. Results showed that as for the sediment of Lihu lake, the relative important order of the three index layers was sediment pollution characteristics (0.522)>ecological characteristics (0.32)>water pollution characteristics (0.146). Benthic biodiversity index (0.282), ammonia flux (0.208), water quality classification (0.128), and phosphorus flux (0.109) had much more influence among the 10assessment index in the index layer. Sediment quality comprehensive index (SQCI) of Lihu sediments was 49~79, and sediment quality classification of Lihu Lake was slightly polluted and moderately polluted. SQCI in west Lihu lake was higher than that in east Lihu Lake, and central lake was higher than coastal areas. Results of multi-regression analysis between evaluation indexes and SQCI indicated that release of nitrogen and phosphorus in sediments and single benthic biodiversity were the main problems of Lihu Lake sediments. The assessment results were coincident with the Lihu Lake situations, and the study may have some implications for the sediment quality evaluation of other lakes.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 565-573 [Abstract] ( 190 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 721KB] ( 492 )

	574	Contamination and assessment of heavy metals in shellfish in the intertidal zone of sea islands in China
		SUN Yuan-Min, MA Zhi-Yuan, HUANG Hai-Ping
		Concentrations of six heavy metals, such as Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr and Hg in shellfish were analyzed in the intertidal zone of 22 typical islands in China during 2007~2008. Zn and Cu had comparatively higher concentrations than the others, while Hg had the lowest concentration in shellfish. Comparison of the metal concentrations in this study with those obtained during 1989 and 1992 suggested that no significant changes in metal concentration occurred since 1992. In addition, the pollution level of heavy metals was assessed based on the Standards for Marine Biological Quality. The results showed that concentrations of Zn exceeded seriously the standards in some sea areas, Cu and Cd took second place, and others were the lightest. The cause may be the discharges of land based pollutant and the different accumulation ability of heavy metals in shellfish.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 574-578 [Abstract] ( 135 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 349KB] ( 765 )

	579	Relationship between functional feeding groups of macroinvertebrates and environmental factors in Taizi River basin
		SHEN Hong-Yan, CAO Zhi-Hui, LIU Jun-Wei, WANG Wen-Huan, ZHANG Yuan
		According to the data obtained from field investigation in Taizi River basin during August 2009, five main functional feeding groups were analyzed, including collector-gatherers (gc), predator (pr), collector-filterers (fc), shredders (sh) and scrapers (sc). Gc represented a significant dominant in the macroinvertebrates community, which accounting for 85.5% of the total number of benthic animal individuals; followed by fc, sh, sc and pr, which accounting for 6.0%, 3.0%, 5.5% and 0.0% respectively. Gc had a strong tolerance to human disturbance, while pr, sh and sc were more sensitive to the change of environmental state. Through the correlation analysis between the relative abundance of five functional feeding groups and water quality factors, the result showed that gc was correlated with altitude, water temperature, conductivity, total nitrogen, nitrate and nitrite, while pr, sc and sh were correlated with altitude, temperature, conductivity, pH, total nitrogen and nitrite. Furthermore, through stepwise regression analysis between land use patterns and five functional feeding groups, the farmland and beachland had significant influence factors on gc, while farmland had significant effects on pr, sc and sh.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 579-590 [Abstract] ( 166 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 483KB] ( 568 )

	591	Comprehensive evaluation of eco-environmental sensitivity in Inner Mongolia, China
		LIU Jun-Hui, GAO Ji-Xi, MA Su, WANG Wen-Jie, ZOU Chang-Xin
		Using the integrated approach of GIS and RS technology, four factors including land desertification, soil erosion, soil salinization and biodiversity reduction were selected to establish the evaluation model of eco-environmental sensitivity in the present study. This paper analyzed the eco-environmental sensitivity and revealed its spatial characteristics in a quantitative way. The insensitive and extremely sensitive areas of land desertification made up 35.9% and 10.1% of the study area (1.183million square km), respectively. The surrounding areas of desertification in Inner Mongolia were the most environmentally sensitive regions. This was due to strong wind in winter and spring in these areas, and the soil mainly consists of sand and was seldom covered by vegetation. The slight, moderate and highly sensitive areas of soil erosion comprised about 43.9%, 30.2% and 19.2%, respectively. The trend of soil erosion sensitivity decreased gradually from Southeast to Northwest of Inner Mongolia, which was mainly a result of the vertical dropping slopes and spatial variation of precipitation. The insensitive and extremely sensitive areas of soil salinization made up 57.6% and 14.6%, respectively. The northwestern and eastern parts of Inner Mongolia were the most environmentally sensitive areas. The primary causes were negative impacts of arid climate and human activities. The insensitive, highly and extremely sensitive areas of bio-inhabitation comprise 30.5%, 25.1% and 10.6%, respectively. Highly sensitive areas are located in the northeastern parts of Inner Mongolia. The reason was that species richness was positively correlated with precipitation and vegetation cover in these areas. The highly and extremely sensitive areas of comprehensive eco-environment made up 27.9% and 9.6%, respectively. The high and extremely sensitive areas were located in the moderate and northern parts, and the insensitive, slight and moderate sensitive areas in the northwestern, northeastern and southeastern parts of Inner Mongolia.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 591-598 [Abstract] ( 245 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1187KB] ( 809 )

	599	Analysis of conservation effectiveness of wetland protected areas based on remote sensing in West Songnen Plain
		LU Chun-Yan, WANG Zong-Ming, LIU Ming-Yue, 欧Yang-Ling , JIA Ming-Ming, MAO De-Hua
		In this study, the national wetland nature reserves in West Songnen Plain were chosen as the research object, and remote sensing images (Landsat MSS/TM/OLI) were used to obtain the basic information of wetland. Minimum mean square deviation, variation coefficient, landscape metrics, information entropy model, GIS spatial analysis and landscape development intensity index were applied to explore the conservation effectiveness of wetland protected areas and driving factors. Results of this study showed that it was a generally decreasing trend for the conservation effectiveness of protected areas during 1987-2013. The disturbance of human activities on protected areas was increasing between 1987 and 2013. The significant negative correlation between the landscape development intensity index and conservation effectiveness suggested that human activities should be associated with low conservation effectiveness for protected areas. 63.71% and 21.69% of degraded wetlands was converted to farmland and grassland, respectively. The warming and drying climatic trends as well as the influence of human activities were contributed to the decrease of conservation effectiveness. Especially, converting wetlands to farmland and constructing hydraulic engineering accelerated wetland degradation. Finally, the aspects on which should be focused by the managers and governors in the future and the deficiencies existed in this study were discussed.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 599-609 [Abstract] ( 195 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2441KB] ( 707 )

	610	Exposure of elderly to PM2.5 in Tianjin, China
		HAN Jin-Bao, NI Tian-Ru, LI Peng-Hui, HAN Bin, BAI Zhi-Peng
		This study aims to characterize personal PM2.5 exposure of elderlies and to provide data support for an epidemiological study that is to investigate potential health effects of PM pollution on Chinese elderly population. A total of 101elderly participants with mean age of 67were recruited for personal exposure measurements in Tianjin, China. Residential indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were monitored simultaneously in summer (13th June~2nd July) and winter (30th November~12th December) of 2011. The results showed that the participants spent more than 85% of their time at home. Personal PM2.5concentrations were (124.2±75.2) μg/m3in summer and (170.8±126.6) μg/m3in winter. After time adjustment based on personal activity, the difference between measured and estimated personal concentration were 0.6~220.9μg/m3in summer and 0.6~416.8 μg/m3in winter. Among the participants, smokers had higher personal PM2.5 concentrations compared to non-smokers in both seasons. Personal PM2.5 concentrations were moderately correlated with indoor PM2.5concentrations and highly correlated with outdoor PM2.5 concentrations. This indicates that outdoor ambient PM2.5 level may be used as a surrogate to personal exposure of PM2.5.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 610-616 [Abstract] ( 156 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 400KB] ( 588 )

	617	Occurrence of colloid-bound endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the Pearl River, China
		GONG Jian, HUANG Wen, YANG Juan, RAN Yong, CHEN Di-Yun, YANG Yu, WU Cui-Qin, ZHAN Yong-Ge
		The occurrence of typical endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) binding to colloids in the two rivers of Pear River system, and their partitioning between colloidal and water soluble phases were studied with the applications of cross-flow ultrafiltration, solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It was found that the concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (NP), bisphenol A (BPA) and estrone (E1) ranged in 23.2~108ng/L, 2.3~97.6ng/L, n.d. (not detected)~0.32ng/L, with mean values of 70ng/L, 31.4ng/L and 0.3ng/L, respectively. 17β-estradiol (E2), diethylstilbestrol (DES), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) and estriol (E3) were not detected in all samples. There was no obvious variation of EDC concentrations between the surface and bottom water samples, except for the samples collected from Shilong. Moreover, it was observed that NP and BPA concentrations were both positively correlated with the colloidal organic carbon (COC) contents and the absorbance of UV (UV254), suggesting that COC was a key factor controlling the distribution of colloid-bound phenolic xenoestrogens, and the interaction between COC and these chemicals was related with the aromaticity. It was estimated that the percentage of colloid-bound EDCs varied 21%~67% for NP, 4%~74 % for BPA, and 24%~26% for E1, respectively. Additionally the colloidal organic carbon normalized partition coefficients (Kcoc) for NP (10(5.69±0.50)) and BPA (10(5.51±0.77)) were one order of magnitude higher than their suspended particle-water partition coefficients (Koc), indicating the powerful affinity of colloids played a critical role in partition, transportation and transformation of EDCs in the aquatic environment.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 617-623 [Abstract] ( 178 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 416KB] ( 660 )

	624	An assessment of spatial thermal environmental response to rapid urbanization of Shanghai
		QIAN Min-Lei, XU Yi-Yang, LI Xiang, CAI Yuan-Bin, XIE Yu-Jing, WANG Xiang-Rong
		The Landsat TM/ETM+ images, from 1997to 2009, were used to analyze temporal changes of land use, land cover changes and urban heat island intensity. The relationship between temporal climatic variability and land use types was examined by an innovative construction of temperature vegetation index (TVX) space. Results show that Shanghai has undergone significant changes in land use and land cover over the study period. The land conversion, from forest land, farmland and water body to urban area, has led to the drastic increase of land surface temperature and the decline of fractional vegetation cover. The loss of forest land had the most serious climatic effect. Furthermore, the high-temperature region has expanded by different modes, from “Bottle Gourd Mode” to “Grape Bunch Mode” and to “Pancake mode” due to rapid urbanization and the population migration from city proper to rural areas. Our study could help urban planners and decision-makers to evaluate the environmental consequences of different land development scenarios, and identify portfolios of sustainable urban planning options for adapting to global environmental change.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 624-633 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1335KB] ( 628 )

	634	Performance evaluation on the water pollution control charging policy of Dianchi Lake basin
		ZHANG Jia-Rui, WANG Jin-南, ZENG Wei-Hua, JIANG Hong-Qiang, YANG Feng-Le
		This study analyzed the effect of water pollution control charging policies (wastewater charging system, sewage treatment charging policy and staged water price policy) which were currently implemented in Dianchi Lake basin. And then the performance of water pollution control charging policies of Dianchi Lake basin from 2001 to 2012 were evaluated using the C2R model and BC2 model. The results showed that the policies of wastewater charging system, sewage treatment charging policy and staged water price policy had played important roles for reducing waste water emissions and improving the water using efficiency in the Dianchi Lake basin. The technical efficiency level of water pollution control charging policy in Dianchi Lake basin were high with a mean value of 0.902. The main factor affecting the water pollution control charging policy of Dianchi Lake basin was the industrial added value per unit COD discharge, therefore the government of Dianchi Lake basin could raise the standards of corporate sewage charges or levy discharge taxes in order to reduce pollutants emissions. Adjusting the impose standards of different policies appropriately, as the important environmental economic policies, would help to improve the implementation efficiency level of policies.
		2015 Vol. 35 (2): 634-640 [Abstract] ( 182 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 430KB] ( 508 )

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