Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae

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CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

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	2015 Vol.35 Issue.3,Published 2015-03-20

	641	Analysis of haze events based on satellite remote sensing and field observations: a case study of severe haze pollution over the Yangtze River Delta
		LIU Xuan, ZHU Bin, HOU Xue-Wei, CHEN Ye-Xin, LI Feng, KANG Han-Qing, GAO Jin-Hui
		A continuous air pollution event occurred in the Yangtze River Delta during from December 1 to 9, 2013. The formation, characteristics and potential sources of this air pollution event were explored by using the aerosol products of MODIS and CALIPSO satellite, ground air quality, meteorological data and HYSPLIT backward trajectory model. The results showed that, the 8 typical cities of the Yangtze River Delta were dominated by the haze pollution during this event. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) increased significantly, air quality index (AQI) reached or was higher than the limit value of pollution, and it is mainly higher than the level of moderate pollution. During the event, the aerosol mainly exist in the level from the ground to 2km above, especially under 850m. Based on volume depolarization ratio and color ratio, the higher frequency of spherical aerosol than that of non-spherical aerosol and the higher frequency of large size aerosol particle than that of small aerosol particle indicated that the main aerosol type was "pollution" aerosol during the pollution event. Short distance transport of pollutants and static weather conditions with continuous low wind speed and no precipitation which made the pollutants difficult to disperse, led to the widespread, long-time and severe pollution event in the Yangtze River delta.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 641-651 [Abstract] ( 439 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2811KB] ( 15504 )

	652	Relationship between atmospheric visibility and chemical composition of PM2.5 in the summer and autumn of Nanjing
		SHEN Tie-Di, WANG Ti-Jian, CHEN Pu-Long, JIANG Zi-Qiang
		To study the relationship between atmospheric visibility and chemical composition of PM2.5 in Nanjing, samples of PM2.5 were collected and chemical composition were analyzed from 4August to 17August and from 31 October to 11November 2011 in urban Nanjing, while observations of atmospheric visibility, PM2.5, relative humidity, etc. were conducted simultaneously. Investigations showed that atmospheric visibility in Nanjing was higher in summer (~10.9km) than that in autumn (~7.5km) during the sampling period. The correlation coefficient between atmospheric visibility and PM2.5 was -0.75which indicated the low visibility when the concentration of PM2.5 was high. Water-soluble ionic and carbonaceous components accounted for 38% and 26% of PM2.5concentration. The correlation between atmospheric visibility and NO3-、SO42-、NH4+、EC was significant. Particles, occupying 98.2%, was most important for ambient light extinction coefficient. The largest contributor to ambient light extinction in August was (NH4)2SO4(47.0%), OC and NH4NO3accounting for 19.2% and14.3%. (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3 and OC contributed 28.7%、29.3% and 26.8% to light extinction coefficient in November. The atmospheric visibility were fit with chemical composition of PM2.5in different relative humidity ranges. Using the concentration of PM2.5 chemical composition simulated by WRF/Chem, the atmospheric visibility in August and November of 2011 was calculated with the fitting relationship formulae and the American IMPROVE formula, respectively. In general, the calculated visibility from the fitting relationship formulae was better than the IMPROVE formula comapred to observations.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 652-658 [Abstract] ( 293 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 436KB] ( 1204 )

	659	Characteristics and sources apportionment of PM2.5-bound PAHs in Kunming
		BI Li-Mei, HAO Ji-Ming, NING Ping, SHI Jian-Wu, SHI Ze, XU Xiao-Feng
		A set of PM2.5 samples from three sampling sites belonging to the regional air monitoring networks of Kunming were collected during April 2013 to January 2014, and 16selected PAHs were analyzed by GC-MS. Average concentrations of PM2.5-bound PAHs from the industrial area (Jinding Mountain), traffic area (Dongfeng Tung Road) and clean area (Xishan Forest Park) were 40.67, 22.64, 22.07ng/m3. High atmospheric pressure and the input of air mass originated from the Qujing area were the cause of rising PAHs concentration in Kunming. Result of health risk assessment of PAHs showed, the concentration of BaPeq at Jinding Mountain, Dongfeng Tung Road and Xishan Forest Park was 6.28, 4.00, 2.94ng/m3, respectively, exceeded the national ambient air quality standard (2.5ng/m3) in China. The PAHs in industrial area and traffic area were mainly influenced by vehicle emission (50.80% and 40.20%), followed by coal combustion (35.55% and 39.23%), biomass combustion (7.30% and 7.98%); clean area was effected by vehicle emission (81.84%) and biomass combustion (9.73%).
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 659-667 [Abstract] ( 347 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 838KB] ( 1503 )

	668	Observation and analysis of haze characteristics in Suzhou based on automatic station data
		LIU Hong-Nian, ZHU Yan, LIN Hui-Juan, WANG Xue-Yuan
		The characteristics of haze weather in Suzhou were analyzed based on the hourly data from 2010 to 2013. The results show that the hourly frequency of haze is 30.7% (mostly slight haze), with the maximum haze frequency of 82.3% which is occurred in December of 2013. The ratio of dry haze to total haze is 85.6%. The hourly haze frequency shows obviously daily variation, the peak at 08:00a.m. can reach 36.3%,and the minimum at 14:00~16:00p.m. is approximately 25%. During the haze time, the values of PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0 and scatter coefficient are 1.72, 2.07, 1.88 and 2.58 times of that in no-haze time. The average haze day is in the range of 94 to 243 of one year because of the different standard for haze day. The meteorological conditions have significant influence on the haze frequency. When the relatively humidity is in the range of 70%~80%, the haze frequency is the biggest, but heavy haze are often occurred in the relatively humidity range of 90%~95%. Haze frequency of NW wind direction is the biggest and decrease gradually with the increase of wind speed. Particle scattering extinction is the most part of atmospheric extinction and accounted for about 82% , followed by absorption extinction of black carbon which is 13%.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 668-675 [Abstract] ( 278 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 466KB] ( 1364 )

	676	Mass concentration of atmospheric fine particulates in crop harvesting period in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China
		LI Rui-Min, ZHANG Shi-Chun, WANG Yi-Yong, ZHANG Xue-Lei, ZHAO Hong-Mei, ZHOU Qin-Qian, CHEN Wei-Wei
		Using the portable real-time particulate matter (PM) analyzer, we measured rural airborne PM2.5 concentrations in the Sanjiang Plain during the periods of crop harvest and straw burning in October 2013. Combined with satellite-based fire spot numbers and HYSPLIY backward trajectories, the relationship of PM2.5 concentration and PM size distribution and agricultural operations (i.e., residue burning and rice harvest) were discussed. The mass concentration of PM2.5 averaged to 36.0μg/m3,158.3μg/m3and 33.8μg/m3in pre-harvest, harvest and post-harvest stages, respectively. The mass concentration of PM2.5 in the field during the rice harvesting and rice straw burning were about 2.5 and 11.5 times higher than the background levels, respectively, which indicate the importance of agricultural operations. Furthermore, we found that the mass concentrations of ambient PM2.5 were closely related with the number of the fire spots. Wind speed had a negative influence on the mass concentration of PM2.5 levels due to the acceleration of diffusion. The mass concentrations of PM with different diameters (0~1μm, 1~2.5μm, 2.5~10μm) showed that the ratio of fine particles (0~1μm) increased significantly since rice straw burning.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 676-682 [Abstract] ( 227 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 642KB] ( 849 )

	683	Relationship between climate factors in Northwest China and the sandstorm in Beijing
		CHEN Yue-Hao, JING Yuan-Shu, GAO Qing-Xian
		Based on the observational data from meteorological stations in Northwest and Beijing’s sandstorm information, the climate influence index D was modified according to the climate conditions in Northwest China, and the relationship of climate influence index D in Northwest and sandstorm occurrences in Beijing was analysed. The results showed that: From 2001 to 2010, the sandstorm occurrences days in Beijing was over 30days in 2001, 2002 and 2006, which was effected by the sandstorm process in China, and the sandstorm occurrences days was 39 in 2001. The annual average of high values of index D in Northwest were located in Basin and Desert region, and during the spring period, the average of D value was the highest in the four season, the value was 2.0, followed by the winter, the value was 0.9, the summer D value was 0.8 and the autumn was 0.59. The correlation analysis of index D and the sandstorm occurrence shows that, the average correlation coefficient in Ningxia was 0.84, Gansu was 0.82, Shanxi was 0.81, Qinghai was 0.78, Xinjiang was 0.74, Inner-Mongolia was 0.72. The sandstorm from northwest pathway and north pathway were greater impact on Beijing’s sandstorm occurrence, the correlation shows a significant positive relationship between the index D of the border zone of Maowusu Desert, the Loess Plateau and Hunshandake Sandland with Beijing’s sandstorm, the correlation coefficient was 0.9, the climate of these areas had a significant effect on the occurrence of sandstorm in Beijing.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 683-693 [Abstract] ( 249 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 707KB] ( 1196 )

	694	Prediction of the atmospheric aerosol number concentration using a new predictive technique
		CHEN Xiao-Xiao, WANG Ge-Li, JIN Lian-Ji
		：In the present study, a predictive technique incorporating driving forces was used to predict the atmospheric aerosol number concentration at the foot of Huangshan mountain which extractedthe driving force from the observation data by Slow Feature Analysis. To appraise its effectiveness, some prediction experiments were carried out using the hourly atmospheric aerosol number concentration in Huangshan. When the forecast step was 1, the correlation coefficient between the stationary model predictions and observation data was 0.6982; the correlation coefficent between the single external forcing model and observation data was 0.7390; the correlation coefficient between the double external forcing model and observation data was 0.7475. Adding external forcing can effectively improve the forecasting skills
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 694-699 [Abstract] ( 197 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 644KB] ( 558 )

	700	Experimental evaluation of aerosol formation in SO2/H2O/air mixtures
		GU Xue-Jun, HU Chang-Jin, GAI Yan-Bo, ZHAO Wei-Xiong, FANG Bo, LIN Xiao-Xiao, ZHANG Wei-Jun
		New particle formation phenomena in the troposphere have received considerable attention, but the exact mechanism controlling the early stages of aerosol nucleation and growth is still not understood. In this paper, soft X-ray radiolysis of SO2/H2O/Air gas mixtures is carried out to investigate the competitive processes of ion-induced and binary homogeneous nucleation, experimentally. The electrical mobility distributions of newly formed particles were measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Charged particles in the system are indicative of ion-induced nucleation; uncharged particles are produced by homogeneous nucleation. Ion, which mainly contributed to aerosol nucleation process, had nearly no effect on aerosol growth process. In contrast, SO2 enhanced both aerosol nucleation and growth process. The electrical mobility distribution of nanometer-sized particles appeared to be bimodal peaks. The position of big ones would shift with the flow rate of the gas mixture. At low SO2 concentrations, ion-induced nucleation mechanism may be a dominant factor; however, at increased SO2 concentrations the contribution of binary homogeneous nucleation relative to that of ion-induced nucleation increases accordingly.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 700-705 [Abstract] ( 240 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 390KB] ( 921 )

	706	Effects of street geometric configurations on the pollutant dispersion around the canyons
		YANG Fang, ZHONG Ke, KANG Yan-Ming
		The effect of street geometric configurations, i.e., building height layout, on pollutant distributions in both regular and staggered street canyons and the wake region of the downstream buildings are estimated by using the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. Three ventilation efficiency indices for evaluating indoor environment are applied to assess the air quality in the pedestrian domain. The numerical results show that average residence time (ART) and purging flow rate (PFR) can be used to evaluate the air quality inside the street canyons. The flow field and pollutant distribution inside and outside the canyon are greatly influenced by the building height layout, and the pollutant concentration in the wake region increases with decreasing the downstream building height. The highest values of the average concentration may occur in the pedestrian domain when the height ratios of the upstream building to the downstream building, i.e., H1/H2, are 7/3 and 7/2 for regular and staggered canyons, respectively. In order to avoid these unfavorable building height layouts during urban planning, the relationships between H1/H2 and the percentage reductions in PFR and ART are analyzed for both the regular and staggered arrangements.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 706-713 [Abstract] ( 249 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 810KB] ( 1316 )

	714	Experimental study of formation mechanism of stack rainout from coal-fired power plant
		ZHUANG Ye, GU Peng, 欧Yang-Li-Hua , CHEN Zhen-Yu, LIU Ke-Wei
		Most coal-fired power plants in China have abandoned Gas-Gas-Heater, and thereof resulting in frequent rainout around stacks. Extensive samples, including flue gas, stack rainout, discharged liquid from duct and stack, and slurry, were collected and analyzed for elemental distribution using ICP and XPS. Morphology analysis on solid samples using SEM was also performed. The goal is to perform a source apportionment analysis of stack rainout.The results indicated that, even though FGD and mist eliminator were operated properly, the wet flue gas was condensed on the duct/stack inner surface. Part of the formed liquid droplet was re-entrained into the flue gas as the condensed liquid could not be effectively discharged and the flue gas local velocity was high, which is the main source of the stack rainout. Meanwhile, fly ash and gypsum that were adherent to the inner surface of duct and stack were also re-entrained with the liquid droplet into the flue gas, causing increased slurry concentration along the flue gas flow. Elemental distributions between stack rainout and stack liquid discharge were quite similar. The morphology of the undissolved in the stack rainout showed agglomerate of fly ash and gypsum scale, which have also been observed in the liquid discharge. The elemental composition of un-dissolved solid in the stack rainout is determined by combining results of fly ash collection, wet flue gas desulphurization, mist eliminator, and liquid discharge. Fly ash accounts for 63.1% of the total undissolved in the stack rainout for the testing plant. Since the main contributor to the stack rainout is the re-entrainment of condensed liquid discharge from duct and stack, optimization on duct/stack design and liquid discharge alignment is necessary to eliminate stack rainout.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 714-722 [Abstract] ( 277 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1314KB] ( 1738 )

	723	Determining the optimal concentration of coating solution attaching to honeycomb denuder in winter in Tianjin
		ZHANG Shi-Jian, JI Ya-Qin, ZHU Zhen-Yu, YANG Wen
		Determining the optimal concentrations of denuder coatings is necessary before sampling PM2.5 using denuder sampling system at a specific time and location. In order to determine the optimum sampling condition of a PM2.5 sampling system with honeycomb denuder in winter in Tianjin, the experiments for optimizing the concentrations of honeycomb denuder coatings were carried out from January 1 to February 24, 2014 at the roof of Lihua building at Nankai University. The results of the experiment showed that the optimal concentration of sodium carbonate coated on the honeycomb denuder was 4%, and the optimal concentration of citric acid was 5% in winter in Tianjin; the impact of HCl in ambient air on concentration of Cl- in PM2.5 was relatively small; while acidic/alkalic gases such as HNO3、SO2、NH3 had significant impacts on the concentrations of ions in PM2.5, respectively.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 723-727 [Abstract] ( 232 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 331KB] ( 574 )

	728	Study on the distribution of anthropogenic heat flux over China
		XIE Min, ZHU Kuan-Guang, WANG Ti-Jian, FENG Wen, ZHU Xin-Sheng, CHEN Fei, 欧Yang-Yan , LIU Zhi-Jun
		In this study, the temporal and spatial variations of anthropogenic heat flux over China as well as the relevant influence factors were investigated by using the province depended unregenerate energy consumption data from Chinese Statistical Yearbook and the gridding population data with a resolution of 2.5 min. The results show that the anthropogenic heat flux in China has been increased continually since 1985, especially in the period after 2000. The national average anthropogenic heat flux has been increased from 0.09 to 0.16 W/m2 during the period between 1985 and 2000 while to 0.38W/m2 till 2013. The spatial distributions of anthropogenic heat flux are similar to those of population and economy activities. High levels of the fluxes are mostly found in Central (Wuhan), Northeast (Dalian, Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin), East and South China, with a maximum annual mean value of 113.5W/m2 in Shanghai in 2010, while the lower ones appear in Northwest and Southwest China except for Chengdu and Chongqing. The annual growth of anthropogenic heat flux in Shanghai can reach to 0.6W/m2. Our results might imply that the thermal pollution would get more serious with the rapid growth of the urbanization, which thereby would substantially result in regional climate change and air pollution.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 728-734 [Abstract] ( 271 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 642KB] ( 1382 )

	735	Study on the lignite dehydration technology and purification recycling
		TANG Hui-Ru, HUANG Zhen-Yu, SHEN Ming-Ke, WANG Zhi-Hua, ZHOU Jun-Hu, CEN Ke-Fa
		The microwave dehydration and hydrothermal dewatering methods were used to modify lignite and recycle the generated water. By measuring the chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, hardness, ions and organic compounds of lignite, the results show that the dehydration ratio of microwave method reaches 70%~80%, and the water quality can meet the industrial standard except for the chemical oxygen demand. And the dehydration ratio of hydrothermal method is about 87.44%, but the water quality can not meet the industrial standard. Therefore, the generated water from lignite by microwave dehydration is much “cleaner” than that by hydrothermal dewatering. In significant amount of poisonous metal elements and organic compounds are in the condensed water, which will be considered during the next step of purification process.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 735-741 [Abstract] ( 206 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 442KB] ( 695 )

	742	Free nitrous acid pretreatment enhances performance of waste activated sludge anoxic fermentation and denitrification system
		WEI Yan, WANG Shu-Ying, MA Bin, PENG Yong-Zhen
		This study investigated the impact of FNA-based pretreatment on sludge disintegration and waste activated sludge anoxic fermentation and denitrification process.The results showed that the amount and rates of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) production increased with the increasing FNA concentrations (0,0.68, 1.35 and 2.03 mgN/L) during FNA-based pretreatment process, of which SCOD production rate were 0.66, 1.70, 2.13 and 2.70mg/(VSS×h), respectively. Furthermore, the percentages of biocidal cells accounting for the total cells of waste activated sludge increased from 41% to 80 % . For the waste activated sludge anoxic fermentation and denitrification system, FNA-based pretreatment could not only made the SCOD production and sludge reduction performance increase by 49% and 41%, respectively, but also an increase of denitrifying capacity of this system by 40% was achieved. In addition, FNA-based pretreatment successfully reduce the percentage of N2O accounting for the reduced NO2- by 58%.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 742-747 [Abstract] ( 213 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 381KB] ( 1209 )

	748	Acclimation of a highly-efficient and seawater tolerant anammox sludge
		LI Zhi-Xing, ZHANG Lei, CHEN Xiao-Bo, LI Hang, LI Dan
		The performance of biological nitrogen removal in treating seawater-containing wastewater is not satisfying. Here we report the acclimation of a freshwater-origin anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) sludge by using seawater with increasing salt concentrations. Nitrogen removal performance, morphological characteristics and dominant strains of the bacterial community in the reactor were investigated. After 145days of acclimation, this freshwater-origin anammox sludge was fully adapted to seawater, with a total nitrogen removal rate (TNRR) reaching 2.80kgN/(m3·d). The anaerobic ammonium oxidizing rate first increased, then decreased, and then increased again when the seawater content was gradually increased from 0‰ to 30‰. A seawater content of 20‰ was the critical point during the acclimation. In terms of morphological characteristics, cell shape of the acclimated anammox bacteria was irregular and pilus-like appendages were developed on the cell wall. Change in the bacterial community composition after acclimation was also observed through DGGE.The dominant anammox strain was identified as “Candidatus Kuenenia Stuttgartiensis” based on the sequence of the 16S rDNA gene.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 748-756 [Abstract] ( 255 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 963KB] ( 1054 )

	757	The function of HCO3- in the partial nitrification and influence on nitrification efficiency
		LI Xiang, WANG Yue, HUANG Yong, WU Chuan, WANG Meng-Ke, CHEN Zong-Heng, LIU Fu-Xin
		The main function of HCO3- in partial nitrification process was investigated by inoculating nitrification biofilm and to provide carbon source demand of nitritation stage in partial nitrification/anammox process to treat wastewater with high ammonia nitrogen and low carbon. The results show that the nitrification efficiency reached 0.99 kg/(m3·d) when the C/N ratio remained at 1.8 under the conditions of only decreasing influent concentration of HCO3- and unchanged ammonia concentration. However, the nitrification efficiency decreased to 0.67kg/(m3·d) at the same conditions, because the concentration of HCO3- was not enough to sustain pH environment in the nitrosation system, when C/N gradually reduced to 0.5. The pH value stabled at 8in nitrosation process, when the C/N ratio remained at 0.75. It had an obvious linear relationship between consumption of HCO3- and nitrification efficiency in nitrosation process. The tiny carbon in the air and wastwater meeted the demand of carbon source and the nitrification efficiency rate was up to 1.28kg/(m3·d) in nitrification process, when the pH value stabled at 8by using low concentration of alkali. The results indicated that neutralizing H+ produced by nitrification process and maintaining the pH environment needed for nitrosomonas were the main function of HCO3- in the partial nitrification process.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 757-763 [Abstract] ( 276 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 457KB] ( 541 )

	764	Study on catalytic reduction of dye wastewater by copper nanocomposite
		LIU Shuang-Liu, SHI Chun-Hong, NIU Hong-Yun, CAI Ya-Qi, ZHAO Xiao-Li, WU Feng-Chang, ZHOU Bei-Hai
		A facile, low cost and novel method is proposed to fabricate porous carbon supported non-noble metal copper composite architecture (Cu/Cu2O/C) with an effective Cu/Cu2O NPs size of ~40nm by using Cu3(BTC)2 as copper precursor and phenol formaldehyde resin as carbon precursor. The porous carbon substrates can provide high surface-to-volume ratio for the Cu/Cu2O NPs contact with the target. The Cu/Cu2O/C composite shows high catalytic performance in the reduction of nitrobenzene, methylene blue and rhodamine B. Moreover, the synthesized catalyst can be reused for at least five cycles with a high target degrading efficiency of 99% due to its good stability.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 764-769 [Abstract] ( 190 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 722KB] ( 927 )

	770	Extraction of Cu2+ and Ni2+ with HHMHC
		ZHOU Jie, WANG Jin-Song, LI Xia, FANG Feng-Rong, XIE Shui-Bo, CAI Ping-Li
		5,11,17,23,29,35-hexacarboxy-37,38,39,40,41,42-hexa-methoxy-hydroxamic calyx[6]arene (HHMHC) was synthesized by modifying p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and characterized by IR. The effects of pH, Cu2+ and Ni2+ initial concentration, extraction time and temperature on the calixarenes extraction behavior of Cu2+ and Ni2+ were investigated. The results showed that the maximum extraction were observed under the experiment conditions of 30℃ with a contact time of 30min, a pH of 6.0(Cu2+), 5.0(Ni2+), when the initial concentration of Cu2+ and Ni2+ was 5mg/L. The extration of Cu(II) and Ni(II) onto HHMHC had a close agreement with the pseudo-second-order model (R2>0.99) and the Freundlich model (R2>0.999). In the extraction process, the negative values of Gibbs free energy (ΔG0) revealed this extraction was spontaneous. Meanwhile, the value of enthalpy(ΔH0) was negative, indicating that the extraction reaction was exothermic progress. Based on the analysis of IR spectra and the effect of pH on the extraction distribution ratio (D), it was found that the extraction mechanism of Cu2+ and Ni2+ with HHMHC not only followed the ion exchange mechanism, but also included the coordination effect, on which the functional group -CONHOH played an important role.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 770-776 [Abstract] ( 190 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 596KB] ( 746 )

	777	The synergistic effects of prometryn degradation with H2O2 photocatalyzed by TiO2 and loading Fe3+ under visible irradiation
		TANG Jian-Jun, CHEN Yi-Qing, LI Wen-Long
		A heterogeneous catalyst with TiO2 as carrier(Fe/TIO-P25) was prepared using TiO2P25(TIO-P25) and Fe(NO3)3 as precursors, its synergistic effects with H2O2 assistance were also studied using prometryn as model pollutant. XRD, XPS, EDS and SEM analytical results indicated that iron element was highly dispersed on the surface of TIO-P25 with the form of Fe2O3, its loading was about 1.5% (wt%), and had not evident influence on the particle size and microscopic morphology of TIO-P25, the particle size of Fe/TIO-P25 was about 20~40nm. The photocatalytic results indicated that prometryn could be degraded by Fe/TIO-P25 with H2O2 and visible light assistance, the degradation ratio could be 100% after 30minutes reaction, and the degradation efficiency was far more than TIO-P25, showing evident synergistic effects between immobilized iron and TIO-P25. Fluorescence spectrum analysis indicated that the reaction process was not limited to the generation of hydroxyl free radicals (·OH) in the system.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 777-782 [Abstract] ( 217 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 707KB] ( 1197 )

	783	Study on the solubilization capacity of bio-oil in diesel by microemulsion technology.
		LI Shan-Xing, YUAN Xing-Zhong, LENG Li-Jian, WANG Xue-Li, ZHU Ren
		Synthetic bio-oil was upgraded by solubilizing bio-oil in diesel by microemulsion technology. Diesel microemulsions were formed with rhamnolipid (RL) as surfactant and different kinds of normal alcohols with varying carbon chain length as cosurfactants. The effects of different microemulsion parameters on the solubilization capacity of bio-oil in diesel were investigated, which include initial bio-oil/diesel volume ratio (B/D ratio), surfactant concentration, cosurfactant type, and the mass ratio of cosurfactant/surfactant (C/R ratio). Meanwhile, fuel properties of bio-oil/diesel microemulsion were examined, which include elemental analysis, FT-IR analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and other common fuel properties. Experimental results indicated that the proper bio-oil/diesel volume ratio was 3:7, the optimal concentration of RL was 15g/L, and the ideal cosurfactant was heptanol with C/R ratio of 2.0. Bio-oil/diesel microemulsion formed under the optimal solubilization conditions was proven to have fuel properties comparable to diesel.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 783-791 [Abstract] ( 172 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 450KB] ( 731 )

	792	Performance of solar photo-catalytic oxidation process to degrade the nitrogen-containing organics derived from algae cells
		WANG Jie, LIU Cheng, ZHU Hao-Qiang, CHEN Wei
		Bench-scale tests were conducted to study the efficiency and mechanisms of the degradation of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON) by solar/TiO2 photo-catalytic. The variations of soluble protein, polysaccharide and UV254 were also investigated to estimate the degradation efficiency. The elimination rate of DON was 29% after 7hours’ treatment. The concentration of NH4+ and NO3- was increased significantly while TN had no noticeable change. Additionally, the elimination rates of soluble protein and polysaccharide were 48.6% and 54.5%, respectively. Other water quality indexes like UV254, turbidity and DOC were also decreased moderately in this process.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 792-796 [Abstract] ( 230 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 520KB] ( 756 )

	797	Responses of the molecular weight distribution of raw water carbon source and DPB function to acidification time
		LIU Xiang, HE Cheng-Da, LIU Wen, ZHU Liang
		In order to know the features of carbon source composition, nanofiltration-ultrafiltration membranes was used to determine fractionation of the molecular weight in wastewater carbon source. Then we studied the influence of molecular weight distribution on the carbon utilization by denitrifying phosphorous removing bacteria (DPB) and related treatment performance of wastewater in the anaerobic-nitrification-anoxic (A2N) process, by employing acidification method with different acidification time. The averaged concentration of the total organic carbon (TOC) in raw wastewater was (58.3±2.83) mg/L, among which there is an averaged concentration of the particulate organic carbon (POC) in (38.05±1.65) mg/L with 65.27% to TOC. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) presents a "W" type distribution on the molecular weigh with ranges of less than 0.5kDa (Dalton). And the molecular in weight ranges of “bigger than 100kDa”, “10kDa~5kDa”, “1kDa~0.5kDa” and “less than 0.5kDa” has contributed 36.20%, 12.05%, 13.68% and 36.20% to the total DOC, respectively. Acidification time has significantly impact on the allocation between POC and DOC. A 12-h acidification could effectively transformed POC to DOC, reaching a balanced concentration of 14mg/L. DOC decreased with increased acidification time. Best quality of carbon sources was expected at 8h, when DOC in low molecule weight organic matter (LMWOM, <1kDa) was 17.30mg/L. As a result, carbon utilization rate of DPB sludge in anaerobic tank and anoxic tank were 83.48% and 79.59%, increased by 23.56% and 18.03% from the 0-h acidification time, respectively. Meanwhile, the removal rate of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) increased by 14.63% and 16.98%, respectively.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 797-803 [Abstract] ( 184 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 466KB] ( 793 )

	804	Two-stage catalytic pyrolysis of sewage sludge for syngas production
		CHANG Feng-Min, WANG Qi-Bao, SEGUN Giwa, JIA Jin-Wei, WANG Kai-Jun
		Syngas production from sewage sludge via a two-stage catalytic pyrolysis reactor was investigated, for further utilization of volatile products evolved during one-stage pyrolysis. In addition, the catalytic performance of different catalysts was studied. The results showed that the maximum liquid (aqueous and oil phase) yield was obtained at a final pyrolysis temperature of 500℃. Moreover, when the pyrolysis temperature was above 500℃, increasing gas yield and relative stable solid yield were observed. The further pyrolysis of liquid products could be achieved when the temperature was over 900℃, in which small-molecule non-condensable gases, mainly including H2, CO and CH4, were generated. The Ni/ molecular sieve catalyst seemed to be more effective at pyrolysis than other catalysts, and over 85% syngas (H2 + CO) content could be obtained.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 804-810 [Abstract] ( 218 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 454KB] ( 810 )

	811	Effects of contact ratio of straw and free fermentation liquid on characteristics of anaerobic fermentation
		DU Jing, CHEN Guang-Yin, YE Xiao-Mei, FU Guang-Qing, CHANG Zhi-Zhou
		Effects of contact ratio of straw and free fermentation liquid on characteristics of anaerobic fermentation were investigated by batch experiment at (37±1)℃. The fermentation liquid (i.e., total solid was 10%) was used as the reflux daily. The solid and liquid phases of the fermentation materials were separated by arranging porous filter plates at different heights of the reactor bottom, which led to the contact ratios of straw and fermentation liquid were 100% (T1)、50% (T2)and 0% (T3), respectively, during the experiment. Results of biogas yield showed that there was no distinct differences of biogas yield and VS content between the three treatments. This indicated that reduction of contact ratio of straw and fermentation liquid had no impact on biogas yield. Reflux of fermentation liquid for the emerged straw could achieve the same effect of mass transfer as the submerged one. This result provides scientific basis for improving the effective fermentation concentration during the anaerobic digestion of straw. The experiment also found that the contact ratio of fermentation liquid to straw was negatively related with the reaction time. This contact ratio became stable after 6-day anaerobic digestion latter, indicating that the actual free fermentation liquid decreased within the whole system. The major reason is that the straw after 6-day fermentation achieved saturation condition (i.e., 16.42% solid content of straw) and had the effects of adsorption and interception. Thus it is suspicious that the method of devotion to the rate of high solid content and the feasibility of adopts the reflux of fermentation liquid could be benefit to straw anaerobic digestion operation. Other experiment should be conducted to study the effects of water adsorption character, filling height and degree of compaction on the change of water retention property. Furthermore, the analysis of solid content of material is necessary to provide support for the parameter optimization during the dry digestion of straws.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 811-816 [Abstract] ( 207 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 424KB] ( 644 )

	817	Study on transport characteristics of foams and affecting factors in porous media
		SU Yan, ZHAO Yong-Sheng, LI Lu-Lu, QIN Chuan-Yu, WANG Dong-Mei, YANG Shuai
		A series of column experiments were conducted to investigate the transport characteristics of foam in unsaturated porous media and influences of foam quality, foam injection rate, and media permeability on the injection pressure. The results indicated that the foam front, liquid-wetting front, and foam gas front were separated during the transport in porous media and their relationship of transport rate is foam gas front > liquid-wetting front >foam front. The foam transport had a retardation of 2.0 relative to the gas flow. The pressure primarily occurred and uniformity distributed in the foam-occupied region, and the pressure showed a linear increasing trend over time in a certain location. The calculated effective foam viscosity in 1-1.2 mm porous media was 85.49 mPa s, which was 84.64 times greater than the viscosity of water into the same sediment. Due to the higher effective foam viscosity, the greater injection pressure was needed. The influences of media permeability on foam injection pressure mainly depend on the foam injection rate. Foam injection pressure decreased with increment of media permeability while the foam injection rate was same in per unit area. When the foam quality was 91.4%, the pressure gradient increased from 26.95 psi/m to 30.74 and 46.40 psi/m when the foam injection rate increased from 2.1mL/min to 3.2 and 4.4 mL/min, respectively. When the foam injection rate was 3.2mL/min, the pressure gradient increased from 30.16 psi / m to 30.74 and 34.57 psi/m when the foam quality reduced from 93.5% to 91.4% and 88.2%, respectively. Both foam quality and foam injection rate exert impact on injection pressure, however, foam injection rate has a more profound influence than foam quality on injection pressure.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 817-824 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 351KB] ( 922 )

	825	The adsorption behavior on uranium by three kinds of microorganisms
		MA Jia-Lin, NIE Xiao-Qin, DONG Fa-Qin, DAI Qun-Wei, ZHANG Dong, YANG Jie, ZHOU Xian, HUANG Rong, GONG Jun-Yuan, GONG Yun-Jun
		To compare the similarities and differences of adsorption properties and adsorption properties during interaction of microorganisms with uranium, we selected Bacillus subtilis (bacteria), yeast (fungus), chlorella (algae) as objects and studied the adsorption performance and a variety of microbial factors by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results indicated that three types of microorganisms in water uranium has good effect on uranium adsorption. The best adsorption rate of uranium by yeast and chlorella and Bacillus subtilis were 97.19%、97.13% and 98.03%, respectively. And the maximum adsorption capacity of uranium by yeast and chlorella and Bacillus subtilis were 341.2、356.5、512.5mgU/g(DW) , respectively. The adsorption process and mechanism for uranium adsorption by three kinds of microbe was different, yeast and chlorella in line with the Langmuir model, bacillus subtilis is more suitable for the Freundlich model. The results of Scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum indicated that the uranium is adsorbed onto the cell surface at the beginning with no precipitation or mineral. Then, the sheet and clumps of uranium- phosphorus crystallization were formed on the surface of yeast after 12hours.however, There were not found the similar crystals on the surface of chlorella and bacillus subtilis. Interaction of microorganisms with uranium will cause changes in cell morphology, especially for bacillus subtilis and chlorella.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 825-832 [Abstract] ( 217 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3276KB] ( 1726 )

	833	Reference gene selection for quantitative real-time PCR normalization in Medicago Lupulina under zinc stress
		ZHANG De-Hui, SUN Ya-Li, ZHAO Liang, CHOU Min-Xia
		Expression stability of candidate reference genes (h2a、act、18s、tub、ubi、ef1、cyp、gapdh) was tested for qRT-PCR during growth conditions under the different zinc stress. The roots of Medicago lupulina inoculated with rhizobia were harvested in 30days as plant materials. Our results showed that the average expression stability of the eight candidate reference genes from high to low was ef1>ubi>act>h2a>gapdh>cyp>18s>tub overall. Specifically, tub (1.97) and ef1 (2.06) were better reference genes under the low Zn2+ concentration (100mg/kg); The genes ef1 (1.41) and ubi (2.51) were the best genes under Zn2+ concentration (200mg/kg); Under Zn2+ concentration (300mg/kg), ef1 (1.41) and h2a (2.78) were the most comparatively suitable genes; while ef1 (2.45) and act (2.55) were considered as the most reliable reference genes under the high Zn2+ concentration (400mg/kg). In conclusion, All results provide the theoretical foundation for gene expression study in Medicago lupulina under the different Zn2+ concentration.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 833-838 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 424KB] ( 1581 )

	839	Analysis of IAMBR on succession of sludge microbial community composition in the oligotrophic condition
		XUE Yuan-Yuan, SUN Bao-Sheng, DU Jiang, XUE Shi-Qiong, WANG Ming-Yuan, LI Kai
		The microbial community in the IAMBR activated sludge grown in a oligotrophic condition was investigated with PCR-DGGE technology and the treatment effect of the IAMBR system was evaluated. The results showed that there was a high degree of cooperativity among the diversity, similarity and population belonging of the total bacteria. In the first 18days, the ammonia nitrogen removal dropped from 95% to 73%, and then increased to 82%. At the same time, the SVI increased from 123.7mL/g to 135.2mL/g, and then decreased to 128.4mL/g. Microbial community experienced a drastic succession at the end of experimental period. The similarity index of bacteria dropped to 63.6%, and the SVI increased to 132.5mL/g eventually. The cloning sequencing analysis revealed that the majority of bacteria in the IAMBR belonged to uncultured bacterium and the Nitrosospira held a dominant position. The research showed that oligotrophic condition had adverse effects on microbial community in the IAMBR. The sense of functional orientation of the microbial community was obvious and the nitrifying bacteria occupied a dominant position.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 839-845 [Abstract] ( 234 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 533KB] ( 995 )

	846	Denitrification potential of high suspend sediments in Poyang Lake, China
		YAO Xiao-Long, XU Hui-Xian, TANG Chen-Jie, ZHANG Lu
		The denitrification potential of high suspend sediments (SPS) in Poyang Lake under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were performed using acetylene inhibition method. The results reflected that denitrification of SPS was found under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and the cumulative concentration of N2O showed “slow-fast-slow” rhythm along with incubation time, which satisfied the logistic model (P<0.01). The fitting results with SPS concentration of 30g/L showed that denitrification rate reached up to (81.76±10.37)μmolN/(L·d) during anaerobic incubation while the value was (14.12±2.31)μmolN/(L·d) under aerobic incubation. In addition, the cumulative concentration of CO2 also accorded with the logistic model. The extreme value of CO2 under oxic conditions, which was 5times higher than the value under anoxic conditions, indicated high proportion of aerobic respiration under oxic conditions. The denitrification potential was affected by the concentration of SPS. Under the same SPS concentration, weaker denitrification potential of SPS and longer time to reach extreme value of N2O under aerobic condition implied the possible inhibition of denitrification by dissolved oxygen (DO). Full-year nitrogen loss caused by SPS denitrification in Poyang Lake was estimated to be 1010t, which accounted for about 0.74% of the nitrogen input and 14% of nitrogen removal caused by bed-sediments. These estimations indicated that SPS would play an important role in nitrogen removal from waters.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 846-855 [Abstract] ( 237 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 500KB] ( 991 )

	856	Distribution characteristics of phosphorus in sediments at different altitudes of Poyang Lake
		LIU Kai, NI Zhao-Kui, WANG Sheng-Rui, NI Cai-Ying
		The total phosphorous (TP) and various forms of phosphorus contents characteristics of Poyang Lake surface exposed sediments were studied, in order to reveal the influence of the water level descended resulted from the relationship between Yangtze River and the Poyang Lake changed on the potential phosphorus-release risk of Poyang Lake sediments. Results showed that: The TP contents of Poyang Lake surface sediments varied from 214.5 to 736.0mg/kg, and the average content of TP was (428.6±154.3)mg/kg, The TP contents in the estuary of “five rivers” and central area of Poyang Lake were closed, were 444.5mg/kg and 445.4mg/kg, the content in the north area was 387.7mg/kg which far less than the estuary of “five rivers” and central area of Poyang Lake. The spatial distribution of various forms of phosphorus of Poyang Lake surface sediments was relatively uniform, the average content of reactive phosphorous from Poyang Lake surface sediments was (254.6±114.3)mg/kg, non-reactive phosphorus was (69.1±26.3)mg/kg, and organic phosphorus was (105.0±49.2)mg/kg, their contents relationship was the reactive phosphorous > organic phosphorus > non-reactive phosphorus. The relationship between Yangtze River and the Poyang Lake changed, resulting in the low water level advanced and the outcropped time prolonged, then caused the TP and various forms of phosphorus contents increased with the elevation rise from 10~11m to 12~13m, and the growth rate of the reactive phosphorous was faster than organic phosphorus and non-reactive phosphorus. The growth in the estuary of “five rivers” was the most significant, the central area comes second, and the north area was the least.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 856-861 [Abstract] ( 219 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 454KB] ( 1391 )

	862	The seasonal distribution characteristics and its reasons of dissolved organic matter in groundwater
		HE Xiao-Song, XI Bei-Dou, ZHANG Peng, GAO Ru-Tai, LI Dan, ZHANG Hui
		To illuminate the distribution characteristics and environmental influences of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in groundwater, the source, spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of DOM were studied by fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectra (EEM) combined with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis, and the influence of DOM on the distribution of inorganic salts was investigated as well. The results showed that the groundwater DOM was mainly microbial-derived. Four florescence components were identified by EEM spectra coupled with PARAFAC analysis, and components 1 and 3 originated from protein-like materials, while components 2 and 4 were ascribed to humic-like substances. The protein-like components had different sources and their composition was variable and changed with time, i.e., the concentration of them was higher in the summer and fall but lower in the winter and spring. On the other hand, the humic-like components had a similar source, and their composition was stable and showed no obvious change with season. The DOM, especially the protein-like components, was a source of ammonia nitrogen, and had an important influence on the groundwater pH value. The results demonstrated that, EEM spectra coupled with PARAFAC and principle component analysis can be used to analyze the composition and seasonal variation of the DOM in groundwater.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 862-870 [Abstract] ( 346 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 693KB] ( 1820 )

	871	Temporal and spatial distributions and sources of total dissolved phosphorus in the Shenzhen Bay and adjacent coastal waters
		ZHANG Jun-Xiao, LI Xu-Lu, XIAO Zhi-Jian
		Based on the data obtained from monthly cruises from 2000 to 2012, temporal and spatial distributions of the total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) concentration in the Shenzhen Bay and the coastal southeastern Pearl River Estuary were briefly presented and discussed. Composition and sources of the TDP and transformations between the dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) were also investigated by combining with measurements of the salinity and DIP. The results showed that the TDP concentration was (0.26±0.22) mg/L in the bay and (0.05±0.02) mg/L in the estuary. The intra- and inter-annual variabilities of the TDP concentration did not change much and were keeping an even trend in the estuary during the study period. The TDP concentration was higher in the low water periods than the high water periods, while increased from 0.24 to 0.33mg/L in the period 2000~2004 and decreased from 0.33 to 0.16mg/L in the period 2005~2012 in the bay under influence of the seaward discharges from the peripheral areas. The TDP in the studied area was nearly conservative and mainly originated from the terrestrial sources. A two-component mixing mass balance model was used for estimating the TDP terrestrial fraction at about 53.9% in the estuary and more than 80% in the bay. The major existing form of TDP shifted gradually from the DIP in the river’s outlets to the DOP in the coastal waters near the open sea, which probably implied that the transformation rate from the DIP to DOP was bigger than the one from the DOP to DIP through the complex biogeochemical processes during the transport of phosphorus from the river’s outlets to the open sea.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 871-878 [Abstract] ( 238 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 451KB] ( 801 )

	879	Temperature sensitivity of soil methane production potential in different marsh vegetation zones in the Min River estuary
		YANG Ping, HE Qing-Hua, TONG Chuan
		Quantifying response of soil methane production potential to temperature change in different wetland vegetation are vital to accurately evaluate effect of climate change on wetland ecosystem carbon balance. Soil samples at a depth of 0~30cm (5cm interval) from three typical tidal marsh ecosystems dominated by Cyperus malaccensis, Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora, respectively, in the Min River estuary were collected in February 2012, and soil methane production potentials were determined using anaerobic incubation method. The results showed that there is an exponential correlation between methane production potential and soil temperature. The averaged Q10 value of three marsh vegetation zones were 5.04, 14.92, 14.81, and 3.56, 4.99, 3.43, respectively, with temperature rasing from 10 to 20℃ and from 20 to 30℃. Vegetation type, incubation temperature and soil depth had significant effects on the methane production potential and Q10 value (P<0.05).
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 879-888 [Abstract] ( 313 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 624KB] ( 1628 )

	889	Selective pressure of antibiotics and heavy metals on erythromycin resistance genes in wastewater.
		LI Kan-Zhu, GAO Pin, WANG Kai, LIU Zhen-Hong, XUE Gang
		Occurrence and distribution of six heavy metals and three antibiotics were investigated in a sewage treatment plant in Shanghai using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) and solid-phase extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectrometer (SPE-HPLC-MS/MS), respectively. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to determine the distribution and removal of seven erythromycin resistance genes (ERY-ARGs) during the wastewater treatment process. The results showed that sulfamethoxazole (SMX), erythromycin (ERY) and tetracycline (TC) were detected, and their respective removal efficiency was low in the range from 3% (ERY) to 36% (TC). Heavy metals of Cr、Cu、Zn and Pb were detected with concentrations in the ranges of 136.9~235.5, 7.1~37.4, 18.1~98.4 and 143.1~383.0μg/L, respectively. Almost completely removal of Zn was found by the two-stage anoxic/oxic (A/O) process, while the elimination rates for Cu, Pb and Cr were 48%, 43% and 18%, respectively. Additionally, all ERY-ARGs were detected in the range between 9.28×103copies/L (ermA) and 1.83×108copies/L (ereA) in raw influent and were significantly reduced (1.19~3.97logs) in the wastewater treatment process. Based on the correlation analyses, the concentrations of ERY-ARGs exhibited significantly positive correlation (P<0.05) with ERY. Also, the concentration of ereA genes was strongly correlated with those of Cu, Zn and Pb (P<0.05), indicating that the presence of ERY played an important role in the evolution of ERY-ARGs, while heavy metals possibly exert selective pressures on the ERY-ARGs.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 889-896 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 405KB] ( 1295 )

	897	Human health impact of exposure to ozone pollutant in Pearl River Delta region during 2006~2012
		LIAO Zhi-Heng, FAN Shao-Jia
		Comprehensive exposure-response coefficients were obtained based on Meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies, and then by using ozone concentration data from Pearl River Delta regional air quality monitoring network, human health impacts of ozone pollutant in Pearl River Delta region during 2006~2012were assessed based on Relative Risk Model. The results of Meta-analysis show that as the concentration of ozone increased 10mg/m3, the mortality for non-accidental, cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease increased 0.45% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.40%~0.50%), 0.70% (95% CI: 0.57%~0.86%) and 0.64% (95% CI: 0.47%~0.86%), respectively. Health impact assessments indicate that due to the growth of ozone concentration and exposed population, the ozone-attributable mortality was on the 3times rise from 2006 to 2012, and the rising ozone concentration had contributed more than 2/3 of the mortality increment. The estimated annual average numbers of attributable mortality of non-accidental, cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease were 3982 (95% CI: 3543~4420), 1894 (95% CI: 1546~2319) and 1128 (95% CI: 830~1508), respectively. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the mortality estimation appeared large deviation as parameter change, demonstrating urgent request of more accuracy parameters.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 897-905 [Abstract] ( 292 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 781KB] ( 995 )

	906	Health risk assessment of exposure to odorous pollutants emitted from the transportation process of MSW
		FANG Jing-Jing, ZHANG Hua, 吕Fan , SHAO Li-Ming, HE Pin-Jing
		Seven categories of odorous pollutants released from the collection and transportation process of municipal solid waste (MSW), including ammonia, sulfur compounds, terpenes, aromatics, alcohols, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and carbonyls, were quantified through different analytical methods. Based on the field data, the compounds mainly causing malodour were assessed and identified. The cancer and non-cancer risk of odor exposure in the circumstance were corrsesponingly estimated by the health risk model. The uncertainties of risk value were estimated by Monte Carlo simulation．The concentration of odorous pollutants in the transfer station was one order of magnitude higher than that in the dust bin, which was closedly associated with the degradation of MSW. The concentration of alcohols increased stably with the extension of transportation chain, whereas the concentrations of VFAs and aromatics increased with fluctuation, and peaked in the bulk transfer station and in the container transfer station (131μg/m3, 711μg/m3respectively). The major odorous compounds at the early stage of transportation were carbonyls, whereas at the end stage were sulfur compounds and VFAs.The adults’ total cancer risk from odor pollution in the bulk transfer station was 2.64×10-5, whereas the total non-cancer risk was 3.01in the bulk transfer sstation and 1.22in the container transfer station, which was closed to or exceeded the maximum acceptable risk levels recommended by US EPA. The risk values in the other transportation points were within the acceptable range.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 906-916 [Abstract] ( 244 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 613KB] ( 1504 )

	917	Study on the influence factors of accurate definition of the spatial distribution of acid rain area in China
		HU Bing-Qing, YI Peng, DUAN Ning, ZHAO De-Gang, ZHAO Jin-Min, CHENG Ke
		The influential factors of accurate definition of the spatial distribution of acid rain area was analyzed based on the monitoring data of Acid Rain Monitoring Network in China. The results showed that the number and spatial distribution of the sites of Acid Rain Monitoring Network were the primary influence factor, which can cause a great difference to the acid rain distribution by using the same interpolation and geostatistical analysis methodologies. The secondary factor was the selection of a proper spatial interpolation method and corresponding parameter settings. As the result, the distribution size of heavy acid rain area that obtained by using the IDW interpolation was larger and wider than that used the Kriging method. Moreover, a precise calculation method for area ratio was another key factor. The ratio of heavy acid rain area got based on the grid method was smaller than that obtained from the isosurface method. The research suggests that some areas should be given a priority consideration for the establishing of Acid Rain Monitoring Network such as Xizang, north and west of Inner Mongolia. In addition, multiple interpolation method should be applied for the spatial analysis of acid rain area so as to obtain the precise and reliable distribution data.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 917-924 [Abstract] ( 205 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1098KB] ( 855 )

	925	Calculation of masses flux in a transboundary catchment based on SCS model: A case study in Shima River catchment, Dongguan City
		GAO Lei, CHEN Jian-Yao, ZHU Ai-Ping, FU Cong-Sheng, WANG Jiang, KE Zhi-Ting
		Project of Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUB) was carried out in 2003 to solve the difficulty with regards to calculation of runoff without observation. Few studies focused on the mass fluxes in ungauged basin were reported. To investigate monthly runoff, mass fluxes and ecological compensation in ungauged trans-boundary watershed, monthly runoff was estimated by using SCS model developed by Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Water samples were collected from different sections between varied districts in February, June and November, 2012 to analyze the concentration of N, P nutrients and heavy metals, and main mass fluxes and contribution rates of contaminants from different districts were estimated in combination with the calculated monthly runoff in 2012. The results showed that the maximum and minimum monthly runoff during the investigated periods (1970~2012) were 9.12×108m3 in June 2008 and 8.61×106m3 which was base flow, and the maximum and minimum annual runoff were 1.75×109m3 and 5.32×108m3 occurred in 1974 and 2006, respectively. Water quality was severely polluted by varied contaminants in different periods. The ranges of heavy metals concentration were 0.38~0.75mg/L for Mn, 0.09~0.49mg/L for Zn, n.d.-0.09mg/L for Cu and 0.55~9.86mg/L for Fe in February, however, the pollution type was converted to nutrients (N and P) in June and November. Concentration of total nitrogen and total phosphorus ranged from 6.66to 30.1mg/L and 0.05 to 2.49mg/L, respectively. Shima river transported 318.16 tons of metals, 12029.31tons of nitrogen and 203.35tons of phosphorus to the Pearl River Delta in 2012. Duringthe 3investigated periods, the average contribution rates of nitrogen and phosphorus followed the sequences as Huizhou (59.78% and 45.22%)>Dongguan (35.50% and 38.92%)> Shenzhen (4.71% and 15.86%), and that of heavy metals was given as Dongguan (43.90%)> Huizhou(42.57%)> Shenzhen(13.52%).
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 925-933 [Abstract] ( 242 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 859KB] ( 882 )

	934	Effect of urban land use on the spatial distribution of groundwater pollution in the Jilin City.
		YAN Bai-Zhong, XIAO Chang-Lai, LIU Hong-Zhi, WEI Run-Chu, LIANG Xiu-Juan
		Improved Nemerow Pollution Exponential method was adopted to calculate groundwater pollution index using 91monitoring wells groundwater quality data in 2013 of Jilin City. The distribution maps of groundwater pollution indexes were established by using the Kriging interpolation method and considering the non-continuity of groundwater pollution between the both sides of Songhua River. The land use types were extracted using the CM model and SLM model within the increment radius of the monitoring wells. And the most possible contaminated area of monitoring wells was calculated by multivariate regression analysis. In addition, the effect of urban land use on the spatial distribution of groundwater pollution was analyzed by Kendall method and multivariate regression analysis combined the urban land use of Jilin City. The results showed that the groundwater contamination of Jilin City had an obvious spatial distribution. Groundwater was contaminated in all districts with different severities, especially in JiangBei district and ZhongXin district. The most possible contaminated area was 500m along the flow direction under considering groundwater flow. The urban land uses have a great impact on the spatial distribution of groundwater pollution, especially conventional industrial areas, residential and commercial areas, transportation facilities areas, with the Kendall τ values were 0.248, 0.174, and 0.143. The three land uses types also have a good correlation with the spatial distribution of groundwater contamination in the study districts.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 934-942 [Abstract] ( 227 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 829KB] ( 1068 )

	943	A CBR-MADM based two-step screening model of emergency disposal technology for chemical spills
		LIU Ren-Tao, GUO Liang, JIANG Ji-Ping, LIU Jie, WANG Peng
		As emergent environmental pollution accident occurs, it needed to screen the most appropriate emergency disposal technology through screening model based on the databases of historical cases and disposal technology. The efficiency and accuracy of screening was primary factor of establishing technical screening model, currently, there was no satisfactory solution. In this paper, a two-step screening model named CBR-MADM of environmental pollution emergency disposal technology was established which combined the advantages of Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) and Multiple Attribute Decision-Making (MADM). Firstly, matched cases was searched from case base based on CBR of entropy G1 method, then emergency disposal technology was extracted from several highest similarity cases. Secondly, MADM was used to screen and decide the optimal technology from those alternatives. CBR-MADM two-step screening method not only fully used historical disposal experience, but also greatly improved screening speed and efficiency of emergency disposal technology. CBR-MADM method was applied to aniline leakage pollution incident in Changzhi, Shanxi, 2012, coagulation-activated carbon adsorption interception technology was successfully screened, which perfectly matched actual solution.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 943-952 [Abstract] ( 250 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 837KB] ( 1645 )

	953	Factor decomposition and decoupling analysis on CO2 emissions: evidence from China's circulation sector.
		HE Ai-Zhong, LIU Pan
		Based on the method of IPCC list, this paper estimates the CO2 emissions of Chinese circulation industry during the period of 2000~2012. Using the method of LMDI, this paper analyzes the factors that influence the changes of CO2 emissions in the circulation industry. This paper constructs a circulation's decoupling index model based on the DPSIR framework to measure the decoupling effect of the CO2 emissions in the circulation industry. The results indicated that: during the period of 2000~2012, the CO2 emissions of Chinese circulation industry increased significantly, and the cumulative total of CO2 emissions was 6.9248237billion tons; the industrial scale effect mainly led to the increment in CO2 emissions, which amounted to 674.3572million tons. The energy intensity effect mainly led to the reduction of CO2 emissions, which amounted to 123.5867million tons. The energy structure and the emission factors have limited effect on the changes of CO2 emissions, which increased the CO2 emissions by 5.1989million tons and reduced the CO2 emissions by 25.9094million tons. The decoupling status of CO2 emissions in the circulation industry shows phasic variation, going through the process of "weak decoupling-negative decoupling-weak decoupling-negative decoupling", The variation tendency of the decoupling index value was like the shape of " ". Energy intensity is the key factor that determines the decoupling status of CO2 emissions, however, as the reduction of energy intensity become smaller and smaller, it will need to adjust the energy structure and reduce the effect of the emission factor to realize the decoupling of CO2 emissions in the circulation industry.
		2015 Vol. 35 (3): 953-960 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 448KB] ( 885 )

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